超声分子束的Hα线辐射模型

近年来在理论上建立了静电双极层屏蔽模型、简单集合模型和最佳化数值模型，计算了不同等离子体密度剖面下超声分子束（SMB）的穿透长度λ和粒子数沉积。由于分子束中分子密度远高于周围等离子体密度，沿托卡马克内的磁力线进入分子束的电子因碰撞失去部分能量和动量，引起分子束区域的电子堆积。这种双极层截取了入射热电子通量的1／7，从而使分子束的λ增加了7倍。     

中国环流器二号A(HL-2A)超声分子束注入最新结果

HL-2A装置电子回旋共振加热时,氘脉冲超声分子束穿越分界面,等离子体各项重要参数,包括等离子体储能、极向比压、中平面线平均密度、中心密度和温度上升,中子产额急剧增加. 超声分子束注入有可能较常规脉冲送气在台基顶部提供较强的粒子源,被认为是可供ITER替换脉冲送气的加料方法之一. HL-2A装置氢超声分子束注入的平均速度约为1.7km,与溢流(分子流)注入真空的速度测量作了比较. 关键词： 超声分子束注入 托卡马克 飞行时间法 加料     

HL-1M装置超声分子束流注入过程中的团簇现象

在ＨＬ－１Ｍ装置上最近改进后的超声分子束流加料实验中,发现边缘等离子体的Ｈａ线辐射信号沿大环方向同有序变化。在超声分子束注入口附近区域,Ｈａ信号为长方形正脉冲,类似于分子束注入脉冲,而在远离注入口区域的边缘Ｈａ信号为负尖脉冲。在注入口附近区域,用静电探针测得的径向电子温度和密度在超声分子束注入期间分别下降和上升了一个数量级。ＣＣＤ相机拍摄分子束与等离子体相互作用产生的Ｈａ线辐射强度分布等实验结果表     

HL-2A托卡马克超声分子束注入深度和加料效果研究

超声分子束注入深度与加料效率是分子束加料研究中的基本课题.在近期开展的超声分子束注入实验中，发现分子束注入深度与等离子体电子温度和密度、分子束源的气压和温度有直接关系，获得了分子束注入深度的定标律.在低温气体源(液氮冷却)的分子束注入实验中，发现分子束流中形成了团簇，其注入深度超过30 cm，分析了在低温气源分子束注入实验中的团簇现象. 关键词： 超声分子束注入 注入深度 加料效率 团簇     

HL—1M装置超声分子束流注入过程中的团簇现象

在环流器等离子体中用超声分子束流注入加料,引起密度峰化和约束改善,其主要机制归结为加料粒子的注入深化和密度上升率（注入效率）的提高。本文主要介绍经过改进的超声分子束流注入HL－1M装置等离子体利用边缘Hα线辐射、径向可伸缩的静电探针和顺着束流注入方向的CCD摄像等诊断技术,考察了粒子注入口及注入口附近区域电子温度和密度沿径向分布的变化,研究了分子束粒子注入等离子体的所谓“冷通道模型”及其效应。     

等离子体诊断与物理实验进展

8项新的等离子体诊断系统的完成及激光汤姆逊散射系统的改进为2006年度物理实验有效开展提供了重要条件。此外，分子束注入系统通过采用美国通用阀门公司的专用驱动器及新的控制系统，送气的精度和灵活性得到了很大提高、在物理实验方面继续开展了带状流实验，深入研究了GAM带状流的特征，观测到低频带状流；在电子回旋加热实验中，通过改变等离子体电子温度密度，研究了不同条件下ECRH对锯齿行为及m／n=1／1模的影响；研究了ECRH条件下分子束注入对等离子体的影响，并观测到非局域热输运现象等。     

补充加料过程中逃逸电子的雪崩现象

在靶丸注入和超声分子束注入等补充加料期间，虽然等离子体密度骤然增加，但用五通道碘化汞探测器阵列及碘化钠探测器在此期间均测到很强的X射线辐射，且射线峰爆发时间与靶丸注入及超声分子束注入时间对应得相当好，用二次电子发射形成雪崩型逃逸电子理论解释了实验测量结果。     

HL—1M多脉冲分子束注入的CCD摄像

HL－1M装置实现了一种新的气体加料改善约束的方法－分子束注入（用多脉冲高速分子束注入加料）。多脉冲分子束注入加料可以控制等离子体密度分布、改善约束性能和提高密度极限。HL－1M托卡马克的多脉冲分子束注入得到了高的加料效率、改进了能量约束并维持了较高的密度峰化截面。分子束加料τE的改善和Qn 值的增加可与HL－１M装置的小弹丸注入和ASDEX的小弹丸注入结果相比拟。脉冲高速分子束是由高压氢分子气体通过拉瓦尔（Laval)喷口形成的。在实验中CCD相机可以用于研究分子束与离子体相互作用的许多复杂物理现象,用它拍摄分子束在等离子体中的辐射云照片是研究分子束辐射过程极其有效的手段。     

托卡马克超声分子束加料

中国环流器新一号（托卡马克）装置采用新的等离子体加料方法———超声分子束注入．由于粒子注入深化,形成电子密度的峰化和密度极限提高．欧姆加热等离子体的能量约束时间的线性范围增长到ｎｅ＝４×１０１９ｍ－３．实验结果表明,超声分子束注入是一种高效和有利改善约束的气体加料方法．     

HL-1M装置高气压超声分子束加料效果

超声分子束注入作为一种新的托卡马克加料方法,已成功地开发和应用于环流器新一号(HL1M)和超导托卡马克HT7.近期开展的高气压超声分子束注入实验,在束流中发现了团簇流,其注入等离子体深度超过17cm.电子密度上升率接近于小型冰弹丸加料.多脉冲超声分子束注入形成电子密度阶梯形上升,类似于多弹丸加料效果,电子温度剖面呈中空分布.描述了在HL1M装置同一次欧姆放电等离子体中超声分子束与冰弹丸加料效果的实验比较. 关键词： 超声分子束 托卡马克 团簇 加料     

Angular and energy distribution of electrons produced by 200–500 keV protons in gases

The cross beam method was used to measure double differential ionization cross sections for electron production by 200–500 keV protons incident on a molecular beam. The ejected secondary electrons were detected by an electron multiplier and an electrostatic 90 °-spectrometer which was movable in the scattering chamber from 18 °–155 ° with respect to the incident proton direction. After the elimination of disturbing electric and magnetic fields, electrons were measured at energies down to 1 eV. The absorption of the very slow electrons along their path through the spectrometer could be minimized by using a relatively low gas pressure in the scattering chamber of a few 10^?5 Torr. The efficiency of the electron detector was determined with an electron source whose emission rate per solid angle was known. Absolute cross sections and their angular dependence were obtained by measuring the slow electrons—ejected with a relatively high rate—without the molecular beam; these data being used to normalize the electron spectra acquired with the molecular beam. Ionization cross sections with 300 keV protons incident on helium are discussed and except for the very slow electrons, a good agreement is found with results of Ruddet al.     

The Impact of Direct Ionization by Beam Electrons on the Electron Kinetics of the Beam Discharge Plasma in Molecular Hydrogen

In a recent paper the stationary beam plasma discharge in partially dissociated hydrogen was investigated where the electron component was described by the Boltzmann equation for a mixture of atomic and molecular hydrogen and the main heavy charged and neutral particles by balance equations. It was assumed that, via the quasilinear beam plasma interaction, the electron beam produces only the turbulent electric field whilst an additional production of plasma electrons due to direct ionization by the beam and thus a direct influence on the balances of charge carriers were neglected. Now the additional production of plasma electrons due to direct ionization by the beam is studied on the basis of a generalized Boltzmann equation but for the simpler model of a purely molecular hydrogen plasma. For experimentally obtainable values of the turbulence energy density, beam energy, beam ionization degree and electron life time the calculation of the electron energy distribution function and of the direct beam contribution to the electron particle balance shows a marked influence of the direct beam ionization with increasing degree of beam ionization.     

Die Elektronenbewegung im Neutralgas bei hohen elektrischen Feldern

In strong electric fields the acceleration of the electrons by the field exceeds the deceleration by collisions with neutral molecules. Thus run-away or beam electrons are produced. This paper investigates the motion of the beam electrons in a neutral gas considering ionization processes by electron-molecule-impacts. We start with a time independent current of primary electrons (case a) and a space independant density of primary electrons (case b). The further development of the velocity distribution is calculated. For a molecular hydrogen gas the amplification of the initial electrons, the average ionization, and the velocity distribution of the electrons as a function of space or time respectively is given. The average ionization has an asymptotic solution, which becomes valid, when one primary electron has produced by ionization an avalanche of approximately 100 electrons. The Townsend coefficient α for high values of the field strength is independant of space only in the region of this asymptotic solution.     

A Particle-in-Cell Simulation Study on Harmonic Waves Excited by Electron Beams in Unmagnetized Plasmas

The excitation of harmonic waves by an electron beam is studied with electrostatic simulations.The results suggest that the harmonic waves are excited during the linear stage of the simulation and are developed in the nonlinear stage.First,the Langmuir waves(LWs)are excited by the beam electrons.Then the coupling of the forward propagating LWs and beam modes will excite the second harmonic waves.The third harmonic waves will be produced if the lower velocity side of the beam still has a positive velocity gradient.The beam velocity decreases at the same time,which provides the energy for wave excitation.We find that it is difficult to excite the harmonic waves with the increase of the thermal velocity of the beam electrons.The beam electrons will be heated after waves are excited,and then the part of the forward propagating LWs will turn into electron acoustic waves under the condition with a large enough intensity of beam electrons.Moreover,the action of ions hardly affects the formation of harmonic waves.     

On possibility of measurement of the electron beam energy using absorption of radiation by electrons in magnetic field

A possibility of precise measurement of the electron beam energy using absorption of radiation by electrons in a homogeneous magnetic field for electrons of high energy in the range up to a few hundred GeV, was considered earlier. In this paper, with the purpose of experimental checking of this method in the range of several tens MeV of electrons energies, a possibility of measurement of absolute energy of the electron beam with a relative accuracy up to 10^?4, is considered. We take into account influence of the laser beam diffraction, of the spread of electrons over energies, and of the length of formation of radiation absorption in the process of electron beam energy measurement. The laser wavelength and the length of the magnet are chosen depending on the length of photon absorption formation. It is found that the kinematical restrictions on the photon absorption process lead to the selection in angles of propagation of photons, which can be absorbed by the beam electrons. It is shown that parameters of the electron beam will noticeably not vary during the measurement of the energy.     

常参数波荡器自由电子激光中电子相轨道从周期性到非周期性的演化

本文讨论常参数波荡器(untapered wiggler)自由电子激光中电子的运动,发现考虑电子束与激光场之间的能量交换后,随着电子束等离子体频率增加,部份电子的相轨道将变成非周期性,随机型。 关键词：     

Remotely-doped graded potential well structures

We present a new method to obtain high-mobility three-dimensional electron gas systems. We have achieved control of carrier density and of carrier profile by growth of the first remotely-doped parabolic potential well structures. Computer-controlled molecular beam epitaxy is used to grow a layer of ultra-fine superlattices with a programmable composition gradient. This produces conduction-band potentials which, in the absence of doping, are equivalent to the potential profiles of fixed charge distributions. When conduction electrons are introduced into these graded wells through remote doping of the barrier regions, they distribute themselves in such a way as to produce a uniform chemical potential at thermal equilibrium. We illustrate through computer simulations employing Fermi statistics that electrons introduced into a wide parabolic potential well distribute themselves uniformly. More significantly, the carrier distribution in the well is remarkably insensitive to the dopant sheet charge in the barrier, the more so at lower temperatures. We have fabricated remotely-doped graded potential well structures of the proposed type by molecular beam epitaxy. These structures exhibit the above effects. Measured mobilities of such three-dimensional electron gases grown using the GaAs/Al_xGa_1−xAs system are higher than those of bulk-doped GaAs doped to give the same uniform electron concentration.     

The determination of the dynamic structures of atoms and molecules using the (e, 2e) reaction

In the (e, 2e) experiment a beam of electrons intersects a beam of slowly moving atoms or molecules, and pairs of emerging electrons are detected, in coincidence, at measured energies and angles. The momentum transfer distribution is closely related to the single-particle momentum distribution for a particular quantum state of the scattering molecule. The relative cross sections for different quantum states contain information about the relationship of single-particle orbitals to the many-body wave-function. The theoretical basis for interpretation is presented and shown to be self-consistent. The results for several experimental studies of atomic and molecular structure are analysed and the potential for further studies is discussed.     

A Pulsed Electron Beam Accelerator

Russian Physics Journal - The paper describes a pulsed electron beam accelerator with release of electrons accelerated in a vacuum diode into the atmosphere. The electron energy in the beam is 1...