超冷铯(60D5/2)2 Rydberg分子的双色光缔合光谱

本文主要从理论和实验上研究超冷铯（60D_5/2）₂ Rydberg分子的双色光缔合光谱.数值计算了铯60D_5/2 Rydberg原子对态的长程电多极相互作用和（60D_5/2）₂ Rydberg分子的绝热势能曲线,获得了（60D_5/2）₂ Rydberg分子的势阱深度和平衡间距.实验上利用双色光缔合超冷铯原子的方法制备了（60D_5/2）₂ Rydberg分子.其中,第一色激光（pulse-A）双光子共振激发种子Rydberg原子A;第二色激光（pulse-B,失谐于分子的束缚能）共振激发第二个Rydberg原子B,原子A与B由分子势阱束缚形成超冷（60D_5/2）₂ Rydberg分子.由脉冲场电离探测技术获得Rydberg分子的光缔合光谱,测量的Rydberg分子的势阱深度与理论计算结果相一致.     

49S里德堡态的射频双光子光谱

在室温铯原子蒸气池中, 由铯原子基态、激发态和里德堡态构建了阶梯型三能级系统, 研究了里德堡原子阶梯型三能级系统的电磁感应透明(EIT). 在实现电磁感应透明的基础上, 利用16.9 GHz的射频电场耦合相邻的原子里德堡态, 实现49S_1/2→47D_3/2的双光子跃迁, 测量了里德堡原子的射频双光子光谱, 观察到了电磁感应透明光谱的分裂, 进一步研究了电场强度对射频双光子光谱的影响. 利用里德堡原子的EIT效应可实现对射频电场幅值和极化的精密测量, 具有潜在的应用前景.     

铷原子磁光阱中超冷等离子体的形成和演化

在铷原子的磁光阱中,通过光电离冷原子方法和稠密里德堡原子的自发演化方法产生了超冷等离子体。磁光阱中冷却并囚禁了10^7个原子,温度约为500μK,之后用一束脉冲激光将冷原子电离或者激发至高里德堡态,通过调节脉冲激光的能量控制离子数量或者里德堡原子的数量。利用延迟斜坡电场或脉冲电场引出超冷等离子体中的电子,对超冷等离子体的形成和演化进行了研究,并利用库仑势阱模型对实验结果进行了解释。实验结果表明,由于来自长寿命里德堡原子的贡献,里德堡原子自发演化形成的超冷等离子体的寿命比光电离形成的超冷等离子体的寿命长。     

超冷里德堡原子的产生以及探测

利用激光冷却与俘获技术获得冷原子,由双光子激发产生超冷里德堡原子,利用场电离法得到了里德堡原子ns和nd态的离子谱图;再将激光波长固定在6p3/2-34d态的共振跃迁线上,得到了离子和里德堡原子的TOF(Time of Flight)图,并对实验结果做了分析.     

铷原子磁光阱中超冷等离子体的形成和演化（英文）

在铷原子的磁光阱中,通过光电离冷原子方法和稠密里德堡原子的自发演化方法产生了超冷等离子体.磁光阱中冷却并囚禁了10^7个原子,温度约为500μK,之后用一束脉冲激光将冷原子电离或者激发至高里德堡态,通过调节脉冲激光的能量控制离子数量或者里德堡原子的数量.利用延迟斜坡电场或脉冲电场引出超冷等离子体中的电子,对超冷等离子体的形成和演化进行了研究,并利用库仑势阱模型对实验结果进行了解释.实验结果表明,由于来自长寿命里德堡原子的贡献,里德堡原子自发演化形成的超冷等离子体的寿命比光电离形成的超冷等离子体的寿命长.     

超冷铯分子0g-长程态的振转光谱研究

通过超冷铯原子光缔合制备激发态的超冷铯分子. 利用冷原子荧光频率调制技术获得了超冷铯分子第一激发态6S_1/2+6P_3/2离解限0_g^-长程态高分辨振转光谱, 计算得到0_g^- 长程态振动量子数从0到51的不同振动能级的转动常数, 和Daniel研究小组的理论结果符合得很好. 关键词： 超冷铯分子 光缔合 振转光谱     

里德伯原子向超冷等离子体的自发转化

在铯原子MOT中,利用三光子激发冷原子获得超冷里德伯原子,改变里德伯原子间的相互作用时间,获得超冷等离子体的信号.研究了里德伯原子向超冷等离子体的自发转化过程和里德伯原子的初始电离机理. 关键词： 里德伯原子 相互作用 等离子体 电离机理     

超冷铷铯极性分子振转光谱的实验研究

利用激光冷却俘获技术在双暗磁光阱中获得高密度的超冷铷原子和铯原子,通过光缔合方法制备超冷铷铯极性分子.采用共振增强双光子电离技术探测基三重态a³∑⁺的铷铯分子,产率约为10⁴/s.通过改变缔合光频率,获得（2）0⁺,（3）0^-,（2）0^-等分子态的高分辨振转光谱,拟合得到相应的转动常数分别为0.00349 cm^-1,0.00649 cm^-1,0.00372 cm^-1.     

超冷铯分子0u+(6P3/2)长程态的高灵敏光缔合光谱研究

利用发展的调制俘获损耗荧光光谱技术实验测量了超冷铯分子0_u⁺(6P_3/2)长程态的高灵敏光缔合光谱. 光谱探测范围较国际已有报道扩大了60 cm^-1, 观察到25个长程区域新的振动能级. 通过LeRoy-Bernstein公式对振动束缚能数据进行拟合, 获得了超冷铯分子0_u⁺(6P_3/2)态的长程系数C₃ 为16.103±0.010. 构建了超冷铯分子0_u⁺(6P_3/2)态长程区域的势能曲线.     

超低频调制光缔合光谱的实验研究

通过激光冷却技术在磁光阱中俘获原子数约107,温度约200 μK,直径约400 μm的超冷铯原子,利用超冷铯原子光缔合方法制备了激发态的超冷铯分子。实验研究了光缔合光不同扫描速率对铯分子振转光谱分辨率的影响,发现光缔合光扫描速率较慢时,铯分子振转光谱分辨率较高。通过高灵敏的雪崩光电探测器探测冷原子荧光,获得了超冷铯分子第一激发态6S_1/2+6P_3/2离解限0-_g长程态高分辨振转光谱。为了实现受控拉曼光缔合制备超冷基态分子,光缔合激光频率需要锁定在原子-分子共振跃迁线,对超冷原子光缔合光谱进行了超低频波长调制,通过改变调制幅度和调制频率获得最优化的一阶微分信号,将该信号反馈回激光器,实现闭合环路稳频,满足了受控拉曼光缔合制备振转能级可控的基态分子的实验要求,该工作对研究受限空间中的超冷原子分子具有很重要的意义。     

Inelastic electron collisions with Rydberg atoms

The standard classical method of computer simulation is used for evaluation of the inelastic cross section in electron collisions with a highly excited (Rydberg) atom. In the course of collision, the incident and bound electrons move along classical trajectories in the Coulomb field of the nucleus, and the scattering parameters are averaged over many initial conditions. The reduced ionization cross section of a Rydberg atom by electron impact approximately corresponds to that of atoms in the ground states with valence s-electrons and coincides with the results of the previous Monte Carlo calculations. The cross section of an atom transition between Rydberg atom states as a result of electron impact is used for finding the stepwise ionization rate constant of atoms in collisions with electrons or the rate constant of three-body electron-ion recombination in a dense ionized gas because these processes are determined by kinetics of highly excited atom states. Surprisingly, the low-temperature limit of electron temperatures is realized when the electron thermal energy is lower than the atom ionization potential by about three orders of magnitude, as follows from the kinetics of excited atom states. The article is published in the original.     

Experimental Research of Spontaneous Evolution from Ultracold Rydberg Atoms to Plasma

The spontaneous evolution from ultracold Rydberg atoms to plasma is investigated in a caesium MOT by using the method of field ionization. The plasma transferred from atoms in different Rydberg states （n = 22-32） are obtained experimentally. Dependence of the threshold time of evolving to plasma and the threshold number of initial Rydberg atoms on the principal quantum number of initial Rydberg states is studied. The experimental results are in agreement with hot-cold Rydberg-Rydberg atom collision ionization theory.     

Measurement of quantum defect of nS and nD states using field ionization spectroscopy in ultracold cesium atoms

<正>This paper reports that ultracold atoms are populated into different nS and nD Rydberg states(n=25~52) by two-photon excitation.The ionization spectrum of an ultracold Rydberg atom is acquired in a cesium magneto-optical trap by using the method of pulse field ionization.This denotes nS and nD states in the ionization spectrum and fits the data of energy levels of different Rydberg states to obtain quantum defects of nS and nD states.     

Autoionization in the evolution process of dense Rb Rydberg atoms in nP states

The autoionization mechanisms of dense nP_3/2 (n = 20–97) Rydberg gases of ⁸⁷Rb atoms in the spontaneous evolution were investigated for the first time. By observing the characteristic time of the electrons generated through autoionization process, the dependence of autoionization mechanisms (black-body radiation, electron–Rydberg collision, and Penning ionization) on the principal quantum number n of initial nP states was demonstrated. The dependence on the number n in nP Rydberg atoms is similar to those in nD Rydberg atoms.     

超高泵浦功率下的Xe(6p[1/2]0, 6p[3/2]2, 和6p[5/2]2)原子的能量转移过程

本文研究了Xe(6p[1/2]₀, 6p[3/2]₂, and 6p[5/2]₂)原子在聚焦条件下的动力学过程. 激发能级的原子密度在聚焦条件下会显著地增加,因此两个高激发态原子之间的energy-pooling碰撞的概率也会增加. 这种energy-pooling碰撞主要有三种类型. 第一种类型为energy-pooling碰撞导致的电离. 一旦将激发激光聚焦,就可以从侧面的窗口观察到非常明显的电离现象,不论激发能级是6p[1/2]₀、6p[3/2]₂或6p[5/2]₂能级. 这种电离的产生机理是energy-pooling电离或者一个Xe^*原子再吸收一个光子产生电离. 第二种类型为跨越较大能极差的energy-pooling碰撞. 当激发能级为6p[1/2]₀能级的情况下,两个6p[1/2]₀原子碰撞会产生一个5d[3/2]₁原子和一个6s''[1/2]₀原子. 第三种类型为跨越较小能级差的energy-pooling碰撞. 以5个二次产生的6p能级为上能级的荧光强度都变得更强,并且这些荧光的上升沿都变得更陡峭. 产生这些6p原子的主要机理是energy-pooling碰撞并非简单的碰撞弛豫. 基于理想气体原子之间的碰撞概率公式,推导出两个6p[1/2]₀原子的energy-pooling碰撞速率为6.39x10⁸s^-1. 此外,6s原子在聚焦条件下的密度也会增加. 因此所有的荧光曲线会因为辐射俘获效应而出现非常严重的拖尾.     

Ionization and plasma formation in high n cold Rydberg samples

The experiments reported here show that the dipole-dipole interaction, the fundamental interaction between the cold Rydberg atoms, is the dominant initial ionization mechanism for evolution from a frozen Rydberg gas into a plasma. The study also indicates that plasma formation follows a path of initial ionization, redistribution of Rydberg population to higher angular momentum states, and rapid avalanche ionization due to electron-Rydberg collisions.     

Au原子高Rydberg态场致电离的实验研究

利用电热法将含金物质加热,产生Au原子束,再以两束UV脉冲激光垂直照射,将处于基态的Au原子共振激发至高Rydberg态。滞后于激光脉冲200ns的高压脉冲电场(6500V/cm)加到反应区,使处于Rydberg态的Au原子电离。激光波长在一定范围内扫描,共测出了Au原子的n²D_3/2(n=18—38)和n²S_1/2(n=21—34;36—38)两通道的38条能级的位置。用参数拟合得到²D_3/2和²S_1/2两系列的极限分别为:E_D=74409.8(3)cm^-1,E_S=74410.0(2)cm^-1,计算了每条能级的量子亏损。我们的实验还证明了场电离是一种十分有效的电离手段,比用通常的激光光电离效率要高得多。这在共振电离谱学(RIS)的研究中是一种很有效的方法。 关键词：     

Study of the Rydberg nd D states of the thallium atom by the stepwise excitation method

The Rydberg nd ² D _{3/2, 5/2} states (n=15–30) of the thallium atom were studied by the method of two-stage excitation with subsequent ionization of the excited atoms by an electric field. The nd ² D levels were populated via the intermediate 7s ² S _1/2 states. The fine-structure splitting was found to be representable in the form of a combination of the terms depending on n*^?3 and n*^?5.     

An experimental approach for investigating many-body phenomena in Rydberg-interacting quantum systems

Recent developments in the study of ultracold Rydberg gases demand an adwanced level of experimental sophistication, in which high atomic and optical densities must be combined with excellent control of external fields and sensitive Rydberg atom detection. We describe a tailored experimental system used to produce and study Rydberg-interacting atoms excited from dense ultracold atomic gases. The experiment has been optimized for fast duty cycles using a high flux cold atom source and a three beam optical dipole trap. The latter enables tuning of the atomic density and temperature over several orders of magnitude, all the way to the Bose--Einstein condensation transition. An elec- trode structure surrounding the atoms allows for precise control over electric fields and single-particle sensitive field ionization detection of Rydberg atoms. We review two experiments which highlight the influence of strong Rydberg---Rydberg interactions on different many-body systems. First, the Rydberg blockade effect is used to pre-structure an atomic gas prior to its spontaneous evolution into an ultracold plasma. Second, hybrid states of photons and atoms called dark-state polaritons are studied. By looking at the statistical distribution of Rydberg excited atoms we reveal correlations between dark-state polaritons. These experiments will ultimately provide a deeper understanding of many-body phenomena in strongly-interacting regimes, including the study of strongly-coupled plasmas and interfaces between atoms and light at the quantum level.     

Plasma screening within Rydberg atoms in circular states

A Rydberg atom embedded in a plasma can experience penetration by slowly moving electrons within its volume. The original pure Coulomb potential must now be replaced by a screened Coulomb potential which contains either a screening length R_s or a screening factor A = R_s ^-1 . For any given discrete energy level, there is a Critical Screening Factor (CSF) A_c beyond which the energy level disappears (by merging into the continuum). Analytical results are obtained for the classical dependence of the energy on the screening factor, for the CSF, and for the critical radius of the electron orbit for Circular Rydberg States (CRS) in this screened Rydberg atom. The results are derived for any general form of the screened Coulomb potential and are applied to the particular case of the Debye potential. We also show that CRS can temporarily exist above the ionization threshold and are therefore the classical counterparts of quantal discrete states embedded into continuum. The results are significant not only to Rydberg plasmas, but also to fusion plasmas, where Rydberg states of multi-charged hydrogen-like ions result from charge exchange with hydrogen or deuterium atoms, as well as to dusty/complex plasmas.