预延伸非晶聚合物材料各向异性变形局部化

给出一种可描述预延伸各向异性特性的背应力张量三维表达式，引入大变形弹塑性有限元驱动应力法，结合ＢＰＡ８ 链细观分子网络模型，模拟了预延伸各向异性非晶聚合物材料平面应变拉伸变形局部化力学行为．详细讨论了预延伸比（ＩｎｉｔｉａｌＤｒａｗｉｎｇＲａｔｉｏ；ＩＤＲ）和预延伸方向（ＩｎｉｔｉａｌＤｒａｗｉｎｇＤｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎ；ＩＤＤ）对变形抗力、颈缩规律、剪切带方向以及试件中心部位链延伸比的影响．     

孪晶诱导塑性钢的非均匀形变研究

通过原位电子背散射衍射(EBSD, Electron backscatter diffraction)和数字图像相关(DIC, Digital image correlation)技术,对孪晶诱导塑性(TWIP, Twinning induced plasticity)钢拉伸过程中的非均匀形变进行研究。结果发现,拉伸应变不均匀,应变集中于高角度晶界与大晶粒内部。滑移带的开启并不完全遵从斯密特(Schmid)定律,且滑移带与晶界作用明显。非均匀变形导致晶粒的取向梯度增大。研究表明,TWIP钢在拉伸过程中,出现明显非均匀形变现象,非均匀程度随着变形的增大而降低,且降低速率逐渐减小,应变超过12%后非均匀程度趋于稳定,但其值相对较大导致TWIP钢在应变较大时(15%),非均匀变形现象依然明显。滑移带容易在高角度晶界处产生集中,在低角度的晶界处穿过晶界。晶粒内各区域不同的变形量造成晶格朝不同方向旋转,或者朝同一方向旋转不同的角度而形成较大的取向差,且随着应变的增加而增加。非均匀变形主要是由斯密特因子(Schmid factor, SF)的大小、晶粒内滑移带可滑移的长度、滑移带间的相互作用和晶界对滑移带阻碍强度等因素共同影响。     

用晶体弹塑性有限单元法研究双晶金属拉伸变形

本文从单晶体应力-应变关系的精确实验结果和多晶体滑移特性出发,建立相应的计算模型,并采用微观力学和晶体弹塑性有限单元法,研究双晶金属试样的拉伸变形,得到其应力-应变曲线,晶体内滑移变形和应力分布规律,以及晶界影响区对它们的影响。     

大应变率范围内AM80镁合金的变形行为及组织演变

采用INSTRON准静态压缩试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆装置，研究固溶态AM80镁合金在室温准静态和冲击载荷下的变形行为及组织演变。准静态载荷下，流变应力随应变率（3×10-5~4×10-1 s-1）的升高逐渐降低，表现为负应变率敏感性；冲击载荷下，流变应力随应变率（7.00×102~5.20×103 s-1）的升高而升高，呈现出明显的正应变率敏感性。冲击载荷下AM80镁合金的变形机制以基面滑移和孪生为主，大量细小致密的形变孪生以及适量非基面滑移的启动是AM80镁合金在冲击载荷下流变应力明显高于准静态载荷的重要原因。此外，随应变率的升高，AM80镁合金变形的均匀性明显增强，当应变速率升至3.65×103 s-1时，冲击变形所引起的局部绝热温升软化大于应变硬化与应变速率硬化的总和，部分晶粒产生了明显的动态回复，使得孪晶密度和变形均匀性反而降低。     

考虑细观变形特征的镁合金宏观本构模型及数值模拟

为了能有效描述镁合金宏观各向异性塑性行为,考虑了滑移、孪生、去孪生三种细观变形模式的特点,给出了相应的硬化函数;根据VonMises屈服准则,发展了一种镁合金宏观本构模型及其迭代算法。模型将变形模式的开启与晶粒取向相关联,同时针对镁合金孪生变形时引起的晶粒重新定向问题,描述了一种晶向偏转的方法。在此基础上编写了ABAQUS/UMAT材料用户子程序;利用开发的本构模型,开展了单轴拉伸、单轴压缩、单轴循环拉压加载条件下镁合金塑性行为的数值模拟,并对随机织构下的镁合金板材轧制过程进行了有限元仿真实验。模拟结果表明:单轴拉伸、单轴压缩和循环加载情形下的镁合金宏观硬化行为与实验结果基本吻合;轧制后镁合金板材表现出了应力-应变不均匀特性,多晶织构演化结果与实验结果基本一致。说明文中所提出的宏观本构模型、晶向偏转模型能够有效描述镁合金的宏观塑性行为和织构演化。     

纳米丝应变率效应的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟了零温时不同应变率作用下纳米丝的拉伸力学行为．计算结果表明在缺乏热激活软化机制条件下，纳米丝应变率效应呈现出与宏观应变率试验结果相一致的特征．纳米丝在不同的应变率范围具有不同的变形机制．在应变率不敏感区和敏感区，纳米丝主要以位错运动作为塑性变形机制；在应变率突变区，纳米丝通过局部原子混乱区的持续扩展乃至整体结构的非晶化作为塑性变形机制．     

基于准点缺陷理论探索非晶合金蠕变机制

作为典型多体相互作用非平衡体系,如何明晰非晶合金多场耦合激励下变形机制,建立非晶合金变形行为、流动特性与微观结构特征本征关联始终是非晶合金力学性能的重要研究内容.本文以具有显著β弛豫行为的La_56.16Ce_14.04Ni_19.8Al₁₀非晶合金作为研究载体,通过开展宽温度应力窗口蠕变实验,着重考查了蠕变柔量、准稳态蠕变速率、特征弛豫时间、蠕变应力指数及蠕变激活能演变规律,系统研究了非晶合金蠕变行为与蠕变机制.基于准点缺陷理论分析了非晶合金蠕变行为由弹性向黏弹性及黏塑性逐步转变的过程,从微观结构演化角度构建了非晶合金蠕变行为完整物理图像.研究结果表明,非晶合金高温蠕变行为是一典型热力耦合、非线性过程,其潜在蠕变机制受控于温度、应力与加载时间.应力较低时,非晶合金蠕变机制对应于热激活单粒子流动.应力较高时,蠕变机制则对应于应力诱导局部剪切变形增强与温度诱导原子扩散等复杂耦合过程.非晶合金蠕变变形过程所涉及弹塑性转变源于非晶合金准点缺陷激活、微剪切畴经热力耦合激励形核长大、扩展与不可逆融合.     

高分子材料平面应变拉伸变形局部化

将基于应变软化玻璃状高分子材料微观特征建立的ＢＰＡ８－链分子网络模型引入ＵｐｄａｔｉｎｇＬａｇｒａｎｇｅ有限元方法，建立了适于变形局部化分析的大变形弹塑性有限元驱动应力法．在此基础上，数值模拟了初始各向同性高分子材料平面应变拉伸变形局部化的传播过程．探讨了ＢＰＡ模型对具有加工硬化特性的结晶性高分子材料变形分析的适应性；分析了局部化传播过程中颈缩截面的非均匀应力三轴效应；最后，讨论了网格尺寸以及初始几何不均匀性对颈缩扩散以及应力三轴效应的影响     

室温下镁合金板循环塑性随动强化本构模型研究

本文在具有各向异性屈服强度和拉压不对称的CPB06屈服准则的基础上,建立了基于随动强化的循环塑性本构模型．通过引入滑移、孪晶以及去孪等不同变形模式下的背应力演化方程,对室温下镁合金板材异常循环硬化行为进行了模拟．选取了AZ31B-O和AZ31B两种镁合金板材,通过拉伸-压缩-拉伸(T-C-T)和压缩-拉伸(C-T)等不同加载路径下的部分实验曲线确定模型的参数,采用三次插值多项式建立了背应力参数与上一变形模式中累积的等效塑性应变（即预应变）之间的函数关系．使用本模型对剩下的实验曲线进行了预测,发现预测结果与实验结果有良好的一致性,说明了当前模型的正确性．     

铜单晶拉伸试样表面滑移带痕迹的晶体塑性分析

采用建立在晶体塑性理论基础上的晶体塑性有限变形计算方法,针对铜单晶试样单轴拉伸过程中晶体滑移在试样表面留下的滑移带痕迹进行了数值研究.作者利用三维有限元模拟不同取向铜单晶试样的拉伸变形,通过晶体塑性滑移面与试样表面交线的几何分析,得到了试样在不同晶向拉伸下不同滑移系启动造成的试样表面滑移痕迹,并对数值计算的试样表面滑移...     

Constitutive model for stretch-induced softening of the stress-stretch behavior of elastomeric materials

Elastomeric materials experience stretch-induced softening as evidenced by a pre-stretched material exhibiting a significantly more compliant response than that of the virgin material. In this paper, we propose a fully three-dimensional constitutive model for the observed softening of the stress-strain behavior. The model adopts the Mullins and Tobin concept of an evolution in the underlying hard and soft domain microstructure whereby the effective volume fraction of the soft domain increases with stretch. The concept of amplified strain is then utilized in a mapping of the macroscopic deformation to the deformation experienced by the soft domain. The strain energy density function of the material is then determined from the strain energy of the soft domain and thus evolves as the volume fraction of soft domain evolves with deformation. Comparisons of model results for cyclic simple extension with the experimental data of Mullins and Tobin show the efficacy of the model and suggest that an evolution in the underlying soft/hard domain microstructure of the elastomer captures the fundamental features of stretch-induced softening. Model simulations of the cyclic stress-strain behavior and corresponding evolution in structure with strain for uniaxial tension, biaxial tension and plane strain tension are also presented and demonstrate three-dimensional features of the constitutive model.     

Effects of crystal content on the mechanical behaviour of polyethylene under finite strains: Experiments and constitutive modelling

The mechanical stress-strain behaviour of polyethylene (PE) materials under finite strains is studied both experimentally and theoretically. In order to gain insight into the structure and physical properties of investigated PE materials, a series of thermal (DSC and DMTA) and microstructural (small-angle X-ray scattering and AFM) characterizations have been undertaken. The influence of crystallinity on the various features of the tensile stress-strain response is considered over a large strain range, implying thermoplastic-like to elastomer-like mechanical behaviour. A physically-based hyperelastic-viscoplastic approach was adopted to develop a pertinent model for describing the mechanical behaviour of PE materials under finite strains. The semicrystalline polymer is being treated as a heterogeneous medium, and the model is based on a two-phase representation of the microstructure. The effective contribution of the crystalline and amorphous phases to the overall intermolecular resistance to deformation is treated in a composite framework, and coupled to a molecular network resistance to stretching and chain orientation capturing the overall strain hardening response. In order to extract the individual constitutive response of crystalline and amorphous phases, a proper identification scheme based on a deterministic approach was elaborated using the tensile test data of PE materials under different strain rates. Comparisons between the constitutive model and experiments show fair agreement over a wide range of crystallinities (from 15% to 72%) and strain rates. The constitutive model is found to successfully capture the important features of the observed monotonic stress-strain response: the thermoplastic-like behaviour for high crystallinity includes a stiff initial response, a yield-like event followed by a gradual increase of strain hardening at very large strains; for the elastomer-like behaviour observed in the low crystallinity material, the strain hardening response is largely predominant. Strain recovery upon unloading increases with decreasing crystallinity: this is quantitatively well reproduced for high crystallinity materials, whereas predictions significantly deviate from experiments at low crystallinity. Model refinements are finally proposed in order to improve the ability of the constitutive equations to predict the nonlinear unloading response whatever the crystal content.     

Bending of single crystal microcantilever beams of cube orientation: Finite element model and experiments

The aim of this work is to investigate the microstructure evolution, stress-strain response and strain hardening behavior of microscale beams. For that purpose, two single crystal cantilever beams in the size dependent regime were manufactured by ion beam milling and beams were bent with an indenter device. A crystal plasticity material model for large deformations was implemented in a finite element framework to further investigate the effect of boundary constraints. Simulations were performed using bulk material properties of single crystal copper without any special treatment for the strain gradients. The difference between the slopes of the experimental and the simulated force displacement curves suggested negligible amount of strain gradient hardening compared to the statistical hardening mechanisms.     

Discrete dislocation dynamics modelling of mechanical deformation of nickel-based single crystal superalloys

Discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) has been used to model the deformation of nickel-based single crystal superalloys with a high volume fraction of precipitates at high temperature. A representative volume cell (RVC), comprising of both the precipitate and the matrix phase, was employed in the simulation where a periodic boundary condition was applied. The dislocation Frank-Read sources were randomly assigned with an initial density on the 12 octahedral slip systems in the matrix channel. Precipitate shearing by superdislocations was modelled using a back force model, and the coherency stress was considered by applying an initial internal stress field. Strain-controlled loading was applied to the RVC in the [0 0 1] direction. In addition to dislocation structure and density evolution, global stress-strain responses were also modelled considering the influence of precipitate shearing, precipitate morphology, internal microstructure scale (channel width and precipitate size) and coherency stress. A three-stage stress-strain response observed in the experiments was modelled when precipitate shearing by superdislocations was considered. The polarised dislocation structure deposited on the precipitate/matrix interface was found to be the dominant strain hardening mechanism. Internal microstructure size, precipitate shape and arrangement can significantly affect the deformation of the single crystal superalloy by changing the constraint effect and dislocation mobility. The coherency stress field has a negligible influence on the stress-strain response, at least for cuboidal precipitates considered in the simulation. Preliminary work was also carried out to simulate the cyclic deformation in a single crystal Ni-based superalloy using the DDD model, although no cyclic hardening or softening was captured due to the lack of precipitate shearing and dislocation cross slip for the applied strain considered.     

Micromechanical modeling of the elasto-viscoplastic behavior of semi-crystalline polymers

A micromechanically based constitutive model for the elasto-viscoplastic deformation and texture evolution of semi-crystalline polymers is developed. The model idealizes the microstructure to consist of an aggregate of two-phase layered composite inclusions. A new framework for the composite inclusion model is formulated to facilitate the use of finite deformation elasto-viscoplastic constitutive models for each constituent phase. The crystalline lamellae are modeled as anisotropic elastic with plastic flow occurring via crystallographic slip. The amorphous phase is modeled as isotropic elastic with plastic flow being a rate-dependent process with strain hardening resulting from molecular orientation. The volume-averaged deformation and stress within the inclusions are related to the macroscopic fields by a hybrid interaction model. The uniaxial compression of initially isotropic high density polyethylene (HDPE) is taken as a case study. The ability of the model to capture the elasto-plastic stress-strain behavior of HDPE during monotonic and cyclic loading, the evolution of anisotropy, and the effect of crystallinity on initial modulus, yield stress, post-yield behavior and unloading-reloading cycles are presented.     

Plastic behavior of a nickel-based alloy under monotonic-tension and low-cycle-fatigue loading

The plastic behavior of an annealed HASTELLOY^® C-22HS™ alloy, a face-centered cubic (FCC), nickel-based superalloy, was examined by in-situ neutron-diffraction measurements at room temperature. Both monotonic-tension and low-cycle-fatigue experiments were conducted. Monotonic-tension straining and cyclic-loading deformation were studied as a function of stress. The plastic behavior during deformation is discussed in light of the relationship between the stress and dislocation-density evolution. The calculated dislocation-density evolution within the alloy reflects the strain hardening and cyclic hardening/softening. Experimentally determined lattice strains are compared to verify the hardening mechanism at selected stress levels for tension and cyclic loadings. Combined with calculations of the dislocation densities, the neutron-diffraction experiments provide direct information about the strain and cyclic hardening of the alloy.     

复杂加载下混凝土的弹塑性本构模型

混凝土材料在不同应力路径下或复杂加载条件下会表现出差异性显著的应力应变关系,在小幅循环加载条件下,其应力应变关系会表现出类似于弹性变形的滞回曲线.在不同应力水平下,混凝土的应力应变关系以及破坏特性都具有静水压力相关特点,即随着静水压力增大,各向异性强度特性弱化.此外,混凝土受压及受拉破坏机理不同,因而对应于混凝土硬化损伤亦有不同,即可分为受压硬化损伤,受拉硬化损伤及两者的混合硬化损伤类型.基于Hsieh模型,对该模型进行了三点改进.（1）针对小幅循环加载下混凝土无塑性变形的试验规律,而模型中在应力水平较低的循环加载条件下始终存在塑性变形的预测问题,采用在边界面模型框架下,设置了应力空间的弹性域,初始屈服面与后续临界状态屈服面几何相似的假定.（2）基于广义非线性强度准则将原模型采用变换应力方法将其推广为三维弹塑性本构模型,采用变换后模型可合理的考虑不同应力路径对于子午面以及偏平面上静水压力效应形成的影响,并避免了边界面应力点奇异问题.（3）分别对拉压两种加载损伤模式建议了相应的硬化参数表达式,可分别用于描述上述加载中产生的应变软化及强度退化行为.基于多种加载路径模拟表明:所建立的三维弹塑性本构模型可合理地用于描述混凝土的一般应力应变关系特性.      

Analysis of the localization of damage and the complete stress-strain relation for mesoscopic heterogeneous brittle rock subjected to compressive loads

A micromechanics-based model is established. The model takes the interaction among sliding cracks into account, and it is able to quantify the effect of various parameters on the localization condition of damage and deformation for brittle rock subjected to compressive loads. The closed-form explicit expression for the complete stress-strain relation of rock containing microcracks subjected to compressive loads was obtained. It is showed that the complete stress-strain relation includes linear elasticity, nonlinear hardening, rapid stress drop and strain softening. The behavior of rapid stress drop and strain softening is due to localization of deformation and damage. Theoretical predictions have shown to be consistent with the exoerimental results.     

Nonlinear kinematic hardening rule parameters — relationship to substructure evolution in polycrystalline nickel

General cyclic plasticity results and detailed analyses of experimental data from constant plastic strain amplitude, completely reversed, tension–compression tests on polycrystalline nickel with two grain sizes are reported. These analyses focus on kinematic hardening behavior and are based on Armstrong–Frederick-type kinematic hardening rules and Masing-type assumptions. Juxtaposition of these analyses with observations of specimen surface relief and substructure evolution using TEM provides a context for discussion of mechanisms and modeling of nonlinear kinematic hardening and its relationship to heterogeneous microstructure in metals.     

Void growth and coalescence in ductile solids with stage III and stage IV strain hardening

State of the art ductile fracture models often rely on simple power laws to describe the strain hardening of the matrix material. Power laws do not distinguish between the two main stages of hardening observed in polycrystals, referred to as stage III and stage IV hardening, and which emerge from the evolution of the dislocation substructure. The aim of this study is to couple a physics based strain hardening law including these two stages to a micromechanics based ductile damage model. One of the main motivations is that, the stage IV constant hardening rate stage, occurring only at large strain, will be attained in most ductile failure problems if not at the overall level of deformation, at least locally around the growing voids. Furthermore, proper modelling of the stage III involving dislocation storage and recovery terms and the transition to stage IV provides a link with the underlying physical mechanisms of deformation and with the microstructure. First, in order to evaluate the effects of the stage III and stage IV hardening on void growth and coalescence, an extensive parametric study is performed on two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric finite element (FE) unit cell calculations, using a Kocks-Mecking type hardening law. The cell calculations demonstrate that accounting for the stage IV hardening can have a profound effect on delaying void coalescence and increasing the ductility. The magnitude of the recovery term during stage III has also a significant effect on the void growth rate. Then, the Kocks-Mecking law is incorporated into the Gologanu-Leblond-Devaux (GLD) porous plasticity model supplemented by two different versions of the Thomason void coalescence criterion. The predictions of the damage model are in good agreement with the results of the FE calculations in terms of the stress-strain curves, the evolution of void shape and porosity, as well as the strain value at the onset of void coalescence.