饮用水消毒副产物及其分析技术

介绍了饮用水中液氯、臭氧、二氧化氯消毒副产物的特性和现状,总结了近年来消毒副产物分析领域中常用的各种样品前处理技术及检测方法,展望了今后研究的发展方向.     

现代分析技术在水质氨氮监测中的应用

氨氮是我国水质污染物总量控制指标之一,水体中氨氮排放总量的控制对于水环境的改善具有重大的作用。针对氨氮污染的治理需要有更为准确、有效、快速的分析方法相配合。就近年来水中氨氮的测定方法进行了综述,介绍了实验室方法与在线监测方法的最新进展,比较了各自的特点及其在水环境监测中的应用。相应学科的新成果融入现代分析技术使得氨氮的分析水平有了极大的提高,这将会在今后的水环境污染治理中发挥越来越大的作用。     

Bioanalytical method for quantitative determination of mithramycin analogs in mouse plasma by HPLC–QTOF

Mithramycin (MTM) has potent anticancer activity, but severe toxicities restrict its clinical use. Semi‐synthetic approaches have yielded novel MTM analogs with potentially lower toxicity and similar efficacy. In an effort to transition these analogs into in vivo models, a bioanalytical method was developed for their quantification in mouse plasma. Here we present the validation of the method for the quantitation of mithramycin SA‐tryptophan (MTMSA‐Trp) as well as the applicability of the methodology for assaying additional analogs, including MTM, mithramycin SK (MTMSK) and mithramycin SA‐phenylalanine (MTMSA‐Phe) with run times of 6 min. Assay linearity ranged from 5 to 100 ng/mL. Accuracies of calibration standards and quality control samples were within 15% of nominal with precision variability of <20%. MTMSA‐Trp was stable for 30 days at ?80°C and for at least three freeze–thaw cycles. Methanol (?80°C) extraction afforded 92% of MTMSA‐Trp from plasma. Calibration curves for MTM and analogs were also linear from ≤5 to 100 ng/mL. This versatile method was used to quantitate MTM analogs in plasma samples collected during preclinical pharmacokinetic studies.     

A Kinetic Study on Photocatalytic Oxidation of Phenol in Water by Silica-Dispersed Titania Nanoparticles

Photocatalytic oxidation of phenol in water was carried out with nanoparticles of silica-titania mixtures, which were synthesized under different temperatures and silica-to-titania ratios. The crystal size of TiO(2) (in anatase phase) was determined to be in the nanometer range and it increased with increasing autoclaving temperature. Furthermore, there was no obvious relationship between the ize and the SiO(2)/TiO(2) ratio at the same preparation temperature. A specific reaction rate constant (k(s)) was used for comparison of photocatalytic activity of different samples. It was found that k(s) decreases with increasing anatase size and TiO(2) concentration. A kinetic model was developed to describe the effect of the crystal size and titania concentration on the reactivity of the SiO(2)-TiO(2) samples. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

离子色谱法同时测定饮用水中5种消毒剂副产物

建立了离子色谱电导检测大体积进样同时测定饮用水中5种消毒剂副产物(亚氯酸盐、溴酸盐、氯酸盐、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸)的方法.选用大容量IonPac AS19阴离子交换分析柱,以KOH溶液梯度淋洗,流速为1.0 mL/min,可在33 min内一次进样同时分析上述5种消毒剂副产物和7种常见阴离子.亚氯酸盐、溴酸盐、氯酸盐、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸的检出限分别为0.43、0.68、0.78、1.04和1.53μg/L(500 μL进样),线性相关系数r＞0.9995.运用该法测定了自来水中5种消毒剂副产物,并对样品加标回收,回收率在97.6%～105.6%之间.对影响分离和测定的因素,如温度、共存非测定离子、相邻离子间等进行了研究.     

离子色谱法测定水中常见阴离子和消毒副产物

建立了离子色谱法同时测定水中7种常见阴离子、3种无机消毒副产物和5种卤代乙酸的分析方法。采用IonPac AS19阴离子分离柱,以KOH为淋洗液,大体积进样,采用浓度梯度洗脱,可在33min内同时测定15种成分。7种常见阴离子的测定下限为2.3~10.0μg/L,3种无机消毒副产物的测定下限为3.3~10.0μg/L,5种卤代乙酸的测定下限为5.3~34.3μg/L。对杭州市4个自来水厂的源水及出水进行测定,发现其中4个水厂出水均有二溴乙酸检出,3个水厂有三溴乙酸检出,两个水厂有氯酸盐检出,一个水厂有三氯乙酸检出。     

饮用水消毒溴代副产物及其健康风险

受海水入侵影响严重的沿海地区,其饮用水源中常含有较高浓度的溴离子.研究表明,当原水中含有溴离子时,经氯化消毒、氯胺消毒或臭氧消毒后会增加溴代消毒副产物的形成,并且溴代副产物具有更高的遗传毒性.因此,对于溴代副产物的研究更具实际意义.现阶段国内对于消毒所产生的溴代副产物的研究很少.本文针对溴代副产物更高的健康风险,从其产生的原因、机理、影响因素及遗传毒性等方面进行了综述.     

Differential Pulse Voltammetric Determination of Free Chlorine for Water Disinfection Process

The electrochemical detection of free chlorine based on the reduction at a gold electrode has been studied. The differential pulse voltammetric curves exhibited well‐defined cathodic peaks. Investigations with this system suggested that the active species in the cathodic reaction is HClO. Excellent reproducibility was demonstrated at pH 5. The peak height could be used for accurate and rapid determination of free chlorine in a sample water. A linear relationship (r²=0.99) was found for the concentration range of 1–5 mg Cl dm^?3 and the detection limit was estimated to be 0.04 mg Cl dm^?3.     

Evaluation of Dispersant Efficiency for Aqueous Alumina Slurries by Concurrent Techniques

This article reports on results from a comparative study assessing a suitable method for dispersant efficiency evaluation in the case of water‐based suspensions of ultrafine alumina stabilized by a commonly used dispersant, Dolapix CE64. The following measurements were evaluated: zeta potential, specific surface charge, sedimentation behavior, and capillary suction time. The suitability of each of the tested techniques is discussed. A good agreement between the zeta potential and the specific surface charge as a way to determine the optimal dose of dispersant is documented.     

Disinfection and Mechanistic Insights of Escherichia coli in Water by Bismuth Oxyhalide Photocatalysis

This study demonstrates the potential of a new BiOCl_0.875Br_0.125 photocatalyst to disinfect Escherichia coli in water under simulated solar irradiation. Photocatalytic efficiency was examined for different photocatalyst loadings, solar wavelengths, exposure times, photocatalyst concentration × contact time (Ct) concept and with the use of scavengers. To elucidate the inactivation mechanism, we examined DNA damage, membrane damage, lipid peroxidation and protein release. Both photolysis and photocatalysis were negligible under visible irradiation, but enhanced photocatalytic activity was observed under solar UVA (λ > 320 nm) and UVB (λ > 280 nm), with 1.5 and 3.6 log inactivation, respectively, after 40 min of irradiation. The log inactivation vs Ct curve for E. coli by UVA/BiOCl_0.875Br_0.125 was fairly linear, with Ct = 10 g L^?1 × min, resulting in 2 log inactivation. Photocatalytic treatment led to membrane damage, but without lipid peroxidation. Accordingly, protein was released from the cells after UVA or UVA/BiOCl_0.875Br_0.125 treatment. Photocatalysis also increased endonuclease‐sensitive sites vs photolysis alone, by an unknown mechanism. Finally, E. coli inactivation was not influenced by the addition of tert‐butanol or l ‐histidine, implying that neither hydroxyl radicals nor singlet oxygen reactive species are involved in the inactivation process.     

气相色谱-质谱法检测饮用水新生含氮消毒副产物氯代乙酰胺

建立了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法检测饮用水中新生致突变含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)二乙酰胺(DCAcAm)和三乙酰胺(TCAcAm)的分析方法.考察了GC/MS和GC/ECD两种检测仪器及不同样品前处理技术对氯代乙酰胺(CAcAms)的检测效果.对比发现,酸催化水解+GC/ECD的分析方法容易受其它消毒副产物(DBPs)的影响,直接液液萃取(LLE)+GC/MS更适合CAcAms的分析;乙酸乙酯(ETAC)的萃取效果优于DBPs分析常用萃取剂甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE).在选定条件下,DAcAm和TAcAm在10～1000 μg/L的范围内线性关系良好,r＞0.9995; 方法回收率在82.0%～111.9%之间;RSD小于10%;检出限(MDL)和测定限(RQL)均低于1 μg/L.     

Tuning the Excited State of Photoactive Building Blocks for Metal‐Templated Self‐Assembly

The reaction of 2,2′:4,4′′:4′,4′′′‐quaterpyridyl (qtpy), with d⁶ ruthenium(II) (Ru^II), and rhenium(I) (Re^I) metal centers has been investigated. The pendant pyridyl groups on the products have also been methylated to produce a second series of complexes containing coordinated Meqtpy²⁺. The absorption spectra of the complexes are dominated by intraligand and charge‐transfer bands. The ruthenium(II) complexes display broad unstructured luminescence consistent with emission from a Ru(d)→diimine(π*) manifold in acetonitrile solutions. In aqueous solutions, their emissions are weaker and the lifetimes are shorter. This effect is particularly acute for complexes incorporating coordinated dipyridylpyrazine, dppz, ligands. Although the emission of the ruthenium(II) complexes containing Meqtpy²⁺ is generally shorter than their qtpy analogs, it is notable that solvent‐dependent effects are much less intense. The rhenium(I) complexes also display broad unstructured luminescence but, compared with the ruthenium(II) systems, they have a relatively short lifetime in acetonitrile. Electrochemical studies reveal that all of the Ru^II complexes display chemically reversible metal‐based oxidations. Re^I complexes only display irreversible metal‐based oxidations. In most cases, the reduction processes were not fully chemically reversible. The electrochemical and optical studies reveal that the nature of the lowest excited state of these complexes—particularly, the systems incorporating dppz—is highly dependent on the nature of the coordinated ligands. Calculations indicate that, although the excited state of most of the complexes is centered on the qtpy or Meqtpy²⁺ ligands, the excited state of the complexes containing dppz ligands is switched away from the dppz by qtpy methylation. A crystallographic study on one of the dicationic ruthenium(II) structures reveals that it forms an inclusion complex with benzene.     

Sample Preparation Methods for the Determination of Chlorination Disinfection Byproducts in Water Samples

Chlorination has been widely used as a disinfection method for control of pathogens in drinking water and wastewater treatment plants. Chlorination disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed when organic matter is present in water, and they are harmful to human health. The main groups of compounds formed are trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs). Analysis of THMs, HAAs and HANs in water samples has been reported. This paper reviews the various sample preparation methods in use for analysis of THMs, HAAs and HANs in water samples.

     

In Situ Self Assembly of Thiolated ortho‐Quinone Capped Electrocatalysts for Bioanalytical Applications

Thiolated o‐quinone‐capped electrocatalysts modeled on the naturally occurring o‐quinone cofactor pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) were designed and synthesized for the development of biosensor devices. The o‐quinone‐capped electrocatalysts self assembled on gold electrodes through a thiolated phenyleneethynylene linkage to form a monolayer less than 2 nm in thickness. Cyclic voltammetric measurements demonstrated reversible electrochemical properties between the quinone and hydroquinone forms of the head group. In an amperometric sensing mode, the modified electrodes reproducibly detected ethanethiol at micromolar levels demonstrating their robust electrocatalytic activity toward thiols. Their redox cycling and electrocatalytic properties show promise for detection of biologically important thiols and other nucleophiles.     

Polymeric Macro-Molecular Piezoelectric Sensors for Evaluation of Structural Damage

Finding damages and their prevalence in structures is a very challenging problem. In order to identify potential structural damage, non-destructive methods are not very helpful. One of the most popular piezoelectric ceramic materials used worldwide is macromolecular lead zirconate titanate (PZT), also known as Pb[Zr(x)Ti(1-x)]O3. PZT transducers are proving to be a successful alternative for assessing the structure's health. The Macro-molecular PZT's self-actuating and sensing properties are utilized by the electromechanical impedance (EMI) method. In this capacity, the macro-molecular PZT patches serve as co-located actuators and sensors and make use of ultrasonic vibrations to produce a distinctive admittance “signature” of the structure. PZT patches perform exceptionally well in terms of damage sensitivity. The higher modes of vibration are locally activated by the local application of an AC source on the PZT transducers attached to the host structure. The alteration of the admittance response is a sign of injury to the transducer's vicinity. In the current study, the damage percentage and its location in a 150 × 150 × 150 mm concrete cube are being examined. Regression analysis is also used to determine the concrete cube's strength. This method also can identify hair-like cracks at an early stage, which explains how it can shield the building from serious failures.     

Controlled Light‐Mediated Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles by a Norrish Type I Reaction of Photoactive Polymers

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are subjects of broad interest in scientific community due to their promising physicochemical properties. Herein we report the facile and controlled light‐mediated preparation of gold nanoparticles through a Norrish type I reaction of photoactive polymers. These carefully designed polymers act as reagents for the photochemical reduction of gold ions, as well as stabilizers for the in situ generated AuNPs. Manipulating the length and composition of the photoactive polymers allows for control of AuNP size. Nanoparticle diameter can be controlled from 1.5 nm to 9.6 nm.     

Integrated Adsorption–Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants by Carbon Xerogel/Titania Composites

Recent studies on the removal of pollutants via adsorption include the use of carbon-based adsorbents, due to their high porosity and large surface area; however, such materials lack photoactive properties. This study evaluates the synergistic effect of integrated mesoporous carbon xerogel (derived from resorcinol formaldehyde) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) for combined adsorption and photodegradation application. The complex formed between carbon xerogel and TiO₂ phase was investigated through FTIR, proving the presence of a Ti-O–C chemical linkage. The physicochemical properties of the synthesised adsorbent–photocatalyst were probed using FESEM, BET analysis and UV–Vis analysis. The kinetics, equilibrium adsorption, effect of pH, and effect of adsorbent dosage were investigated. The expansion of the absorbance range to the visible range was verified, and the corresponding band gap evaluated. These properties enabled a visible light response when the system was exposed to visible light post adsorption. Hence, an assistive adsorption–photodegradation phenomenon was successfully executed. The adsorption performance exhibited 85% dye degradation which improved to 99% following photodegradation. Further experiments showed the reduction of microorganisms under visible light, where no microbial colonies were observed after treatment, indicating the potential application of these composite materials.     

Evaluation of Anisole‐Substituted Boron Difluoride Formazanate Complexes for Fluorescence Cell Imaging

Evaluation of three subclasses of boron difluoride formazanate complexes bearing o‐, m‐, and p‐anisole N‐aryl substituents (Ar) as readily accessible alternatives to boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes for cell imaging applications is described. While the wavelengths of maximum absorption (λ_max) and emission (λ_em) observed for each subclass of complexes, which differed by their carbon‐bound substituents (R), were similar, the emission quantum yields for 7 a – c (R=cyano) were enhanced relative to 8 a – c (R=nitro) and 9 a – c (R=phenyl). Complexes 7 a – c and 8 a – c were also significantly easier to reduce electrochemically to their radical anion and dianion forms compared to 9 a – c . Within each subclass, the o‐substituted derivatives were more difficult to reduce, had shorter λ_max and λ_em, and lower emission quantum yields than the p‐substituted analogues as a result of sterically driven twisting of the N‐aryl substituents and a decrease in the degree of π‐conjugation. The m‐substituted complexes were the least difficult to reduce and possessed intermediate λ_max, λ_em, and quantum yields. The complexes studied also exhibited large Stokes shifts (82–152 nm, 2143–5483 cm^?1). Finally, the utility of complex 7 c (Ar=p‐anisole, R=cyano), which can be prepared for just a few dollars per gram, for fluorescence cell imaging was demonstrated. The use of 7 c and 4′,6‐diamino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) allowed for simultaneous imaging of the cytoplasm and nucleus of mouse fibroblast cells.