A bore-capturing finite volume method for open-channel flows

A high-resolution finite volume hydrodynamic solver is presented for open-channel flows based on the 2D shallow water equations. This Godunov-type upwind scheme uses an efficient Harten–Lax–van Leer (HLL) approximate Riemann solver capable of capturing bore waves and simulating supercritical flows. Second-order accuracy is achieved by means of MUSCL reconstruction in conjunction with a Hancock two-stage scheme for the time integration. By using a finite volume approach, the computational grid can be irregular which allows for easy boundary fitting. The method can be applied directly to model 1D flows in an open channel with a rectangular cross-section without the need to modify the scheme. Such a modification is normally required for solving the 1D St Venant equations to take account of the variation of channel width. The numerical scheme and results of three test problems are presented in this paper. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the accuracy and efficiency of CFD methods in real gas hypersonics

A study of viscous and inviscid hypersonic flows using generalized upwind methods is presented. A new family of hybrid flux-splitting methods is examined for hypersonic flows. The hybrid method is constructed by the superposition of the flux-vector-splitting (FVS) method and second-order artificial dissipation in the regions of strong shock waves. The conservative variables on the cell faces are calculated by an upwind extrapolation scheme to third-order accuracy. A second-order-accurate scheme is used for the discretization of the viscous terms. The solution of the system of equations is achieved by an implicit unfactored method. In order to reduce the computational time, a local adaptive mesh solution (LAMS) method is proposed. The LAMS method combines the mesh-sequencing technique and local solution of the equations. The local solution of either the Euler or the NAVIER-STOKES equations is applied for the region of the flow field where numerical disturbances die out slowly. Validation of the Euler and NAVIER-STOKES codes is obtained for hypersonic flows around blunt bodies. Real gas effects are introduced via a generalized equation of state.     

Treatment of numerical diffusion in strong convective flows

A three-dimensional extension of the QUICK scheme adapted for the finite volume method and non-uniform grids is presented to handle convection-diffusion problems for high Peclet numbers and steep gradients. The algorithm is based on three-dimensional quadratic interpolation functions in which the transverse curvature terms are maintained and the diagonal dominance of the coefficient matrix is preserved. All formulae are explicitly given in an appendix. Results obtained with the classical upwind (UDS), the simplified QUICK (transverse terms neglected) and the present full QUICK schemes are given for two benchmark problems, one two-dimensional, steady state and the other three-dimensional, unsteady state. Both QUICK schemes are shown to give superior solutions compared with the UDS in terms of accuracy and efficiency. The full QUICK scheme performs better than the simplified QUICK, giving even for coarse grids acceptable results closer to the analytical solutions, while the computational time is not affected much.     

An upwind finite element scheme for high-Reynolds-number flows

A new upwind finite element scheme for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations at high Reynolds number is presented. The idea of the upwind technique is based on the choice of upwind and downwind points. This scheme can approximate the convection term to third-order accuracy when these points are located at suitable positions. From the practical viewpoint of computation, the algorithm of the pressure Poisson equation procedure is adopted in the framework of the finite element method. Numerical results of flow problems in a cavity and past a circular cylinder show excellent dependence of the solutions on the Reynolds number. The influence of rounding errors causing Karman vortex shedding is also discussed in the latter problem.     

A vector upstream differencing scheme for problems in fluid flow involving significant source terms in steady-state linear systems

This paper considers a finite difference scheme for modelling the convection/diffusion equation in strongly convective flow regimes including circumstances in which significant source terms are present. The main objective is to provide an alternative approach to central and/or upwind difference methods which for various reasons are unsatisfactory. To illustrate the main features of the scheme, an assessment of its accuracy is made by means of a Taylor expansion analysis and a study of its performance in two model problems. As a demonstration of its generality for use in large-scale practical problems, some numerical results are presented for the prediction of the temperature distribution in a flow through a partially blocked heated rod bundle. The main conclusions are that in almost all practical circumstances results obtained using the scheme are not susceptible to false diffusion or spatial oscillations, which are, respectively, the inherent weaknesses in many upwind and central difference scheme formulations, and in general its use results in improved overall accuracy.     

极坐标系下Fourier-Legendre谱元方法与有限差分法数值扩散的比较

提出一种Fourier-Legendre谱元方法用于求解极坐标系下的Navier-Stokes方程,其中极点所在单元的径向采用Gauss-Radau积分点,避免了r=0处的1/r坐标奇异性。时间离散采用时间分裂法,引入数值同位素模型跟踪同位素的输运过程验证数值模拟的精度,分别利用谱元法和有限差分法的迎风差分格式求解匀速和加速坩埚旋转流动中的同位素方程。计算结果表明,有限差分法中的一阶迎风差分格式存在严重的数值假扩散,二阶迎风差分格式的数值结果较精确,增加节点可以有效地缓解数值扩散。然而,谱元法具有以较少节点得到高精度解的优势。     

Development and assessment of a variable-order non-oscillatory scheme for convection term discretization

A new scheme for convection term discretization is developed, called VONOS (variable-order non-oscillatory scheme). The development of the scheme is based on the behaviour of well-known non-oscillatory schemes in the pure convection of a step profile test case. The new scheme is a combination of the QUICK and BSOU (bounded second-order upwind) schemes. These two schemes do not have the same formal order of accuracy and for that reason the formal order of accuracy of the new scheme is variable. The scheme is conservative, bounded and accurate. The performance of the new scheme was assessed in three test cases. The results showed that it is more accurate than currently used higher-order schemes, so it can be used in a general purpose algorithm in order to save computational time for the same level of accuracy. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

对流项占优问题的MLPG/SUPG方法数值模拟

在计算对流项占优问题时易产生假扩散,本文把流线型迎风格式应用于MLPG方法中可以减少对流项的影响,通过两个典型例子（旋转流场问题和Brezzi问题）验证该格式的精度与有效性,并与文献中的迎风格式的计算结果进行比较,计算结果表明,该方法能有效地克服假扩散现象,有较好的稳定性和较高的计算精度。     

A dual‐time central‐difference interface‐capturing finite volume scheme applied to cavitation modelling

This paper describes a central‐difference interface‐capturing scheme applied to the prediction of flows with cavitation. Compressible cavitation schemes based on standard central‐difference solvers have been previously described, but the current scheme uses an incompressible formulation only previously implemented with an upwind solver. The central‐difference solver offers significant advantages in computational time compared with upwind schemes. Regions of cavitation are captured rather than tracked. This means that there is no need for complex tracking and reconstruction procedures for the interface of the cavitation region. The use of such schemes on an arbitrarily unstructured mesh is no more complicated than on its structured counterpart. Results for a number of test cases are presented, with comparisons made with both experimental data and other numerical solutions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A characteristic-based method for incompressible flows

A new characteristic-based method for the solution of the 2D laminar incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is presented. For coupling the continuity and momentum equations, the artificial compressibility formulation is employed. The primitives variables (pressure and velocity components) are defined as functions of their values on the characteristics. The primitives variables on the characteristics are calculated by an upwind diffencing scheme based on the sign of the local eigenvalue of the Jacobian matrix of the convective fluxes. The upwind scheme uses interpolation formulae of third-order accuracy. The time discretization is obtained by the explicit Runge–Kutta method. Validation of the characteristic-based method is performed on two different cases: the flow in a simple cascade and the flow over a backwardfacing step.     

Development of an artificial compressibility methodology using flux vector splitting

An implicit, upwind arithmetic scheme that is efficient for the solution of laminar, steady, incompressible, two-dimensional flow fields in a generalised co-ordinate system is presented in this paper. The developed algorithm is based on the extended flux-vector-splitting (FVS) method for solving incompressible flow fields. As in the case of compressible flows, the FVS method consists of the decomposition of the convective fluxes into positive and negative parts that transmit information from the upstream and downstream flow field respectively. The extension of this method to the solution of incompressible flows is achieved by the method of artificial compressibility, whereby an artificial time derivative of the pressure is added to the continuity equation. In this way the incompressible equations take on a hyperbolic character with pseudopressure waves propagating with finite speed. In such problems the ‘information’ inside the field is transmitted along its characteristic curves. In this sense, we can use upwind schemes to represent the finite volume scheme of the problem's governing equations. For the representation of the problem variables at the cell faces, upwind schemes up to third order of accuracy are used, while for the development of a time-iterative procedure a first-order-accurate Euler backward-time difference scheme is used and a second-order central differencing for the shear stresses is presented. The discretized Navier–Stokes equations are solved by an implicit unfactored method using Newton iterations and Gauss–Siedel relaxation. To validate the derived arithmetical results against experimental data and other numerical solutions, various laminar flows with known behaviour from the literature are examined. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A numerical study of flow over a confined backward-facing step

Numerical solutions using the SIMPLE algorithms for laminar flow over a backward-facing step are presented. Five differencing schemes were used: hybrid; quadratic upwind (QUICK); second-order upwind (SOUD); central-differencing and a novel scheme named second-order upwind biased (SOUBD). The SOUBD scheme is shown to be part of a family of schemes which include the central-differencing, SOUD and QUICK schemes for uniform grids. The results of the backward-facing step problem are presented and are compared with other numerical solutions and experimental data to evaluate the accuracy of the differencing schemes. The accuracy of the differencing schemes was ascertained by using uniform grids of various grid densities. The QUICK, SOUBD and SOUD schemes gave very similar accurate results. The hybrid scheme suffered from excessive diffusion except for the finest grids and the central-differencing scheme only converged for the finest grids.     

Upwind discretization of the steady Navier–Stokes equations

A discretization method is presented for the full, steady, compressible Navier–Stokes equations. The method makes use of quadrilateral finite volumes and consists of an upwind discretization of the convective part and a central discretization of the diffusive part. In the present paper the emphasis lies on the discretization of the convective part. The solution method applied solves the steady equations directly by means of a non-linear relaxation method accelerated by multigrid. The solution method requires the discretization to be continuously differentiable. For two upwind schemes which satisfy this requirement (Osher's and van Leer's scheme), results of a quantitative error analysis are presented. Osher's scheme appears to be increasingly more accurate than van Leer's scheme with increasing Reynolds number. A suitable higher-order accurate discretization of the convection terms is derived. On the basis of this higher-order scheme, to preserve monotonicity, a new limiter is constructed. Numerical results are presented for a subsonic flat plate flow and a supersonic flat plate flow with oblique shock wave–boundary layer interaction. The results obtained agree with the predictions made. Useful properties of the discretization method are that it allows an easy check of false diffusion and that it needs no tuning of parameters.     

AN ENTROPY VARIABLE FORMULATION AND APPLICATIONS FOR THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL SHALLOW WATER EQUATIONS

A new symmetric formulation of the two-dimensional shallow water equations and a streamline upwind Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) scheme are developed and tested. The symmetric formulation is constructed by means of a transformation of dependent variables derived from the relation for the total energy of the water column. This symmetric form is well suited to the SUPG approach as seen in analogous treatments of gas dynamics problems based on entropy variables. Particulars related to the construction of the upwind test functions and an appropriate discontinuity-capturing operator are included. A formal extension to the viscous, dissipative problem and a stability analysis are also presented. Numerical results for shallow water flow in a channel with (a) a step transition, (b) a curved wall transition and (c) a straight wall transition are compared with experimental and other computational results from the literature.     

High‐order upwind compact scheme and simulation of turbulent premixed V‐flame

A high‐order accurate upwind compact difference scheme with an optimal control coefficient is developed to track the flame front of a premixed V‐flame. In multi‐dimensional problems, dispersion effect appears in the form of anisotropy. By means of Fourier analysis of the operators, anisotropic effects of the upwind compact difference schemes are analysed. Based on a level set algorithm with the effect of exothermicity and baroclinicity, the flame front is tracked. The high‐order accurate upwind compact scheme is employed to approximate the level set equation. In order to suppress numerical oscillations, the group velocity control technique is used and the upwind compact difference scheme is combined with the random vortex method to simulate the turbulent premixed V‐flame. Distributions of velocities and flame brush thickness are obtained by this technique and found to be comparable with experimental measurement. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An adaptive multigrid finite-volume scheme for incompressible Navier–Stokes equations

An algorithm for the solutions of the two-dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations is presented. The algorithm can be used to compute both steady-state and time-dependent flow problems. It is based on an artificial compressibility method and uses higher-order upwind finite-volume techniques for the convective terms and a second-order finite-volume technique for the viscous terms. Three upwind schemes for discretizing convective terms are proposed here. An interesting result is that the solutions computed by one of them is not sensitive to the value of the artificial compressibility parameter. A second-order, two-step Runge–Kutta integration coupling with an implicit residual smoothing and with a multigrid method is used for achieving fast convergence for both steady- and unsteady-state problems. The numerical results agree well with experimental and other numerical data. A comparison with an analytically exact solution is performed to verify the space and time accuracy of the algorithm.     

A study on the numerical stability of the two-fluid model near ill-posedness

The two-fluid model is widely used in studying gas–liquid flow inside pipelines because it can qualitatively predict the flow field at low computational cost. However, the two-fluid model becomes ill-posed when the slip velocity exceeds a critical value, and computations can be quite unstable before the flow reaches the ill-posed condition. In this work, computational stability of various convection schemes together with the Euler implicit method for the time derivatives in conjunction with the two-fluid model is analyzed. A pressure correction algorithm for the two-fluid model is carefully implemented to minimize its effect on numerical stability. von Neumann stability analysis shows that the central difference scheme is more accurate and more stable than the 1st-order upwind, 2nd-order upwind, and QUICK schemes. The 2nd-order upwind scheme is much more susceptible to instability than the 1st-order upwind scheme and is inaccurate for short waves. Excellent agreement is obtained between the predicted and computed growth rates of harmonic disturbances. The instability associated with the two-fluid model discretized system of equations is related to but quantitatively different from the instability associated with ill-posedness of the two-fluid model. When the computation becomes unstable due to the ill-posedness, the machine roundoff errors from a selected range of short wavelengths, which scale with the grid size, are amplified rapidly to render the computation of any targeted long wavelength variation useless. For the viscous two-fluid model with wall friction and interfacial drag, a small-amplitude long wavelength disturbance grows due to viscous Kelvin–Helmholtz instability without triggering the grid scale short waves when the system remains well posed. Under such a condition, central difference is found to be the most accurate discretization scheme among those investigated.     

Extension of an explicit finite volume method to large time steps (CFL>1): application to shallow water flows

In this work, the explicit first order upwind scheme is presented under a formalism that enables the extension of the methodology to large time steps. The number of cells in the stencil of the numerical scheme is related to the allowable size of the CFL number for numerical stability. It is shown how to increase both at the same time. The basic idea is proposed for a 1D scalar equation and extended to 1D and 2D non‐linear systems with source terms. The importance of the kind of grid used is highlighted and the method is outlined for irregular grids. The good quality of the results is illustrated by means of several examples including shallow water flow test cases. The bed slope source terms are involved in the method through an upwind discretization. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Compact high‐resolution algorithms for time‐dependent advection on unstructured grids

A technique for constructing monotone, high resolution, multi‐dimensional upwind fluctuation distribution schemes for the scalar advection equation is presented. The method combines the second‐order Lax–Wendroff scheme with the upwind positive streamwise invariant (PSI) scheme via a fluctuation redistribution step, which ensures monotonicity (and which is a generalization of the flux‐corrected transport approach for fluctuation distribution schemes). Furthermore, the concept of a distribution point is introduced, which, when related to the equivalent equation for the scheme, leads to a ‘preferred direction’ for the limiting procedure, and hence to a new distribution of the fluctuation, which retains second‐order accuracy from the Lax–Wendroff scheme, even when the solution contains turning points. Experimental comparisons show that the new method compares favourably in terms of speed, accuracy and robustness with other, similar, techniques. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.