烟气催化脱硝装置对多环芳烃排放特性的影响

通过对装有选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝装置的燃煤锅炉排放烟气中的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行测试,分析比较了工业锅炉排放的PAHs经过SCR脱硝装置前后的排放特性变化.实验结果表明,烟气催化脱硝装置促进了PAHs含量的增加,特别是低环多环芳烃含量的增加,并提高了其毒性当量,但对PAHs在气相与颗粒相的分布影响不大.     

SCR脱硝催化剂对烟气中零价汞的氧化效率研究

采用模拟实验方法,在氧化气氛工况和SCR(选择性催化还原法)工况下,对比研究新鲜的和运行40 000 h的SCR催化剂对零价汞(Hg⁰)的氧化效率,并结合N₂吸/脱附、SEM-EDS、FT-IR、离子色谱法等手段对催化剂的组成及结构进行了表征。结果表明,在氧化气氛工况下(一定的HCl和O₂浓度),40 000 h催化剂对零价汞的氧化效率比新鲜催化剂低5%~20%,但是,在SCR工况(氧化气氛下加入NH₃和NO)下,氧化效率仅下降5%~10%。运行40 000 h催化剂出现表面颗粒的团聚现像,而且比表面积、活性物质V及V⁵⁺=O基团的含量均相对下降;然而,运行40 000 h催化剂的水溶性离子含量(特别是Na⁺、K⁺、NH₄⁺、SO₄^2-)要高于新鲜催化剂。这些因素都会影响催化剂表面活性位和内部孔道结构,从而影响到催化剂对于烟气中Hg⁰的氧化效率。     

钙中毒商用SCR脱硝催化剂的再生特性研究

本研究分别选用络合剂氨基三甲叉膦酸(ATMP)、2-膦酸基丁烷-1,2,4-三羧酸(PBTCA)对钙中毒商用SCR脱硝催化剂(V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂)开展了再生方法研究,借助BET、NH₃-TPD、H₂-TPR和XPS等分析测试方法和实验探究考察了再生前后催化剂的理化特性及再生脱硝性能。结果表明,ATMP与PBTCA具有高效的再生性能,再生催化剂的脱硝效率在400℃下分别从25.8%恢复至89.8%与88.1%。与稀H₂SO₄再生相比,ATMP与PBTCA对催化剂的再生具有更高的除钙率与更低的钒损失率(不足5%)。使用ATMP与PBTCA对催化剂再生可有效恢复催化剂表面的Br?nsted酸性位;催化剂表面的活性钒物种V⁵⁺和表面化学吸附氧O_α明显增加,催化剂整体活性达到最优水平。因此,将络合剂ATMP与PBTCA用于失活SCR脱硝催化剂的再生具有广阔的应用前景。     

WO3对MnOx/TiO2低温脱硝SCR催化剂的改性研究

以醋酸锰为前驱物通过浸渍法制备了MnO_x/TiO₂催化剂,用WO₃对载体进行改性制得一系列MnO_x-WO₃/ TiO₂催化剂,采用X射线衍射（XRD）、比表面积测定(BET)、拉曼光谱(LRS)、原位红外(FT-IR)光谱等表征技术进行相关的微观表征分析,同时在模拟氨气选择性催化还原NO_x（NH₃-SCR）的反应条件下对催化剂的脱硝反应活性进行了考察。研究表明,添加5%的WO₃拓展了载体的比表面积,提高了催化剂的抗热性,增加了催化剂表面的Brnsted酸位,拓宽其选择性催化还原脱硝活性温度窗口,对MnO_x/TiO₂催化剂有很好的改性作用;先钨后锰的负载顺序优于先锰后钨;随着温度的升高,化学催化反应速率提高,催化剂表面NH₃吸附峰呈减弱或消失趋势,故催化剂脱硝活性温度曲线呈中间高、两头低。     

CeO2/ACF的低温SCR烟气脱硝性能研究

在氧存在下以NH3为还原剂的选择性催化还原烟气NOX技术（SCR）已经工程化。工业中常用的催化剂,主要是V2O5／TiO2或V2O5-WO3／TiO2,在300℃～400℃表现出高的NOX脱除率。为此,选择性催化还原法（SCR）装置须安装在空气预热器之前和省煤器之后,以利用过程的烟气温度。但这里存在的高浓度粉尘和SO2容易引起催化剂中毒和使用寿命减少,因此,研究开发低温运行（〈300℃）的SCR催化剂,使催化反应器能布置在除尘或／和脱硫之后,具有重要意义。同时烟道废气的温度会因生产装置负荷的变化而有较大的波动,这就要求催化剂具有较宽的高活性温度区间。     

燃煤烟气中碱金属化合物对V2O5/AC催化剂低温脱硝的影响： NH3的吸附与氧化

采用湿法浸渍-再干燥法将K₂O和K₂SO₄担载到低温SCR催化剂V1/AC上,模拟研究了烟气中超细碱金属颗粒物对V1/AC催化剂脱硝活性的影响。结果表明,两种含K化合物的引入均导致了该催化剂的失活,明显抑制了NH₃在催化剂上的吸附,尤其是热稳定性较低的吸附;K₂SO₄的抑制作用明显小于K₂O,这与它们对催化剂SCR活性的影响规律相一致。K₂O的担载对催化剂表面的氧化性能影响较小,但由于其能抑制NH3的吸附而引起催化剂的失活;K₂SO₄的担载则增加了催化剂表面吸附态的NH₃在O₂气氛中被过度氧化为NO的可能性。     

前驱物对Mn-Ce/Ti-PILC低温SCR脱硝的影响

分别采用TiCl₄和钛酸丁酯为Ti前驱物制备了钛基交联黏土(Ti-PILC),通过浸渍法将锰铈负载于Ti-PILC上,制得催化剂Mn-Ce/Ti-PILCs和Mn-Ce/clay,测试了该催化剂在以氨气为还原剂的低温SCR过程中的催化活性,分析了Ti前驱物对黏土结构及催化性能的影响。XRD、BET、FT-IR、NH₃-TPD和SEM等表征结果表明,与原土(clay)相比,经钛交联柱撑后,Ti-PILC的微观结构更加合理,其比表面积和孔容都有了一定程度的增加,表面酸性有所增强。与原土负载的Mn-Ce/clay催化剂相比,Mn-Ce/Ti-PILCs的催化活性明显提高。而且,钛酸丁酯作前驱物进行交联比TiCl₄交联效果更明显,所得到的催化剂低温活性更好。     

用于正电子断层扫描成像的68Ga标记PM2.5模拟粒子的制备及其活体示踪

将黑色素纳米颗粒(melanin nanoparticle,MNP)经聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG)修饰制备得到PEG-MNP,随后通过与放射性的⁶⁸Ga³⁺离子螯合,高标记产率地制备得到⁶⁸Ga-PEG-MNP,标记产物稳定性良好。进一步将⁶⁸Ga-PEG-MNP通过雾化方式制备得到⁶⁸Ga-PEG-MNP PM_2.5(particulate matter 2.5,size<2.5μm)模拟颗粒,其经雾化小鼠吸入体内后,通过正电子断层扫描(positron emission tomography,PET)成像对小鼠进行全身显影,结果可见雾化的⁶⁸Ga-PEG-MNP PM_2.5模拟颗粒可由气管向肺部双叶区域扩散,并滞留于肺。体内的PET成像结果与离体放射自显影结果高度一致。     

凹凸棒黏土对燃煤PM2.5排放及团聚捕集特性影响

在固定床反应系统上考察凹凸棒黏土对燃煤可吸入颗粒物PM_2.5的排放及团聚捕集特性影响,分析凹凸棒黏土添加量以及添加凹凸棒黏土情况下燃烧气氛、燃烧温度和钙硫物质的量比等参数对燃煤PM_2.5的数量浓度、质量浓度以及团聚捕集率的影响规律。结果表明,煤燃烧过程中添加凹凸棒黏土可以显著降低PM_2.5排放浓度,凹凸棒黏土的添加量不宜超过3%(质量分数);空气气氛下燃烧产生的PM_2.5多于O₂/CO₂气氛;随着钙硫物质的量比的增大,PM₁的质量浓度减小,但PM_1~2.5的质量浓度增大,颗粒物的粒径有向更大粒径转移的趋势;燃烧温度的升高会促进PM_2.5各粒径范围颗粒物的生成,降低了凹凸棒黏土对PM_2.5团聚捕集率。     

ASE-GC-MS/MS测定细颗粒物(PM2.5)中24种多环芳烃

通过对前处理方法的比较,选择了快速溶剂萃取作为可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃的提取方式,并且将ASE的萃取条件作了优化实验,确定ASE的优化结果为DCM:HEX=2:1,萃取温度为120℃,萃取压力为10.34 MPa。处理完的样品上气相色谱质谱-质谱测定,得到空白样品中24种PAHs均有检出,实际样品中的含量均低于10 ng/m L,6种替代物的标准曲线的相关系数在0.999以上,24种PAHs标准样品作了3个不同浓度范围的标准曲线,相关系数均在0.99以上。空白加标实验中得到6种替代物的回收率在58.7%~108.2%之间,24种PAHs的平均回收率在88.3%~104.0%之间,相对标准偏差均低于9.0%。样品加标实验中6种替代物的加标回收率在60.0%~106.5%之间,24种PAHs的回收率在78.0%~95.0%之间,相对标准偏差均低于6.0%。     

Electroless Ni-plating on PTFE fine particles

A Ni electroless plating process was used with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fine particles (25–500 μm). Using nonionic hydrocarbon surfactant, PTFE particles were dispersed in the plating bath. The PTFE hydrophobicity was sufficiently high that Ni was deposited partly on the PTFE surface in the initial step. The Ni-PTFE particles were formed into the Ni-PTFE plate by heat treatment at 350 °C after pressing. The Ni-PTFE plate had electrical conductivity and gas permeability, which were influenced by the pore distribution in the plate. Pores with 1 μm diameter might be especially important to impart high gas permeability to the Ni-PTFE plate.     

Adsorption of large macromolecules on fine colloidal particles

A simple model of adsorption of large macromolecules on ultra-fine colloidal particles is presented. The basic assumption of the model is that the number of particles attached to a single molecule is a random quantity. Both the reversible and irreversible polymerparticle binding is considered. Also, effects of the non-ideal mixing of polymer solution with suspension and of the polymer/particle size ratio on the shape of the adsorption isotherm are examined. The predictions of the model are confronted with experimental results of the study on the adsorption of very high molecular weight polyacrylamide on fine AgI colloidal particles.     

Structural study of perovskite-type fine particles by synchrotron radiation powder diffraction

The crystal structures of BaTiO₃ and PbTiO₃ fine particles have been investigated by powder diffraction using synchrotron radiation high energy X-rays. It is revealed that a BaTiO₃ fine particle essentially consists of tetragonal and cubic structure components at 300 K, whereas a PbTiO₃ fine particle consists of a tetragonal structure. Adopting a structure model for the BaTiO₃ particle that a cubic shell covers a tetragonal core, the thickness of cubic BaTiO₃ shell is estimated at almost constant irrespective of particle sizes. Successive phase transitions are detected in 100 nm particles of BaTiO₃ near the phase-transition temperatures of a bulk crystal. The changes in diffraction profiles are small, but they are apparent for a most up-to-date powder diffractometry. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Generation and behavior of fine particles in thermal plasmas—A review

The generation and processing of fine powders in thermal plasmas has attracted increasing interest over the past years, precipitated by a growing awareness that conservation of materials is no longer an option but rather a necessity. Plasmaspheroidization, densification, fuming, metallurgical reduction, and the production of refractory oxides, carbides, nitrides, and borides in thermal plasmas are fast developing technologies which, in some cases, have already reached industrial production scale.In this survey, pertinent literature (198 references) will be reviewed with emphasis on basic studies in this field, reported over the past 20 years. The first part of this review covers powder handling, quenching characteristics, nucleation and growth, and modeling of plasma-particle interactions. The second part is concerned with plasma furnaces for the production of fine particles, including RF induction plasmas, DC anode furnaces, DC plasma jets, DC transferred arcs, cathode pump fed arcs, hybrid induction-DC plasmas, and three-phase AC furnaces.     

660MW燃煤机组锅炉飞灰颗粒物排放特征研究

应用自动烟尘测试仪在沙角C电厂1#炉静电除尘器前进行飞灰颗粒物采集,分析了煤种、负荷对飞灰细颗粒排放特性的影响,同时对飞灰颗粒粒径分布、化学成分、矿物含量和形貌特征等进行了研究。结果表明,机组负荷越高,飞灰颗粒越细,生成的PM1和PM2.5越多,但总的烟尘排放浓度随负荷升高而降低;随着伊泰煤的掺烧比例增大,飞灰颗粒粒径分布向细颗粒区域移动,PM1和PM2.5的含量增大。低负荷时易形成含有熔融小球体的煤胞结构,高负荷时易形成多孔煤胞。高低负荷和不同配煤的燃煤颗粒物矿物成分类似。     

煤中矿物质对燃煤污染物排放特性的影响

利用热分析和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）研究了煤中矿物质在燃烧过程中对煤中氮与硫的排放特性的影响。结果表明,铜川煤中的可溶性矿物质如硫酸盐、碳酸盐等对NO排放有促进作用,当将这类可溶性矿物质从煤体中除去后,煤的NO排放量下降;铜川煤中的矿物质对SO2的排放有抑制作用,当这类碱性成分被脱除后,单位质量可燃硫的SO2排放量升高。     

润湿剂促进燃煤细颗粒声波团聚脱除的实验研究

在声波团聚室中研究了润湿剂液滴与细颗粒碰撞团聚脱除特性,提出了一种利用润湿剂促进细颗粒在声波场中捕集的新方法。结果表明,不同润湿剂溶液对细颗粒在声波场中的团聚脱除效果存在较大差异,采用JFC和FS-310润湿剂溶液时,细颗粒分级脱除效率与采用水时的分级脱除效率相近。而SDS和Silanol w22溶液,则可有效提高细颗粒在各粒径段的分级脱除效率。细颗粒在声波场中的脱除效率与润湿剂润湿性能具有很好的相关性,随润湿剂对细颗粒相对接触角增大而降低,在声压级为150 dB时,相对接触角由83°降低到0°,细颗粒脱除效率提高了18%,在无声场作用下,脱除效率仅提高了5%。细颗粒脱除效率随声压级的增大而提高,在低声压级条件下,添加润湿剂可有效提高细颗粒脱除效率,声压级在130 dB时,添加SDS溶液液滴后细颗粒脱除效率比声场单独作用时的脱除效率提高了25%。表明添加润湿剂可有效提高细颗粒在声波场中的团聚脱除效率,实现在低声压级条件下,获得高的细颗粒脱除效率。     

Nonconventional macromolecular luminogens with aggregation-induced emission characteristics

Nonconventional luminogens without classic conjugated structures have drawn increasing interests owing to their fundamental importance and promising applications. These luminogens generally bear such subgroups as tertiary amine, C = C, C≡N, C = O, OH, ether, and imide. The emission mechanism, however, remains under debate. Different assumptions like oxidation or acidification of tertiary amines, aggregation of C = O groups, as well as clustering and electron cloud overlap are proposed. Unlike concentration quenching and aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) that are normally observed in traditional luminogens, many of these unorthodox luminogens exhibit unique aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics, regardless of their molecular architectures. This review summarizes varying unorthodox luminogens with AIE features, aiming to outline the recent advances in this exciting area, with focus on the macromolecular systems. In light of the reported results, clustering-triggered emission mechanism, namely clustering of diverse subgroups with subsequent electron cloud overlap and conformation rigidification can well rationalize the photophysical behaviors of most systems. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55, 560–574