聚硅硫酸铁絮凝剂去除市政污水磷的研究

将自制复合絮凝剂聚硅硫酸铁(PFSS i)用于市政污水除磷,考察了影响PFSS i除磷效果的一些因素,确定了PFSS i复合絮凝剂除磷的优化配比和用量。在优化条件下,对模拟污水中磷的去除率为96.7%,浊度去除率为92%;对实际污水中磷的去除率为82.3%,浊度去除率为96.5%。结果表明该复合絮凝剂有良好的除磷、除浊性能。     

镧、铈改性沸石对污水除磷性能和机制的比较研究

稀土改性沸石除磷作为一种高效的除磷吸附剂已经被广泛地关注。但是,La和Ce改性沸石在吸附性能和除磷机制上的差异却未见报道。通过制备La和Ce改性商业购天然斜发沸石颗粒用于废水除磷,比较了二者的吸附能力、吸附动力学、物理性质、晶型、表面特征。研究表明:经过La和Ce改性的沸石吸附量提高了将近10倍,Ce改性沸石的吸附量略高于La改性沸石的吸附量。动力学拟合结果表明:La改性沸石对磷的吸附更符合伪二级动力学方程,而Ce改性沸石对磷的吸附更符合伪一级动力学。电镜和能谱分析发现Ce的负载量高于La的负载量。La和Ce都堆积在沸石表面,并未浸渍到沸石的孔径中。由于Ce在沸石表面的大量堆积增加了其比表面积,提高了其对磷的吸附能力。La和Ce改性沸石都形成了相同的晶体,二者具有相同的除磷机制。     

铁、锰和硼元素对厌氧微生物脱氮除磷的影响

为研究在废水处理系统中铁、锰和硼元素对厌氧微生物生长代谢的影响,采用厌氧血清瓶培养实验,确定了在不同铁、锰和硼元素的投加量下,此种厌氧微生物脱氮除磷能力的变化。结果表明,铁元素的投加量为30mg·L^-1时,除磷效果最好;锰元素的投加量不应该超过2．5mg·L^-1;而硼元素对除磷无促进作用。     

铁基材料除磷性能及影响因素研究进展

本文总结了铁基材料去除水中磷酸盐的相关研究进展。基于铁基材料的物化性能,阐述了铁基材料与磷酸盐之间的反应机理,主要包括络合沉淀、吸附和配体交换等,并列举了铁基材料除磷的实际应用及其修饰和改性方法。分析了铁基材料对磷的去除效果和影响因素,最后展望了铁基材料在除磷研究方面的发展方向。     

磷砷共存时磷的光度法测定——酒石酸掩蔽砷

在一些材料中磷、砷是共存的,由于砷钼杂多酸形成条件与磷钼杂多酸相似,因此砷对磷的测定有干扰。目前应用的光度法中为消除砷对测磷的干扰,普遍采用氢溴酸除砷或萃取分离。但萃取分离,只能解决低含量磷和砷的定量分离,高砷试样中仍需氢溴酸除砷后测定磷。本文利用酒石酸抑制砷钼杂多酸的形     

MBBR两种填料对养猪废水脱氮除磷效果对比

为了探讨移动床生物膜反应器中不同填料对废水脱氮除磷效果的影响,采用碳纤维球和聚乙烯塑料两种不同悬浮填料进行对比试验。在不同运行条件下,分别测定氨氮、总氮、总磷、COD等指标,对比挂膜和脱氮除磷效果。结果表明,碳纤维球填料挂膜速度快,在不同运行条件下均比聚乙烯塑料填料对COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP等的去除效果好,去除率分别可达91.2%、98.0%、77.5%、68.1%。这说明比表面积大、孔隙率高的填料挂膜更快,挂膜量更多,更有利于实现同时生物脱氮除磷。     

生物膜脱除方式对受污染源水生物接触氧化修复系统除磷性能的影响

针对生物接触氧化修复工艺存在的生物膜内磷累积导致系统除磷性能恶化的问题,以受污染源水为对象,开展表层生物膜脱除(SBD)和全层生物膜脱除(FBD)两种排泥方式对系统除磷长效性和运行稳定性的影响研究.结果表明,生物接触氧化修复系统启动1周后除磷效率达46.9%,随后系统除磷性能迅速恶化.采用FBD方式后系统除磷效果得以恢复,溶解性磷酸盐(DP)去除率维持在30%以上近1个月,生物膜饱和吸磷量达(318.5±21.5)mgTPm-2填料表面积.相比而言,采用SBD方式处理后系统除磷性能未能得到有效改善,30%以上DP去除率仅维持1周左右,生物膜饱和吸磷量仅为FBD的0.68倍.推测不同脱除方式对生物膜二次成膜过程微生物菌群结构重建和污染物去除性能影响显著,FBD处理后系统二次成膜过程溶解氧扩散不受限制,聚磷菌相对反硝化菌更易定殖、富集.镜检结果表明,FBD处理后填料表面仍附着少量微生物及其分泌物(如胞外多聚物等),与新填料表面光滑特性相比,其较高的孔隙率和较强的生物亲和性有利于微生物快速附着成膜,保证排泥强化除磷后系统氨氮、高锰酸盐指数、总氮去除性能稳定.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定高纯砷中痕量磷和硒

通过对样品前处理方式、内标元素及质量数的选择、仪器检测模式等方面进行优化,采用串联四级杆电感耦合等离子体质谱仪直接测定高纯砷中痕量的磷和硒.实验室使用电子级盐酸、硝酸配制王水直接溶解样品,在不除基体的情况下,以铑作为内标补偿校正砷基体的抑制效应,在调试好的仪器上进行测定磷、硒含量.磷、硒的测定结果相对标准偏差(RSD)...     

锆、铁水合氧化物对磷酸根的吸附

将氯氧化锆、三氯化铁分别与双氧水和氨水反应,生成锆、铁水合金属氧化物。用这两种氧化物作为吸附剂对水中的磷进行吸附。讨论了吸附过程对吸附容量的影响因素(温度、pH、时间)及除磷机理。实验结果表明,在低的pH值下,吸附容量最大;该吸附过程主要是以离子交换反应进行的吸热过程;可以用Freundlich方程表示静态吸附的吸附等温线;吸附动力学符合一级反应方程。     

pH对增强生物除磷系统酶活性的影响

通过比较不同pH值下增强生物除磷系统中关键酶活性的变化规律, 研究了酶活性与聚磷菌污泥产率系数及可溶性正磷酸盐(SOP)的关系. 结果表明, 在pH=6.4-7.6范围内, 脱氢酶、腺苷酸激酶和聚磷酸盐激酶的活性随着pH的增加而线性增加, 酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性不受pH的影响. 聚磷菌的产率系数与脱氢酶活性、厌氧释磷速率与腺苷酸激酶活性、好氧吸磷速率与聚磷酸盐激酶活性分别呈线性关系. 表明较高的pH有利于聚磷菌的生长和提高聚磷菌的活性, 从而提高了除磷效率.     

Dephosphorization of manganese-containing oxide melts

A process for dephosphorization of manganese-containing oxide melts with carbon monoxide was developed and studied for the first time. Thermodynamic analysis showed that, under equilibrium conditions, the reaction of carbon monoxide CO with phosphorus oxide P₂O₅ contained in a manganese-containing oxide melt does not occur. However, since both of the products of this reaction are gaseous, the reaction may occur if the reaction products are removed from the reaction zone. The dephosphorization of manganese concentrate while blowing carbon monoxide through the molten concentrate was experimentally investigated. The blowing significantly reduced the phosphorus content of the melt: the P: Mn ratio decreased by a factor of 5–10, and the degree of dephosphorization was 70–90%.     

Structure Characterization and Dephosphorization Effect Analysis of Oyster Shell-silica Micropowder Waste Water Dephosphorization Materials

In this work,the effects of pH value of waste water and initial concentration of phosphorus on dephosphorization materials were investigated.The materials were prepared by shaping,sintering and hydrothermal reshaping oyster shell and silica micro-powder.Different concentrations of phosphorus-contained waste water were simulated with potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution,the effect of dephosphorization was tested with phosphomolybdenum blue spectrophotometer method,and the crystal phase and microstructure of materials were characterized by XRD and SEM methods.It was indicated that dephosphorization was completed in 6 h when the initial phosphorus concentration in waste water was lower than 15 mg/L,and the dephosphorization time prolonged as the increase of phosphorus concentration.It was observed that the pH value of waste water influenced dephosphorization significantly,and neutral subalkalic environment favored dephosphorization.When the pH value was 11,the efficiency of dephosphozation was the greatest.For waste water with an initial concentration of 20 mg/L,the dephosphozation rate is close to 100% in 8 h.     

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in biosolids/sewage sludge: the interface between analytical chemistry and regulation

Modern sanitary practices result in large volumes of human waste, as well as domestic and industrial sewage, being collected and treated at common collection points, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In recognition of the growing use of sewage sludge as fertilizers and soil amendments, and the scarcity of current data regarding the chemical constituents in sewage sludge, the US National Research Council (NRC) in 2002 produced a report on sewage sludge. Among the NRC’s recommendations was the need for investigating the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in sewage sludge. PPCPs are a diverse array of non-regulated contaminants that had not been studied in previous sewage sludge surveys but which are likely to be present. The focus of this paper will be to review the current analytical methodologies available for investigating whether pharmaceuticals are present in WWTP-produced sewage sludge, to summarize current regulatory practices regarding sewage sludge, and to report on the presence of pharmaceuticals in sewage sludge.     

Improvement of municipal wastewaters by electron beam accelerator in Brazil

Radiation processing of municipal sewage and sludge has been considered not only for disinfection but also for solids and organic matter removal in Brazil. The improvement of irradiated systems were demonstrated by the elimination of indicator bacteria and by the reduction on the total bacteria count, on the chemical and biochemical oxygen demand from raw sewage and biologically treated effluents. The selected doses of radiation to be applied to sewage and sewage sludge are in the range of 3.0 to 4.0 kGy to sewage and 4.0 to 6.0 kGy to sewage sludge.     

Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analytical investigations on sewage farm soils

Soil substrates of sewage farms (inflow of sewage areas) and of closed sewage farms were investigated by means of thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. The results were compared with those obtained for control samples from outside the sewage farms.The organic matter of actively used sewage areas (inflow) contains a remarkable amount of easily oxidizable compounds brought to the inflows by suspended matter.Beside these compounds, macromolecular organic substances predominate in the composition of the organic matter and are responsible for an immense heat release in the high temperature range of the thermal studies.In the substrates of closed sewage farm inflows or of other sewage farm areas which do not belong to the inflows, the amounts of volatile and easily oxidizable compounds decrease rapidly. The substrates hardly differ in their reaction temperatures from control samples. The influence of single macromolecules on the exothermic oxidation is reduced with increasing humification.     

污泥与煤和煤矸石共燃特性研究

利用STA 409 PC型同步热分析仪,对煤、煤矸石和污泥不同质量比样品的燃烧过程进行了热重分析。结果表明,单一煤和煤矸石的DTG曲线都只有一个明显的失重峰,污泥的DTG曲线有两个明显的失重峰,而混合物的DTG曲线都有两个失重峰。通过分析不同样品的混燃过程,发现随着煤所占质量比的增加,最大失重峰速率所对应的温度都有所降低。煤、煤矸石、污泥及其混合物的活化能为16.93kJ/mol～109.89kJ/mol。随着污泥所占质量比的增加,混合物的着火温度有所降低,当达到70%时,污泥与煤混合物的着火点接近单一污泥的着火点。     

Alterations in the fat body cells of Rhinocricus padbergi (Diplopoda) resulting from exposure to substrate containing sewage sludge

The final disposal of residues generated at sewage treatment plants (STPs) has become a major problem for cities, due to the increase in the amount of treated sewage. One of the alternatives for the residue, labeled "sewage sludge," is its reuse in agriculture and in degraded soil. However, not all pathogens and metals present in it are eliminated during treatment. Diplopods have been used as bioindicators in ecotoxicological tests as they are constantly in close contact with the soil. Owing to this fact, the purpose of this study was to expose specimens of the diplopod Rhinocricus padbergi to substrate containing sewage sludge collected at STPs to analyze morphological alterations in their parietal and perivisceral fat body, where substances are stored. The exposures were held for 7, 15, or 90 days at different concentrations of sewage sludge (control, 1%, 10%, and 50%). The parietal fat body showed no alterations in any of the three exposure periods or concentrations. Alterations in the perivisceral fat body were observed for all exposure periods. According to the results, we suggest that the sludge used has toxic agents responsible for changing the animal's perivisceral fat body.     

天津沿海排污河中稀土元素的地球化学特征

选择天津沿海的南、北排污河为对象，研究了城市排污河中稀土元素的某些地球化学特征。结果表明，在排污河水体中溶解态稀土含量仍很低，但与其他天然大河相比，Eu和重稀土溶解态含量明显偏高。原水中稀土元素含量较高，以悬浮态为主。轻稀土的溶解态与悬浮态分布模式随原子序递增有相反的变化趋势。沉积物与悬浮物中的稀土含量明显低于其他天然河流，而悬浮物中的稀土含量又明显低于沉积物。沉积物与悬浮物中的稀土分布模式相似，均为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损、Eu正异常型。这种分布模式与其他天然河流不同，而与本地区含有机质丰富的土壤相似，表明其外源为附近土壤。排污河稀土元素地球化学特性与天然河流的差异可能主要由于其水体中含有大量有机污染物造成的。     

Fe—C层加催化剂治理制药废水中有机污染物新方法研究

本文以常温常压下,固定管长比,管内装活性炭——铁屑为滤层、控制废水流速及加入催化剂为实验处理条件,测定了四环素制药厂综合废水（总排放口取）、结晶提炼车间废水和四环素提浓车间母液三种废水在处理前后的ｐＨ、色度、浊度、ＣＯＤｃｒ值及四环素和部分有机杂质浓度的变化,通过与水解－生物氧化－絮凝法治理工艺作经济效益的初步对比,得出此法是一种投资较少、效益较高的切实可行的抗生素制药厂废水治理新方法。     

Leachability of toxic elements from solid wastes

We have examined the leachability of the toxic elements cadmium, arsenic, mercury, and selenium from solid wastes. The solid wastes studied are municipal incinerator ash, coal fly ash, hospital incinerator ash, raw sewage sludge, sewage incinerator bottom ash, and sewage incinerator lagoon ash (which is a combination of bottom and fly ashes). Cadmium displayed the greatest leachability in all waste types, with 76% leached from the municipal refuse incinerator ash. Although the sources of elements in the wastes are diverse, the leachability and hence the bioavailability in the incinerator ash appears mainly determined by the volatility of the element.