温室效应对温室气体浓度变化的敏感性分析

工业革命以来人类活动排放到大气中的主要温室气体有CO₂、CH₄、N₂O等,其在大气中的含量增加引起吸收地表辐射能量的增加,改变了地表-大气辐射平衡,造成了地表温度升高。本文研究了温室气体含量增加同其吸收地表辐射能量的关系;比较了不同温室气体含量引起的吸收地表辐射能量变化的差异,提出了温室效应对不同温室气体浓度变化的敏感性的概念。通过对敏感性的分析,得出了不同温室气体含量的变化对温室效应影响的强弱关系。     

光腔衰荡光谱技术测定大气水汽稳定同位素校正方法研究

几乎所有小的气相分子（如H₂O,CO₂等）均具有独特的近红外吸收光谱,在负压条件下,每种微小的气相分子都拥有一对一的特征光谱线,基于这一原理人们开始使用激光光谱（IRIS）技术来准确分析气体样品中的同位素组成。该方法克服了传统同位素比质谱（isotope ratio mass spectrometry, IRMS）方法的局限性,已经成为公认的高精度、高灵敏度和高准确度的痕量气体检测方法。以大气水汽稳定同位素研究为例,大气水汽稳定同位素组成对水汽源区及其通道上的输送过程等水循环研究有着重要的指示意义。激光光谱技术使得大气水汽氢氧稳定同位素（δ18O和δD）野外原位连续高分辨率观测成为可能。但是,其观测精度和准确度受仪器运作特点、不同浓度大气水汽对特定光谱吸收性的敏感性差异等因素的影响,通常观测结果具有明显的非线性响应问题。因此,有必要对仪器观测过程中出现的各种偏差进行校正,但现阶段许多用户对新观测技术的国际校正方法尚不清楚。因此,基于波长扫描-光腔衰荡光谱（WS-CRDS）技术的大气水汽同位素观测系统（Picarro L2120-i）,通过可调谐二极管激光器（Tunable Diode Laser, TDL）发射可被待测气体分子所吸收的不同波长的激光,测量不同波长下的衰荡时间（即有样品吸收的衰荡时间）;TDL发射不能被待测气体吸收的不同波长的激光,测量每个波长下的衰荡时间（相当于无样品吸收的衰荡时间）。通过分析有无样品吸收的衰荡时间差,高精度计算待测气体的分子浓度,进而计算水汽稳定同位素组成。从记忆效应、漂移效应、浓度效应等方面,系统建立了一套准确可靠的大气水汽稳定同位素观测流程与校正方法,为正在使用或将要使用此类设备的研究人员提供参考,以获得高精度和高可靠性的大气水汽稳定同位素观测数据。     

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术连续测量环境大气中水汽的稳定同位素

傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱技术可用来测量宽带红外光谱,能同时分析大气中的多种成分。描述了利用开放光路FTIR光谱技术测量环境大气中水汽的稳定同位素的新方法。以分析采集的中红外光谱为基础,在外场实验中,应用开放光程FTIR系统连续测量环境大气中水汽的稳定同位素H216 O和HD16 O,并得到大气中的氘同位素比值δD。对该测量系统,H216 O和HD16 O的测量误差分别约为0.25%和1.60%,氘同位素比值δD的测量精度约为1.32‰。详细分析了其中5天的数据,研究了环境大气中水汽的稳定同位素H216 O、HD16 O以及同位素比值δD随时间的变化规律。并采用Keeling图分析方法,研究了地表蒸散的氘同位素特征。外场实验的结果证明了所提的测量方法和开放光程FTIR系统相结合长期测量环境大气中稳定同位素的能力。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱法测量大气中CO2和H2O的稳定同位素

光谱技术的发展使得连续测量环境大气中的稳定同位素成为可能。描述了应用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱技术测量环境大气中稳定同位素的方法。为了验证该方法对环境大气中的稳定同位素进行连续测量的可行性,在七天的外场实验中,应用开放光程FTIR系统直接测量环境大气中CO2的稳定同位素12 CO2,13 CO2和H2O的稳定同位素H216 O和HD16 O,并得到大气中碳同位素比值δ13 C和氘同位素比值δD。对同位素比值δ13 C和δD,系统的测量精度分别约为1.08‰和1.32‰。采用Keeling图方法,在不同的时间尺度上对CO2和H2O的同位素数据进行分析,得到了水汽地表蒸散的氘同位素特征δET。外场实验的结果证明了开放光程FTIR系统长期测量环境大气中稳定同位素的潜力。     

CO2及其碳同位素比值高精度检测研究

改进了一种基于傅里叶变换红外光谱法测量CO₂气体的装置, 改进后的装置能够提高CO₂检测精度, 并能同时测量CO₂碳同位素比值. 研究了温度和压力对CO₂浓度值和CO₂碳同位素比值测量的影响规律. 利用该装置连续测量了标准CO₂气体和环境大气, 对标准CO₂气体测量得到的CO₂浓度值及其碳同位素比值进行温度和压力影响修正, 获得了较好的精度和准确度. 关键词： 光谱学 同位素比值 傅里叶变换红外光谱 二氧化碳     

基于傅里叶变换红外光谱法CO2气体碳同位素比检测研究

介绍了基于傅里叶变换红外技术检测CO₂气体碳同位素比的新方法, 详细介绍了如何从HITRAN红外数据库中提取气体标准吸收截面; 介绍了基于非线性最小二乘法反演CO₂气体碳同位素比和整套实验装置的组成及实验步骤. 从理论和实验分析两方面讨论了温度和气压变化对δ¹³CO₂值的影响规律. 对于同一CO₂标准气体, 采用FTIR和同位素质谱法两种技术进行了δ¹³CO₂值对比检测, 两种测量技术的平均值差异仅为0.25%. 从实验结果可以看出, FTIR技术可以实现对CO₂气体碳同位素比的检测.     

激光诱导击穿光谱技术在气体检测中的研究综述

随着工业技术的发展,气体检测领域对在线检测仪器及检测技术的要求越来越高,气体成分在气体流动时会发生复杂变化,通常的检测手段傅里叶变换红外光谱技术(FTIR)、光腔衰荡技术(CRDS)、电化学传感等往往不能满足检测要求或仅对局部区域检测。激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)作为一种新兴的原子发射光谱分析技术,得到光谱分析领域研究者的广泛重视与研究。LIBS技术具备多元素同时检测、非侵入式、实时在线以及无需样品特殊制备等技术优势,已应用于固体、液体和气体的检测。在环境恶劣、干扰较大的气体制造及检测领域LIBS技术能够实时准确地进行检测。介绍了LIBS技术基本原理并描述等离子体物理特性的两个参数等离子体温度及等离子体电子数密度,针对LIBS技术在气体检测领域中的应用,从通过原子谱线强度比分析燃料的当量比、燃料混合气燃烧产物的气体组分、工业制造中作为保护气的氮气及稀有气体、温室气体和新能源气体的检测,以及与之相关的LIBS实验装置及实验方法的改进与优化等6个方面介绍了LIBS技术应用于气体检测领域的近些年国内外进展。对气体检测领域激光诱导击穿光谱研究的前景进行了展望。     

迭代最小二乘法气体光谱自动水汽差减算法

傅里叶红外光谱法具有测量速度快、信噪比高、检测范围广等优势,在针对污染源废气排放的快速检测及长时间在线监测中具有巨大的发展潜力。水汽是红外光谱污染气体检测中的主要干扰物,影响NO_X,SO₂等重要污染物的检测,差减水汽背景谱消除光谱中水汽干扰可提高这些污染物的检测精度,具有重要意义。气体光谱中水汽吸收峰由于受到水分子团簇、仪器线型函数等影响,通过数值方法对其计算的误差较大;为此,水汽背景谱一般需采用同一台光谱仪实测获得。主要有两种方法： 第一种是通过反复调节水汽/氮气混合气中的水汽浓度,使水汽背景谱中的水汽吸收峰与污染气体光谱中水汽吸收峰相同,此方法耗时较长,且受环境条件制约很难在现场检测中使用;第二种方法是预先测量不同浓度的水汽光谱,在检测污染气体时选取两幅与污染气体光谱中水汽吸收峰最为接近且将其夹在中间的水汽光谱作为参考谱,使用这两幅参考谱线性拟合与污染气体光谱中水汽吸收峰相同的水汽背景谱,此方法可获得高度近似的水汽背景谱,但当前缺乏相关自动算法妨碍了其在快速自动消除水汽干扰方面的应用。为此,提出一种选取水汽参考谱及拟合水汽背景谱的自动算法,用于自动差减消除水汽干扰。在参考谱选取中,使用污染气体光谱依次减去浓度由低至高的水汽光谱,依据差减后光谱中水汽吸收峰所在波数的吸光度正负性来选取参考谱。在水汽背景谱计算中,基于迭代最小二乘法逐步剔除光谱中受污染物吸收峰干扰的波数,采用剩余波数上的数据拟合水汽背景谱,使其与污染气体光谱中水汽吸收峰相一致。使用水汽背景谱对污染气体光谱进行差减即可消除污染气体光谱中的水汽干扰。对含有NO₂的污染气体光谱进行了差减消除水汽干扰实验,结果表明所提出的自动算法可快速准确消除水汽干扰;NO₂在消除水汽干扰后可由其位于1 629 cm-1的强吸收峰检测,相比消除水汽干扰前使用不受水汽干扰的位于2 917 cm-1的弱吸收峰检测,其检出限得到了大幅提高。     

高光谱遥感技术在国家环保领域中的应用

高光谱遥感技术在环境保护领域中应用广泛,本文概述了高光谱遥感技术在我国大气环境中污染气体、温室气体监测,水环境中重点水污染源水华、水质、饮用水源地安全监测,生态环境的生物多样性、植被类型监测、土壤污染等方面的应用情况,并指出目前存在国内高光谱卫星缺乏、数据处理和信息提取能力不足等问题,以及目前迫切需要发展搭载大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪、温室气体监测仪、高光谱成像仪等高光谱传感器的环境卫星后续星、加强高光谱数据处理和信息提取攻关研究、加快高光谱环境地面应用系统的建设等建议。     

一种基于空问外差光谱技术观测的逐线积分水汽浓度反演方法

空间外差光谱技术(SHS)是一种可进行高光谱分辨率探测的光谱分析技术,其灵敏度高,可实现成像探测,特别适用于大气中痕量气体的观测.鉴于此,提出了一种在实验室理想环境下水平观测水汽的逐线积分反演算法.使用Voigt线型函数计算出所选带宽内各吸收线的吸收系数,并将半宽校正剑相应压力水平下;考虑各吸收线的线翼吸收贡献,计算出波段内的平均透过率;结合通过实测光谱得出的透过率推算水汽浓度.应用在1590～1610 cm-1波段内傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)的实测数据计算不同水汽浓度的平均透过率,并与相应的应用Modtran计算的结果相比较,最终验证了算法的可行性.     

A Hydrocarbon-sensitized Argon Ionization Detector for the Detection of Inorganic Compunds

Noble gas ionization detectors make it possible to determine inorganie trace components in gases. Among the several modes of operation of these detectors the hydrocarbon-sensitized argon detector is a farourable compromise with regard to the relation of the expense to the attainable detection limit. The suitability of this detector for the determination of H₂, O₂, N₂, CH₄ and CO₂, in pure gases is shown.     

Spectroscopic requirements for ACCURATE, a microwave and infrared-laser occultation satellite mission

The proposed satellite mission ACCURATE consists of a small constellation of satellites in low Earth orbit, combining microwave occultation for thermodynamic state profiling with infrared-laser occultation for greenhouse gas and line-of-sight wind profiling. The mission aims to detect six greenhouse gas molecules with four additional isotopologues (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, O₃, CO, ¹³CO₂, OC¹⁸O, HDO, and H₂¹⁸O) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in the 4000-5000 cm⁻¹ spectral region. Greenhouse gas profiles will be retrieved to within 1-2% accuracy using a ‘differential’ method, requiring two spectral points for each species - one to sample the spectral line and the other nearby to sample the baseline.An estimation of retrieval errors for the ACCURATE mission reveals that errors in spectroscopic line parameters dominate all other error sources. Poor knowledge of the spectroscopy introduces systematic errors into the retrieved greenhouse gas profiles. Using a simple approach, it was shown that the best line parameters currently available are too large to allow retrievals of greenhouse gases to within the stated ACCURATE mission goals of 1% accuracy for CO₂ and 2% for all other species. Therefore, spectroscopic line parameters for targeted lines need to be improved before the ACCURATE mission can be launched. Requirements have been formulated in this direction, and laboratory experiments outlined that could meet these requirements.     

High-throughput study of the influence of H2O and CO2 on the performance of nitrogen storage and reduction (NSR) catalysts

This paper describes the application of parallel high-throughput experimentation based on FTIR spectral imaging to a tolerance study for NO_x storage and reduction (NSR) catalysts with respect to CO₂ and H₂O in the feed. It was found that both gases decrease the storage capacity of platinum/barium based NSR catalysts, with H₂O having a stronger effect than CO₂.     

Discrete ordinates interpolation method for radiative heat transfer problems in three-dimensional enclosures filled with non-gray or scattering medium

The discrete ordinates interpolation method (DOIM) is applied to three groups of problems of radiative heat transfer in three-dimensional rectangular enclosures containing non-gray or scattering medium. The original DOIM is first extended to a gray gas model using a new geometric interpolation scheme. It is applied to participating media for different scattering phase functions and optical thicknesses. For the non-gray gas model, the DOIM coupled with the narrow band-based weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (WSGG) model is developed. A few test problems with real gases such as pure H₂O and a mixture of CO₂, H₂O and N₂ are taken. The wall heat flux is calculated and compared with the exact solutions or reference values. All results of test problems are found to be reliable in this study. The DOIM closely reproduces the Monte Carlo reference solutions for different scattering phase functions and optical thicknesses. The non-gray gas results are compared with reference calculations based on the statistical narrow band model and they also show good agreements. The DOIM shows a remarkable merit in the computation time and the grid compatibility, to prove its usefulness for engineering applications.     

Isotope-analytical results of a study of gas generation in L/ILW

The paper presents the results of a long-term measurement series using hermetic containers to make more precise quantitative estimation of the generation rates and radioactivity of the gas in a drum of low and intermediate level radioactive waste (L/ILW) packages. Development of special preparation lines and isotope-analytical measurements of the headspace gas samples were performed in the ATOMKI. Stable isotope measurements were executed from the CO₂ and CH₄ fractions by stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Noble gas (He) measurements were done by noble gas mass spectrometer. The tritium content of the vapour, H₂ and CH₄ fractions was measured in H₂O chemical form by a low background liquid scintillation counter. The ¹⁴C content of the CO₂ and CH₄ fractions of the headspace gas samples was measured by a low background gas proportional counter system.     

Oxide Materials for Development of Integrated Gas Sensors—A Comprehensive Review

In the recent past a great deal of research efforts were directed toward the development of miniaturized gas-sensing devices, particularly for toxic gas detection and for pollution monitoring. Though various techniques are available for gas detection, solid state metal oxides offer a wide spectrum of materials and their sensitivities for different gaseous species, making it a better choice over other options. In this article a critical parameter analysis of different metal oxides that are known to be sensitive to various gaseous species are thoroughly examined. This includes phase of the oxide, sensing gaseous species, operating temperature range, and physical form of the material for the development of integrated gas sensors. The oxides that are covered in this study include oxides of aluminum, bismuth, cadmium, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, indium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, ruthenium, tantalum, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zinc, zirconium, and the mixed or multi-component metal oxides. They cover gases such as CO, CO₂, CH₄, C₂H₅OH, C₃H₈, H₂, H₂S, NH₃, NO, NO₂, O₂, O₃, SO₂, acetone, dimethylamine (DMA), humidity, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), petrol, trimethylamine (TMA), smoke, and many others. Both doped and undoped oxides are analyzed for the compatibility with silicon processing conditions and hybrid microcircuit fabrication techniques. In silicon processing conditions, they are further analyzed for the suitability for simple silicon surfaces, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) surfaces, and micromachined silicon geometries for different operating temperatures. Discussion on gas-sensing properties of each material and its applications are described in the text in alphabetical order of the elemental oxides. Further, the gas-sensing properties like sensitivity, detection limits, operating temperature, and so on are summarized in tables al ong with relevant references. The figures incorporated in the present review are primarily based on discussions and data in tables. However, these figures provide a qualitative comparison and present a pictorial view to examine suitability of a material for a particular application. From the known parameters, the present study clearly indicates the suitability of certain materials and the gases that they cover for the development of integrated micro gas sensors. A clear picture has been brought out for the development of silicon-based processing technology. Various parameters are discussed for the selection of these materials, to examine their suitability and practical problems that are being associated. Etching of these metal oxides and the reliability of devices are also discussed.     

Emissivity of the main greenhouse gases

Based on the high-resolution data on the absorption lines of gases from the HITRAN open inter-national database in conjunction with inverse Fourier transform, the autocorrelation function of the total dipole moment of the molecules of the main greenhouse gases, such as H₂O, CO₂, O₃, N₂O, and CH₄, are determined. The spectral absorption coefficient and spectral radiance of these gases in the investigated IR region is calculated. An analysis of the emissivity of each of the gases is performed. An efficiency criterion of IR absorption and emission is introduced, according to which the studies gases are ranked.     

Review of proton conductors for hydrogen separation

There is a global push to develop a range of hydrogen technologies for timely adoption of the hydrogen economy. This is critical in view of the depleting oil reserves and looming transport fuel shortage, global warming, and increasing pollution. Molecular hydrogen (H₂) can be generated by a number of renewable and fossil-fuel-based resources. However, given the high cost of H₂ generation by renewable energy at this stage, fossil or carbon fuels are likely to meet the short- to medium-term demand for hydrogen. In view of this, effective technologies are required for the separation of H₂ from a gas feed (by-products of coal or bio-mass gasification plants, or gases from fossil fuel partial oxidation or reforming) consisting mainly of H₂ and CO₂ with small quantities of other gases such as CH₄, CO, H₂O, and traces of sulphur compounds. Several technologies are under development for hydrogen separation. One such technology is based on ion transport membranes, which conduct protons or both protons and electrons. Although these materials have been considered for other applications, such as gas sensors, fuel cells and water electrolysis, the interest in their use as gas separation membranes has developed only recently. In this paper, various classes of proton-conducting materials have been reviewed with specific emphasis on their potential use as H₂ separation membranes in the industrial processes of coal gasification, natural gas reforming, methanol reforming and the water–gas shift (WGS) reaction. Key material requirements for their use in these applications have been discussed.     

Nitrogen release during reaction of coal char with O2, CO2, and H2O

The chemistry of char-N release and conversion to nitrogen-containing products has been probed by studying its release and reactions with O₂, CO₂, and H₂O. The experiments were performed in a fixed bed flow reactor at pressures of up to 1.0 MPa. The results show that the major nitrogen-containing products observed depend on the reactant gas; with O₂, NO, and N₂ being the major species observed. Char-N reaction with CO₂ produces N₂ with very high selectivity over a broad range of pressures and CO₂ concentrations, and reaction with H₂O gives rise to HCN, NH₃, and N₂. Observed distributions of nitrogen-containing products are little affected by pressure when O₂ and CO₂ are the reactant gases, but increasing pressures in the reaction with H₂O results in the formation of increasing proportions of NH₃. Formation of NH₃ is also promoted by increasing concentrations of H₂O in the feed gas. The results suggest that NO and HCN are primary products when O₂ and H₂O, respectively, are used as the reactant gases, and that the other observed products arise from interactions of these primary products with the char surface.