以马来酸酐为原料催化合成富马酸二甲酯

用马来酸酐与甲醇为原料,在浓盐酸为主的复合催化剂的作用下,经一步反应合成富马酸二甲酯.讨论了催化剂用量、酯化时间、异构时间、醇与酸酐比等因素对反应的影响.最适宜的反应条件为:n(甲醇):n(酸酐)=4:1,异构时间0.7h,酯化时间4h,催化剂用量为马来酸酐质量的3.5%.     

马来酸酐酰化壳聚糖的合成

甲壳素和壳聚糖的改性主要是在活性基团-OH、-NH2或-NHCOCH3引入一些其他基团。本文用N，N-二甲基甲酰胺为反应介质对壳聚糖进行N-酰化改性，通过温度、比例关系及产物处理方式对反应的影响，找出了反应的最优化条件。     

苯乙烯-N-苯基马来酰亚胺-马来酸酐三元共聚物的合成与性能

以过氧化对苯二甲酸二叔丁酯为引发剂, 以一次投料方式, 采用溶液聚合法合成了苯乙烯-N-苯基马来酰亚胺-马来酸酐三元共聚物. 通过控制单体配比, 实现产物中N-苯基马来酰亚胺质量分数在48%~63%之间可调. 采用FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR和GPC技术对三元共聚物的化学组成、链序列结构和分子量进行了测试. 利用FOX方程计算的共聚物NPMI含量与¹H NMR核磁测试结果一致. DSC和TGA测试的结果表明, 当N-苯基马来酰亚胺质量分数>48%时, 共聚物的玻璃化转变温度(T_g)从202 ℃提高到215 ℃, 5%热失重温度高于363 ℃, 所以三元聚合物是一种优异的聚合物耐热剂.     

碳纳米管的羟甲基化及其马来酸酐接枝研究

利用甲醛的亲电性能, 对化学气相沉积法(CVD)制备的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)进行羟甲基化, 并在此基础上酯化接枝马来酸酐, 运用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、红外光谱和Zeta电位仪表征了改性后的MWCNTs的表面结构. TEM结果显示, 酯化后的MWCNTs明显增粗, 说明表面已附有物质. 红外结果表明, 羟甲基后的MWCNTs的表面有了羟基和亚甲基, 而马来酸酐酯化接枝后的MWCNTs有亚甲基和酯基官能团. 光学图像分析表明, 经甲醛处理后的MWCNTs在水溶液中的分散性明显提高, 而马来酸酐酯化接枝后的MWCNTs在二甲苯中的分散性明显增强. Zeta电位的测试结果表明, 甲醛处理过的MWCNTs颗粒在水中, 负电荷增多, 增强了其在悬浮液在溶液中的稳定性.     

聚羧酸类高效减水剂分子结构类型及改性研究进展

聚羧酸类高效减水剂(PCEs)因其优异的减水性能已成为现今混凝土外加剂最热门的课题之一。本文按发展历程对四类不同分子结构的PCEs进行了介绍,对比了此四类PCEs的合成方法及性能,综合国内外研究探讨了PCEs在保坍、减缩、早强、引气、敏感性等方面问题,提出了多种切实可行的解决方法,并结合材料的构效关系从绿色环保、材料性价比及市场需求等方面对其研究进行了展望。     

苯乙烯/马来酸酐共聚物修饰碳纳米管的研究

利用羟基碳纳米管上的羟基与马来酸酐之间的简单反应, 在碳纳米管上引入双键, 进一步引发苯乙烯聚合, 在碳纳米管表面接枝苯乙烯马来酸酐共聚物, 同时采用羟基碳纳米管与苯乙烯马来酸酐共聚物直接反应也在碳纳米管的表面引入了苯乙烯马来酸酐共聚物. 经IR, Raman, TG和TEM测定, 证明了碳纳米管与苯乙烯马来酸酐共聚物之间为化学键连接关系.     

马来酸酐接枝稀土异戊橡胶接枝率的测试方法

以马来酸酐(MAH)和稀土异戊橡胶(IR)聚合液为主要原料,采用溶液接枝改性反应制备了马来酸酐接枝稀土异戊橡胶(IR-g-MAH)。以IR-g-MAH接枝率的测试方法为研究对象,对比直接滴定法和返滴法,并进一步优化直接滴定法的测试条件。实验结果表明,直接滴定法测试的结果准确度高、重复性好,且测试过程简单。其较优的测试条件为:水解试剂为乙醇,样品用量为0.2~0.5g,KOH-乙醇标准溶液浓度为0.02~0.06mol/L。     

苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物中酸酐含量测定方法研究

苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物（SMA）分子结构中含有酸酐官能团,易于化学改性得到新型功能高分子,在生物以及化学方面均表现出优异特性,而酸酐含量是影响其性能的重要因素,因此必须准确分析共聚物中酸酐含量。本文首先对SMA水溶液进行pH值滴定,确定了SMA在pH值突跃范围内以一元羧基／一元羧酸钠的形式存在,利用微商法确定该范围内pH滴定终点,建立了一种简便、快速确定酸酐含量的pH值滴定方法,并经元素分析验证了该方法测定结果的准确性。     

热重法测定高马来酸酐含量苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物的组成

高马来酸酐含量苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物(SMA)是一种具有优良耐热性、刚性和尺寸稳定性的新型高分子材料.由于SMA分子中含有极性很强、反应活性很高的酸酐官能团,所以它被广泛应用于涂料、粘合剂的改性剂、地板抛光的乳化剂、复合材料和颜料的分散剂、水处理剂等领域[1-5].     

聚马来酸酐高级脂肪醇酯的合成及其对聚乙烯的表面改性研究

采用溶液聚合的方法合成聚马来酸酐，考察不同聚合条件对聚马来酸酐产率的影响。将所合成的聚马来酸酐与十八醇、十六醇和十四醇进行酯化反应合成了三种两亲性的大分子表面改性荆聚马来酸酐十八醇酯(PMAO)、聚马来酸酐十六醇酯(PMAH)和聚马来酸酐十四醇酯(PMAT)。对这三种聚马来酸酐高级醇酯／聚乙烯共混体系的表面亲水性进行了研究，采用全反射红外光谱对聚马来酸酐高级醇酯共混体系薄膜进行表征，发现聚马来酸酐高级醇酯可以在聚乙烯薄膜表面富集，接触角测量表明聚马来酸酐高级醇酯的加入可以有效降低聚乙烯薄膜的水接触角。     

Research on synthesis and action mechanism of polycarboxylate superplasticizer

The relationship between the structure and performance of polycarboxylate superplasticizer was analyzed. The respective functions of the structure units of the main and branched chains were discussed. The progress of synthesis and molecular structure design and synthesis of polycarboxylate superplasticizer were reviewed according to the difference in the structure unit of the main chain. Results indicated that their performance is related to the structure unit of the main and branched chains, as well as the position and species of functional groups. The polycarboxylate superplasticizer, which had suitable graft and block polymers of polyethylene glycol or polyoxyethylene, and a suitable sulfonic group, had small slump loss besides high water-reducing performance. On the other hand, the hydroxyl group at the end of the chain causes gelation easily. On the basis of the items mentioned above, as well as the source and cost of raw materials, esterification of polyethylene glycol and acrylic acid were first adopted using para-toluene sulfonic acid as catalyst, then polymerized with sodium sulfonate methacrylate. A certain amount of acrylic was added in order to regulate both the polymerization degree of the main chain and the ratio of carboxyl and sulfonic groups in the branched chain. As a result, the high performance superplasticizer has been synthesized (was obtained). The divergence of the cement plasma is about 200 mm when the addition amount of superplasticizer is 0.16%–0.20% of cement weight, and the ratio of the water and cement is 0.29. Translated from Journal of Wuhan Uniwersity of Technology, 2006, 28(9): 18–20 [译自: 武汉理工大学学报]     

聚羧酸系高效减水剂合成工艺的优化研究

以甲基烯丙基聚氧乙烯醚(HPEG)和丙烯酸(AA)为单体,以过氧化氢-抗坏血酸(H2 O2-Vc)为氧化还原引发体系,以巯基丙酸(MPA)为链转移剂,共聚合成了HPEGAA型聚羧酸减水剂.研究了合成温度、酸醚比及引发剂用量对聚羧酸减水剂分散性能的影响.结果表明,聚羧酸减水剂的最佳合成工艺为:n(AA):n(HPEG)=...     

Copolymerization of maleic anhydride with certain compounds of the vinyl series

Russian Chemical Bulletin -     

Effect of the initial maleic anhydride content on the grafting of maleic anhydride onto isotactic polypropylene

A series of ¹³C‐enriched maleic anhydride grafted isotactic polypropylene samples were prepared in solution at 170 °C by changes in the initial maleic anhydride content. The NMR spectra of the samples showed that the signals of the maleic anhydride attached to the tertiary carbons of the isotactic polypropylene chains increased considerably with increasing maleic anhydride content, whereas the signals of the maleic anhydride on the radical chain ends (with a single bond) arising from β scission did not. On the other hand, the signals of the maleic anhydride on the radical chain ends with double bonds increased markedly with increasing maleic anhydride content, and this suggested that β scission could occur extensively after maleic anhydride was attached to the tertiary carbons. As a result, the molecular weight of the grafted polypropylene decreased significantly with increasing maleic anhydride content in this study. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5529–5534, 2005     

Vinylhydroquinone. V. Tri-n-butylborane-initiated copolymerization of maleic anhydride and redox property of copolymers

Tri-n-butylborane (TBB) was found to be capable of initiating the copolymerization of vinylhydroquinone (VHQ) with maleic anhydride (MAn) and diethyl fumarate (DEF) in cyclohexanone at 30°C under nitrogen. Redox potentials of the VHQ–MAn copolymer obtained were examined. These results, along with spectroscopic data, indicate that the copolymers are of a highly alternating character.     

聚羧酸共聚物侧链结构对水泥水化及硬化过程的影响

以聚乙二醇系列、丙烯酸、顺酐、丙烯酸羟乙酯为原料合成聚羧酸减水剂,讨论聚羧酸共聚物侧链长度对水泥分散性能和水化过程的影响,并测试掺加减水剂的混凝土性能.实验结果表明:通过调整聚羧酸共聚物中侧链链长的比例使其具有最佳的分散性.实验合成的聚羧酸共聚物聚乙二醇侧链为nPEG600∶nPEG400=1∶1时,分散效果最好,水泥浆体的流动度及分散力最佳,分别为289 mm和10.36.聚羧酸减水剂具有缓凝特性,能够显著延缓水泥水化及硬化过程,使水泥石的后期水化更充分、水化产物结构更紧密更有力量,各龄期混凝土抗压强度都有较大提高.在水泥中添加0.3%聚羧酸减水剂(PEG600∶400),32.5#水泥3 d,7 d和28 d的抗压强度分别提高了50.4%,40.8%,35.1%,42.5#水泥3 d,7 d,28 d的抗压强度分别提高了16.7%,31.0%和22.3%.     

Study on kinetics of copolymerisation of styrene and maleic anhydride in dioxane

Kinetics of the copolymerisation of styrene and maleic anhydride have been studied in dioxane at 50° using azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. Explanation of the kinetic behaviour has been attempted in terms of the participation in propagation of a charge-transfer complex between the monomers along with propagation via free monomers. It is found that the complex model is able to explain most features of the copolymerisation of these monomers. It has been possible to determine the constants δ₁, δ₂, k_1c/k₁₂, k_2c/k₂₁ and Φ where k_1c/k₁₂ and k_2c/k₂₁ represent the specific rate constants of reaction of a particular type of radical with a dissimilar monomer site of the complex relative to that with a dissimilar free monomer. They are reviewed on the basis of available literature data. The cross-termination factor Φ is found to play an important role in the present system. An approximate value of $\text{k}{}_{\mathrm{t}}{}^{0.5}\text{k}{}_{\mathrm{p}}$ for maleic anhydride could also be found and this probably represents the first reported value for this constant from copolymerisation. The applicability of the generalised penultimate model is also briefly discussed.     

Effect of hydrophobic units of polycarboxylate superplasticizer on the flow behavior of cement paste

For the tuning of conformation of polycarboxylate (PCE) superplasticizers, hydrophobic groups of different stiffness were incorporated, including styrene (St), methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl acrylate (EA), and n-butyl acrylate (n-BA) units. The effect of these hydrophobic groups on the dispersing performance, adsorption process and, rheology of cement paste were investigated. Investigation on the solution conformation and adsorption layer thickness indicated the action mechanism of these groups. High backbone stiffness resulted in a lower extent of conformation condensation from pure aqueous solution to pore solution, and therefore more carboxylic groups could be accessible for adsorption. However, the conformation change after adsorption might also be limited and the size of single molecule after adsorption should be small. Hydrophobic groups always resulted in a coiled PCE conformation in salt solution, which indicated a lower adsorption affinity and thinner adsorption layer for these PCE molecules.