大尺寸、高质量BaAIBO3F2晶体的生长

本文讨论了影响BaAlBO3F2（BABF）晶体生长尺寸和质量的相关因素,诸如助熔剂的选择、生长原料的制备、籽晶的处理、温度梯度、晶体转速、降温速率等。采用新的B2O3-LiF—NaF助熔剂体系,[001]向籽晶,20—40r／min的转速,1～5℃／d的降温速率,通过中部籽晶法生长出了尺寸为40×30×12mm3、光学均匀性为△n≈4．048×10^-6／cm的BABF晶体。     

K_2Al_2B_2O_7晶体的生长及助熔剂对紫外吸收的影响

使用KF-Al2O3-B2O3和NaF-Kn+2O[PO3]n两种助熔剂体系生长K2Al2B2O7晶体。测量了不同配比时的挥发度和所得晶体的透过光谱等,对不同助熔剂体系进行对比。结果表明,合适比例的KF-Al2O3-B2O3体系适合于KABO晶体的生长,得到的晶体相比于NaF助熔剂体系避免了Na+进入晶体取代K+的问题;NaF-Kn+2O[PO3]n体系中多聚磷酸盐的加入有助于降低KABO晶体在200～300nm的紫外吸收。     

浸没籽晶法生长La2CaB10O19单晶的研究

采用浸没籽晶法以CaO-Li2O-B2O3为助熔剂生长出La2CaB10O19单晶.籽晶的方向对晶体质量有较大的影响.晶体结构导致生长出的晶体均呈现板状外形,并且容易沿(001)面解理;捆绑晶体的铂丝嵌入晶体加剧了晶体的解理.然而解理和铂丝嵌入对不同方向籽晶生长出晶体的质量影响各不相同,对于晶体生长过程溶质输运的影响也不相同,实验发现,[101]方向为本实验条件下最佳的晶体生长方向.     

影响生长大尺寸和高质量β-BBO晶体的因素

本文讨论顶部籽晶法各种生长条件对大尺寸、高质量β-BaB2O4晶体的影响,诸如助熔剂、温度梯度、晶体转速、降温速率、籽晶方向等晶体生长工艺参数.采用NaF作为助熔剂、[001]向的定向籽晶、接近液面温度梯度为3～8℃/cm、5～20r/min的转速、0.05～0.1℃/h降温速率的生长工艺,使用直径为100mm的铂坩埚,成功地生长出100mm×40mm、光学均匀性为4.326×10-6的大尺寸高质量的β-BBO晶体.     

大尺寸、高质量BaAlBO3F2晶体的生长

本文讨论了影响BaAlBO3F2(BABF)晶体生长尺寸和质量的相关因素,诸如助熔剂的选择、生长原料的制备、籽晶的处理、温度梯度、晶体转速、降温速率等.采用新的B2O3-LiF-NaF助熔剂体系,[001]向籽晶,20～40 r/min的转速,1～5℃/d的降温速率,通过中部籽晶法生长出了尺寸为40×30×12 mm3、光学均匀性为△n≈4.048×10-6/cm的BABF晶体.     

助熔剂提拉法生长非线性光学晶体Na_3La_2(BO_3)_3

以NaF作为助熔剂,使用助熔剂提拉法在中频感应炉中生长出27mm×13mm的Na3La2(BO3)3透明晶体;探索了不同溶质溶剂比对晶体生长的影响;并初步讨论了晶体产生开裂的原因。DSC分析表明晶体的熔点为1099℃。     

新型非线性光学晶体BaAIBO3F2的生长及组分挥发的研究

采用高温熔液法生长BaAlBO3F2晶体(简称BABF)时,组分挥发严重.本文分析了晶体生长前后的组分中相关元素的重量损失,发现易挥发的物质可能是硼的氧化物和氟化物;X射线衍射分析确定挥发物中还含有少量的NaCl.通过改变助熔剂与熔质的配比,明显降低了晶体的生长温度,减少了组分挥发,优化了晶体生长条件,得到24mm×20mm×6mm尺寸的晶体.     

非线性光学材料NaBa4Al2B8O18Cl3的固相合成与晶体生长

本文采用高温固相反应法在800℃合成了NaBa4Al2B8O18Cl3多晶粉末,探索了生长NaBa4Al2B8O18Cl3晶体的助熔剂,采用顶部籽晶技术分别以NaF和LiCl作助熔剂成功生长出NaBa4Al2B8O18Cl3透明晶体,晶体最大尺寸为22mm×22mm×15mm.粉末倍频测试测得NaBa4Al2B8O18Cl3晶体的粉末倍频强度为KDP的0.5～1.0倍.     

Nb：KTiOPO4晶体的生长和倍频性能

通过研究晶体生长工艺参数对Nb∶KTiOPO4(Nb∶KTP)晶体生长的影响,用熔盐顶部籽晶法获得尺寸为55mm×25mm×5mm的Nb∶KTP透明单晶.研究中发现熔体的温度梯度、籽晶和降温速率将严重影响Nb∶KTP晶体的生长.Nb离子的引入不利于Nb∶KTP晶体的生长,尤其是造成晶体易开裂,且沿a轴方向生长速度非常缓慢.同时,Nb的引入大大改变Nb∶KTP晶体的倍频性能.掺杂Nb浓度的摩尔分数为13%时,Nb∶KTP晶体的倍频的Ⅱ型相位匹配的截止波长缩短至937nm,且有效产生469nm倍频蓝光;掺杂Nb浓度的摩尔分数为3%时,Nb∶KTP晶体对Nd∶YAG的1.0642μm激光倍频的最佳相位匹配角为θ=88.32°,()=0°,非常接近90°非临界相位匹配方向.     

非线性光学晶体Na3La9O3(BO3)8的生长研究

以Na3CO3和H3BO3为助熔剂,Na3CO3和H3BO3摩尔比为7/6,熔质Na3La9O3(BO3)8和助熔剂摩尔比为1/10～1/14,采用顶部籽晶生长方法,生长Na3La9O3(BO3)8晶体,晶体尺寸为30×18×8mm3.本文讨论了籽晶方向对Na3La9O3(BO3)8晶体生长的影响,(100)方向比(001)方向更有利于晶体生长.     

Ionic conduction in As2S3---Ag2S, GeS2---GeS---Ag2S and P2S5---Ag2S glasses

The glass-forming region in the system P---S---Ag was determined and density, thermal expansion, dc conductivity and the transport number of Ag ions were measured for P₂S₅---Ag₂S glasses found in the P---S---Ag system. The results for the transport number measurement show that P₂S₅---Ag₂S glasses are purely ionic conductors owing to the Ag ion migration, like most of the As₂S₃---Ag₂S and GeS₂---GeS---Ag₂S glasses reported previously. Glass structure and ionic conduction processes in As₂S₃---Ag₂S, GeS₂---GeS---Ag₂S and P₂S₅---Ag₂S glasses are discussed, based on their ionic conductivity and density data. The structural concept of -Ag₂S was applied to these glasses, which suggests that the Ag ions in the glasses are distributed in the available Ag ion sites in the non-conducting framework composed of both S anions and As, Ge or P cations. In each system the ionic conductivity increases linearly with increasing Ag⁺/total cation (%) in glass composition, the determining factor being the activation energy for ionic conduction alone. Thus, the activation energy in these glasses depends predominantly upon the molar ratio of Ag ions to total cation in the glass, irrespective of the kind of system. Small differences in the activation energy among the three systems can be interpreted as arising from differences in the field strength of As, Ge and P cations.     

Electron diffraction RDF analysis of amorphous As2Se3,AAs2Se2Te,As2SeTe2 and As2Te3 films

The local order in amorphous films of As₂Se₃, As₂Se₂Te, As₂SeTe₂, and As₂Te₃ has been examined by scanning electron diffraction with direct recording of the intensity of the elastically scattered electrons. The radial distribution functions indicate that there is a systematic increase in mean nearest neighbor distance as the Te concentration is increased, butthe mean coordination number increases slightly around 2.4. Pair function calculation of models shows that the 3-aand 2-fold coordinations of arsenic and chalcogens are retained in these glasses and the interatomic distances are close to those predicted from the Pauling covalent atomic radii of the constituent atomic species. The short range order appears to be similar in amorphous and crystalline As₂Se₃, but different in the case of As₂Te₃ as found by previous workers on bulk materials.     

Atomic layer deposition of Al2O3, ZrO2, Ta2O5, and Nb2O5 based nanolayered dielectrics

Ta₂O₅, Ta-Nb-O, Zr-Al-Nb-O, and Zr-Al-O mixture films or solid solutions were grown on Si(1 0 0) substrates at 300 °C by atomic layer deposition. The equivalent oxide thickness of Ta₂O₅ based capacitors was between 1 and 3 nm. In Zr-Al-O films, the high permittivity of ZrO₂ was combined with high resistivity of Al₂O₃ layers. The permittivity, surface roughness and interface charge density increased with the Zr content and the equivalent oxide thickness was between 2.0 and 2.5 nm. In the Zr-Al-Nb-O films the equivalent oxide thickness remained at 1.8-2.0 nm.     

EPR study of RLi2O.V2O5, RNa2O.V2O5, RCaO.V2O5, and RBaO.V2O5 modified vanadate glass systems

Experimental EPR spectra in several modified vanadate glass systems reveal hyperfine structure (hfs) lines whose widths vary with the molar ratio of modifier to vanadium pentoxide, R. In the RNa₂O.V₂O₅ system, for example, hfs lines show no resolution at low R values (near 0.1); by contrast, these lines exhibit dramatic narrowing as R approaches 0.5. In the model proposed here, this narrowing is due to an increase in hopping time for small polarons associated with V⁴⁺ ions in these systems. Increases in polaron hopping times are accompanied by increases in electron spin-spin relaxation times T₂'s, and, an associated narrowing of EPR linewidths. Experiments confirm that spectral widths are limited by electron T₂'s due to the fact that EPR linewidths do not vary with temperature down to 4.2 K. Resolved spectra in RNa₂O.V₂O₅ at R = 0.5 reveal a hyperfine coupling parameter of 0.0177 ± 0.0008 T, corresponding to an upper-limit polaron hopping frequency of 487 ± 20 MHz. By similar analyses, the systems of RCaO.V₂O₅, RBaO.V₂O₅, and RLi₂O.V₂O₅ exhibit comparable polaron hopping frequencies limits of 480 ± 20 MHz, 469 ± 20 MHz, and 468 ± 20 MHz, respectively, when R is near 1.0. In addition to the relaxation effects discussed here, results of modeling of resolved spectra to obtain hyperfine coupling constants A_|| and A_┴, and g_┴ values g_|| and g_┴ are presented and discussed.     

Me2O-P2O5-H2O solubility phase diagrams and growth of MeH2PO4 single crystals (Me = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, NH4)

The Me ₂O-P₂O₅-H₂O solubility phase diagrams are used to determine the optimum compositions and the temperatures for growing crystals of MeH₂PO₄ solid phases (Me = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, NH₄). The optimum conditions for dynamic growth of dihydrophosphates of the elements of the first group and ammonium are determined. LiH₂PO₄, NaH₂PO₄, NaH₂PO₄ · 2H₂O, NaH₂PO₄ · H₂O, KH₂PO₄, K(H,D)₂PO₄, RbH₂PO₄, CsH₂PO₄, and (NH₄)H₂PO₄ single crystals are grown on seed from aqueous solutions by the methods of temperature lowering and isothermal evaporation. __________ Translated from Kristallografiya, Vol. 49, No. 4, 2004, pp. 773–777. Original Russian Text Copyright ? 2004 by Soboleva, Voloshin.     

Structural analysis and devitrification of glasses based on the CaO-MgO-SiO2 system with B2O3, Na2O, CaF2 and P2O5 additives

Glasses, whose basic composition was based on the CaO-MgO-SiO₂ system and doped with B₂O₃, P₂O₅, Na₂O, and CaF₂, were prepared by melting at 1400 °C for 1 h. Raman and infrared (IR) spectroscopy revealed that the main structural units in the glass network were predominantly Q¹ and Q² silicate species. The presence of phosphate and borate units in the structure of the glasses was also evident in these spectra. X-ray analysis showed that the investigated glasses devitrified at 750 °C and higher temperatures. The crystalline phases of diopside and wollastonite dominated, but weak peaks, assigned to akermanite and fluorapatite, were also registered in the diffractograms. The presence of B₂O₃, Na₂O, and CaF₂ had a negligible influence on the assemblage of the crystallized phases, but it caused a reduction of crystallization temperature, comparing to similar glasses of the CaO-MgO-SiO₂ system.     

Quenched glasses in the systems of Li2O with Al2O3, Ga2O3 and Bi2O3

By rapid quenching in a twin roller apparatus, glass was found to occur widely in the systems of Li₂O with Al₂O₃, Ga₂O₃, Bi₂O₃ and in mixed systems. Examination of the resulting flakes by X-ray powder diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and capacitance data revealed the occurrence of glass, glass transitions, crystallization exotherms and the nature of some of the crystallization paths.The log ionic conductivity of the glasses was found to follow a linear relationship with the Li concentration. Evidence was observed for three new metastable crystalline phases, one in the Li₂OAl₂O₃ system and two in the Li₂OBi₂O₃ system. The latter system also showed evidence for the occurrence of two glasses at almost all compositions.     

Properties and structure of RO---Na2O---Al2O3---P2O5 (R = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) glasses

The properties and structure of (45 - x)RO · xNa₂O · 2.5Al₂O₃ · 52.5P₂O₅ (R = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, 0 x 31 mol%) glasses were investigated. The variation in the molar volumes of glasses in the MgO series is closely related to the formation of the end groups in the glasses with the substitution of Na⁺ ions for Mg²⁺ ions, resulting in a variation of the density and refractive index of the glasses. The properties of glasses containing CaO in terms of Na₂O substitution depend mainly on the low field strength of Na⁺ ions substituting for CaO even though the end groups occurring in the glasses increased. The variation in properties of the glasses containing SrO and BaO, some of which were substituted by Na₂O, could be explained by differences in masses, field strength and polarizability between the Na⁺ ions and the alkaline-earth ions due to a small variation in the structure of the glasses despite Na₂O substitution.     

Glass formation, physico-chemical properties, and structure of glasses based on Ga2S3-GeS2-Sb2S3 system

We prepared sulfide glasses based on a Ga₂S₃-GeS₂-Sb₂S₃ system and investigated the compositional dependences of their physico-chemical properties and structure. Additivities were observed for density and refractive index; i.e., these properties were presented by the summation of the contribution from each component. With the increase of Sb₂S₃ content, the density, refractive index, and thermal expansion coefficient increased while the glass transition and softening temperatures decreased, and the short-wavelength absorption edge shifted to the longer wavelength side. These variations are expected from the incorporation of a heavy element (Sb) into the glasses. On the other hand, the replacement of GeS₂ by Ga₂S₃ increased the density and refractive index, and shifted the short-wavelength absorption edge to the longer wavelength side. These variations were explained by the increase of the number densities of the cations with the replacement and the formation of metal-metal bonds. The latter was confirmed from the Raman spectra. We also investigated the effects of Ag₂S incorporation on the optical properties. The incorporation of Ag₂S increased the density and refractive index whereas the position of the short-wavelength absorption edge varied little. These results show the possibility of fabricating an optical waveguide by Ag incorporation into the glasses.     

Preparation and physical properties of amorphous V2O5 containing TiO2, Na2O or Li2O

V₂O₅ gels containing up to 18 mol% of TiO₂ were obtained through the simultaneous hydrolysis of alkoxides in ethanol solution. V₂O₅ gels containing Na₂O or Li₂O were obtained through the ion exchange method. The crystallization temperature, T_cr, of the gels increased and the H₂O content of the gels decreased by the addition of TiO₂ or Na₂O. These additives seem to stabilize the amorphous state of the gels. On the other hand, T_cr and the H₂O-content slightly varied with the addition of Li₂O. No ionic polarization was observed in coating films of the gels dried at temperatures below T_cr. The dc conductivity of the films was anisotropic, and increased with the addition of Li₂O or Na₂O. However, it decreased with increasing TiO₂ content. The fiber-like structure of gels was observed by TEM. The gels obtained from alkoxides were thin and short in comparison with the gels obtained through the ion exchange method.