基于SPH方法的湿润性固壁边界条件模拟研究

固体壁面由于表面特殊结构和材料属性,时常表现出对交界面上水体的吸附作用,而这一特征对微小水体作用尤为明显。本文提出了一种湿润性固壁边界条件的计算方法,即假设壁面粒子的亲水性以及毛细吸附作用统一表现为对支持域内流体粒子的吸附力。基于光滑粒子流体动力学（SPH）方法,模拟了静态液滴在不同湿润性壁面上的变形至稳定过程。模拟了液滴撞击疏水壁面的过程,将液滴的运动过程分为碰撞、铺展、回缩和回弹四个阶段,分析各阶段壁面受力分布情况。研究表明：根据模拟液滴静态接触角的变化特点,本文湿润性固壁边界条件可以较好的反映出壁面湿润性;液滴撞击输水表面的模拟数据与试验结果趋势上吻合良好;壁面压力波伴随着液滴的铺展和回缩传播并衰减;只有在回弹后期液滴即将脱离壁面时壁面拉力起主导作用,其余各时刻壁面均以压力为主。     

基于LS-DYNA的热成型钢断裂失效预测研究

固体壁面由于表面特殊结构和材料属性,时常表现出对交界面上水体的吸附作用,而这一特征对微小水体作用尤为明显。本文提出了一种湿润性固壁边界条件的计算方法,即假设壁面粒子的亲水性以及毛细吸附作用统一表现为对支持域内流体粒子的吸附力。基于光滑粒子流体动力学（SPH）方法,模拟了静态液滴在不同湿润性壁面上的变形至稳定过程。模拟了液滴撞击疏水壁面的过程,将液滴的运动过程分为碰撞、铺展、回缩和回弹四个阶段,分析各阶段壁面受力分布情况。研究表明：根据模拟液滴静态接触角的变化特点,本文湿润性固壁边界条件可以较好的反映出壁面湿润性;液滴撞击输水表面的模拟数据与试验结果趋势上吻合良好;壁面压力波伴随着液滴的铺展和回缩传播并衰减;只有在回弹后期液滴即将脱离壁面时壁面拉力起主导作用,其余各时刻壁面均以压力为主。     

倾斜壁面浸润性梯度驱动液滴运动过程的格子Boltzmann模型研究

基于介观模型的多组分伪势格子Boltzmann方法,模拟了倾斜壁面浸润性梯度驱动液滴的运动过程,研究了壁面浸润性梯度、壁面倾斜角度对液滴运动过程的影响．结果表明,对于一定倾斜角度的壁面,当壁面上浸润性梯度足够大时,液滴能够克服重力的作用实现“爬坡”;液滴在运动过程中,其前进及后退接触角与当地静态接触角间存在差值;增大壁面浸润性梯度时,液滴能够获得更快的加速,并且前进及后退接触角与当地静态接触角之间的差值也随之增大;增大壁面倾斜角度时,液滴的运动受到阻碍,前进及后退接触角与当地静态接触角的差值小幅减小．     

EFFECT OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL MICROPILLAR ARRAYED TOPOGRAPHY ON SPREADING OF INSOLUBLE SURFACTANT-LADEN DROPLET

针对二维微柱阵列壁面上含不溶性活性剂液滴的铺展过程,采用润滑理论建立了液膜厚度和浓度演化模型,采用数值计算方法得到了液滴的铺展特征及相关参数的影响. 研究表明：活性剂液滴在微柱阵列壁面上铺展时,在壁面凸起处衍生出隆起结构,壁面凹槽处衍生出凹陷结构,随时间持续,隆起和凹陷均向两侧移动,且数量不断增加. 活性剂液膜流经凸起时,隆起高度呈驼峰形变化. 增大预置液膜厚度或活性剂初始浓度,铺展区域隆起和凹陷数量增多,液滴铺展速度加快. 增加凹槽深度或减小斜度会使毛细力作用增强,液膜破断可能性加大;增大凹槽宽度可加速活性剂液滴的铺展,加剧液膜表面波动幅度.     

二维微柱阵列壁面对活性剂液滴铺展的影响

针对二维微柱阵列壁面上含不溶性活性剂液滴的铺展过程,采用润滑理论建立了液膜厚度和浓度演化模型,采用数值计算方法得到了液滴的铺展特征及相关参数的影响. 研究表明:活性剂液滴在微柱阵列壁面上铺展时,在壁面凸起处衍生出隆起结构,壁面凹槽处衍生出凹陷结构,随时间持续,隆起和凹陷均向两侧移动,且数量不断增加. 活性剂液膜流经凸起时,隆起高度呈驼峰形变化. 增大预置液膜厚度或活性剂初始浓度,铺展区域隆起和凹陷数量增多,液滴铺展速度加快. 增加凹槽深度或减小斜度会使毛细力作用增强,液膜破断可能性加大;增大凹槽宽度可加速活性剂液滴的铺展,加剧液膜表面波动幅度.      

离散型织构表面液滴的铺展及其接触线的力学特性分析

针对离散型织构表面上液滴的铺展过程,采用数值模拟和润湿性实验相结合的方法,引入织构润湿因子θ*,得到了不同类型的离散型织构对固体表面润湿性的影响,在此基础之上分析了液滴铺展过程中接触线的力学特性,以期从微观界面力学的角度解释微织构对液滴铺展过程的促进作用.研究表明:离散型织构增大了液滴铺展过程中的固-液接触面积,位于铺展前沿的液体分子部分浸润织构内部,导致液面曲率和液滴内部的拉普拉斯压力增大,相邻离散型织构间的液体获得了额外的驱动力和能量,铺展速度加快,平衡接触角减小;槽状离散型织构对表面润湿性的影响程度最大,液滴在其上铺展过程具有各向异性特性.另外数值仿真分析表明,接触线的钉扎效应与固体表面粗糙度的大小和微织构类型密切相关,表面粗糙度越大,钉扎效应越明显,其中槽状织构对接触线的钉扎作用还具有方向性.      

不同壁面条件下液滴撞击铺展特性的模拟研究

液滴撞击不同润湿性壁面的传热流动问题在自然界和工业生产中广泛存在。研究采用CLSVOF方法,引入描述壁面润湿特性的动态接触角,并考虑液滴物性参数随温度的变化,建立液滴撞壁模型,模拟研究液滴撞击流动行为,通过与实验对比验证,确定模型有效性。在此基础上,对传热作用下考虑壁面润湿性的液滴撞击问题展开研究,探讨壁面传热作用对液滴撞击铺展特性的影响。研究表明,在撞击过程中,液滴先铺展后逐渐收缩,与静态接触角模型相比,采用动态接触角模型所得的液滴流动特性与实验结果更加吻合;随着接触角增大,液滴在撞壁初期不易铺展,随后则易于收缩;虽然固液传热作用会影响液滴铺展直径,但不改变液滴的运动趋势。     

微通道壁面突起对片上电泳分离流动特性影响数值计算研究

针对制造过程引起的通道壁面突起对微流控芯片电泳分离使用的影响进行数值计算和理论分析研究.分析了壁面突起产生机制及其对电泳分离效果的影响;阐述了毛细管电泳分离的物理模型并进行了离散化;编制了电泳分离数值计算程序,采用有限体积法计算微通道内电参数分布、缓冲溶液流场分布和样品区带分布;给出微通道壁面突起高度和突起宽度对电泳分离过程影响的计算结果.从计算结果可知:壁面突起高度是影响电渗流流速的主要因素,当壁面突起高度与微通道宽度的比值从0增加至0.2,电渗流流速变化幅度约为20%.     

脊状表面减阻机理研究

针对脊状表面流场的特点,通过实验测量和数值模拟的方法对脊状表面微观流场进行了深入研究,获得了脊状表面湍流边界层的时均速度分布曲线、湍流度分布曲线和微观流场结构.为了得到脊状结构对壁面物性的影响,对脊状表面进行了疏水性测试,获得了液滴在脊状表面上的表观接触角,并通过水洞试验验证了脊状表面的减阻效果.研究表明,与光滑表面相比,脊状表面微观流场结构中存在"二次涡",近壁区的黏性底层厚度比平板的要厚得多,湍流度显著降低,且脊状表面表现出明显的疏水性.由此提出了基于壁面隔离效应、增大湍流阻尼效应和改变壁面物性效应的减阻机理.     

平壁液滴静态铺展影响因素的研究

通过建立液滴撞击固体平壁的静态铺展力学平衡的数学模型,从理论上得到了静态铺展半径与液滴物性参数、以及液滴与固体壁面接触角之间关系的数学表达式,将理论结果与数值模拟的结果进行了比较,两者吻合较好.比较了不同条件下液滴的静态铺展半径的变化规律,分别得到了液滴密度、体积、表面张力和接触角等因素对液滴静态铺展半径的影响规律.      

Condensate carryover phenomena in dehumidifying, finned-tube heat exchangers

An experimental study has been conducted to investigate the condensate carryover phenomena in dehumidifying heat exchangers. Two wavy finned-tube coils were tested, for which the fin surfaces were treated to provide either low or high contact angles. The receding contact angle on the fins of the two coils were 70° and 10°, respectively. The distribution of condensate carryover was measured along the tunnel bottom downstream from the coil for different air frontal velocities. As the frontal velocity increases, the quantity of condensate carryover increases, and the condensate is blown further from the coil. The receding contact angle on the fin surface is a key factor controlling the condensate carryover characteristics. The coil having a 10° receding contact angle shows significantly less condensate carryover than the coil having a 70° receding contact angle. Numerous condensate droplets and bridges were observed on the fin surfaces of the 70° receding contact angle coil; however, few were seen for the 10° receding contact angle coil. The dominant carryover results from droplets formed from bridged condensate, and the diameter of the resulting droplets is approximately 3.0 mm.     

Experimental investigation of inclined liquid water jet flow onto vertically located superhydrophobic surfaces

In this study, the behaviour of an inclined water jet, which is impinged onto hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces, has been investigated experimentally. Water jet was impinged with different inclination angles (15°–45°) onto five different hydrophobic surfaces made of rough polymer, which were held vertically. The water contact angles on these surfaces were measured as 102°, 112°, 123°, 145° and 167° showing that the last surface was superhydrophobic. Two different nozzles with 1.75 and 4 mm in diameters were used to create the water jet. Water jet velocity was within the range of 0.5–5 m/s, thus the Weber number varied from 5 to 650 and Reynolds number from 500 to 8,000 during the experiments. Hydrophobic surfaces reflected the liquid jet depending on the surface contact angle, jet inclination angle and the Weber number. The variation of the reflection angle with the Weber number showed a maximum value for a constant jet angle. The maximum value of the reflection angle was nearly equal to half of the jet angle. It was determined that the viscous drag decreases as the contact angle of the hydrophobic surface increases. The drag force on the wall is reduced dramatically with superhydrophobic surfaces. The amount of reduction of the average shear stress on the wall was about 40%, when the contact angle of the surface was increased from 145° to 167°. The area of the spreading water layer decreased as the contact angle of the surface increased and as the jet inclination angle, Weber number and Reynolds number decreased.     

Retraction and Adhesion of a Single Droplet Normal Impact on the Solid Surface

The impact behavior of individual biomass oil droplets was investigated on solid surfaces having different structures (flat, cylindrical, and spherical) using the high-speed video technique. This makes it possible to compare the evolution of the droplet impact on various surface structures. The impact behaviors of retraction–oscillation and adhesion are analyzed for different hydrophobic surfaces. The influence of the Weber number (We), the surface structure, and the surface curvature is further examined by focusing on the retraction and stable adhesion (thickness, adhesion, and contact angle) for different biomass oil droplets. The results show that the retraction factor gradually increases as We increases to some critical value, beyond which the increase rate slows down or the retraction factor begins to decrease. The largest retraction factor is observed on the flat surface and the smallest one appears on the spherical surface. The adhesion thickness of the liquid film oscillates periodically over time, and its oscillation amplitude gradually decreases with a constant frequency, which is smaller for the more hydrophobic surfaces. The curvatures of the cylinder and sphere have little influence on the stable adhesion behavior. For the different droplet types, the adhesion diameter on the flat surface gradually increases as We rises, whereas the adhesion thickness gradually decreases with increase in We. These results are helpful for understanding the impact behaviors of biomass oil droplets with high viscosity and small surface tension on solid surfaces.

     

粗糙表面法向接触刚度的分形模型

提出了以往有关粗糙表面法向接触刚度理论研究工作的缺陷与不足,并在一定的前提假设下,基于球体与平面的接触理论和粗糙表面的分形接触理论,从理论上给出了具有尺度独立性的粗糙表面法向接触刚度分形模型,并进行了数字仿真研究。     

基于泛形理论的粗糙表面法向接触刚度研究

基于泛形理论和赫兹接触理论,通过泛形海岛分布描述粗糙表面的形貌从而建立结合面弹性接触模型,求解结合面的法向接触刚度。假设粗糙接触表面微凸体的高度满足高斯分布,通过赫兹接触理论建立单个微凸体的微观接触模型,利用粗糙表面的泛形复杂度D与面积度量尺码的最小下确界as确定表面形貌。泛形复杂度反映微凸体在粗糙表面上占据的空间大小程度;度量尺码下确界是接触过程中的最小接触面积。通过泛形复杂度和面积最小下确界推导出粗糙表面法向接触刚度的解析表达式。数值算例结果表明：在相同的面积尺度区间内,粗糙表面的法向接触刚度随着泛形复杂度的增加而增加,反之减小。当接触表面的泛形复杂度不变时,粗糙表面的法向接触刚度随最小下确界的减小而增大。泛形复杂度的较大时,最小下确界的变化对于接触刚度的影响更加明显。通过与已发表的文献结果对比分析之后,发现采用泛形海岛模型所得到的结合面接触刚度与文献中实验结果吻合较好。     

Effects of oxidation and surface roughness on contact angle

Contact angle is known to be a parameter that effects boiling. This study was undertaken to measure contact angle of high and low surface tension fluids on copper and aluminum surfaces.Data were taken for polished, oxidized, and rough surfaces. A simple, yet fairly accurate method of measuring the static equilibrium contact angle of a solid/liquid interface is presented. The principles of a line light source and tilting plate were modified and then combined in the design of this apparatus. The angles obtained and their variation with the solid surface properties were in good agreement with previously published data. The contact angle of distilled water o of the organic fluids and refrigerants tested were in the range of 2–5°. Roughness and oxidation reduce the contact angle. If the depth of the roughness is less than 0.5 μm contact angle. The apparatus is fairly simple in construction, is inexpensive, and has good reproductibity. The measured angles were then compared to those measured with the sessile drop method.     

粗糙表面的弹塑性接触研究

建立了综合载荷作用下粗糙表面弹塑性接触的确定性模型,考虑了微凸峰接触的弹塑性变形阶段,数值求解得到实际接触面积、压力分布和微凸峰塑性形变.分析了实际接触面积与法向载荷的关系,并研究了点接触的椭圆参数对上述关系的影响.建立了结点增长模型,分析了结点增长与滑动摩擦系数的关系以及滑动摩擦系数随椭圆参数的变化.结果表明:随着法向载荷增大,实际接触面积与法向载荷之间的非线性关系愈加显著;椭圆参数越大,实际接触面积越小,选择较小的椭圆参数可降低平均接触压力;结点增长的速率随滑动摩擦系数增大而增大;表面剪切作用力使最大Mises应力值升高,疲劳裂纹的发生源向表面靠近;重载时选择较小的滚动轴承沟曲率半径系数有利于减小摩擦功耗.     

粗糙表面统计接触模型的提出与发展

工程表面在微观尺度上是粗糙的,粗糙表面之间的接触状态对于多种物理现象都有重要影响,因此,粗糙表面间的接触建模方法一直是摩擦学领域研究的热点. 由Greenwood和Williamson提出的GW统计接触模型是最受认可的粗糙面接触模型,回顾了基于统计分析的粗糙面接触模型的发展,根据对GW模型主要缺点的改进,介绍了统计接触模型的研究现状,总结了统计接触模型未来可能的研究热点.      

考虑粗糙结合面弹塑性接触的黏滑摩擦建模

提出一种同时考虑粗糙面上微凸体弹性变形和塑性接触的切向黏滑摩擦建模方法。采用Hertz弹性理论和Mindlin解描述弹性接触微凸体的切向载荷和相对变形的关系;采用AF(Abbott-Firstone)塑性理论和Fujimoto模型描述塑性接触微凸体切向载荷和相对变形的关系。再利用GW(Greenwood-Williamson)模型统计分析方法建立粗糙表面切向载荷和相对变形之间的关系。将模型与仅考虑微凸体弹性接触情况的模型进行对比,并研究了不同塑性指数对切向载荷和相对变形关系的影响。结果表明：与完全弹性接触模型相比,本文模型引入了塑性接触理论,能够更好地描述粗糙表面切向载荷和相对变形关系,并且考虑不同接触条件下弹性变形微凸体和塑性变形微凸体对切向接触载荷的贡献,在微滑移阶段,主要由弹性接触变形影响,而在进入宏观滑移阶段之后,切向行为主要由塑性变形影响。界面切向载荷由黏着和滑移接触作用共同决定,随着切向变形的增加,滑移接触力逐渐增加,而黏着接触力先增加后减少,反映了界面由微滑移逐渐向宏滑移演化的过程。随着塑性指数的增加,粗糙面上发生塑性接触的微凸体数目逐渐增加,切向黏滑行为主要受到塑性接触特征的控制。