用微机处理密立根油滴实验数据

用微机处理密立根油滴实验数据刘业政（合肥工业大学合肥２３００００）由美国物理学家密立根设计并完成的密立根油滴实验，在近代物理学史上起过十分重要的作用。实验的结论证明了任何带电物体所带电荷都是某一最小电荷──基本电荷的整数倍，并精确地测定了这一基本电荷...     

密立根油滴实验的数据处理方法研究

在密立根油滴实验中,对大量油滴电荷量数据,首先利用极端数据剔除法找到最佳的电荷量分割区间,然后用峰值法和聚类分析方法分别确定不同电荷量区间实验数据分布的中心.用峰值法和聚类分析方法得到的元电荷量值分别为1.525×10~(-19) C和1.527 1×10~(-19) C,与公认值e=1.60×10~(-19) C的相对偏差分别为4.7%和4.6%,满足了实验要求.     

用Mathematica计算油滴电荷的基本量

密立根油滴实验的主要目的是要从大量的实验数据中证明电荷的不连续性,为提高计算效率,本文利用了Mathematica软件对实验数据进行了最小二乘处理,优化了误差的分布,得到了准确的电荷基本量值。     

计算机编程在密立根油滴实验中的应用简

用直线函数拟合了环境温度与空气粘滞系数的关系,并利用VisualBasic编写了密立根油滴实验的数据处理程序,提高了计算油滴带电量的准确性。利用VisualBasic程序的可视化界面形式体现,简化了数据处理过程。利用Origin软件对实验数据进行处理,直观显示了平衡电压、下落时间与油滴所带电荷数的关系。     

油滴实验中数据处理的一种新方法

密立根油滴实验是大专院校物理实验课中的一个基本实验。该实验为了证实电荷的不连续性,即所有电荷都是基本电荷的整数倍,就应该求出实验测得的各个电荷值的最大公约数。然后算出每个带电油滴电荷量子数。这是油滴实验数据处理中最关键的一步。这个最大公约数现在普遍采用以下两种求法,但都存在较大的缺陷,一种是“倒     

计算机编程在密立根油滴实验中的应用

用直线函数拟合了环境温度与空气粘滞系数的关系,并利用Visual Basic编写了密立根油滴实验的数据处理程序,提高了计算油滴带电量的准确性。利用Visual Basic程序的可视化界面形式体现,简化了数据处理过程。利用Origin软件对实验数据进行处理,直观显示了平衡电压、下落时间与油滴所带电荷数的关系。     

空气的浮力与不连续性对密立根油滴实验测量值影响的定量分析

密立根油滴实验通过测定带电油滴所带的电荷量来测定基本电荷的电荷量,并验证电荷的量子化效应.为了实验的方便,一些常用实验方法中将油滴所受空气浮力忽略,甚至忽略空气的不连续性对空气粘滞系数的影响,导致了测量结果的系统误差.基于静态法,定量讨论空气浮力及其不连续性对油滴电荷量测量结果的影响,发现忽略空气浮力所产生的相对误差不超过0.1%,而忽略空气的不连续性所产生的相对误差可以超过15%.因此,在实验中必须考虑空气的不连续性对空气的粘滞系数的影响,从而提高油滴带电荷量测量的精度.     

基于大数据分析思路的油滴实验数据处理方法

本文基于大数据分析思路,提出了在密立根油滴实验中一种优化的公约数数据处理方法,即最大概率比值法。该方法是将实验所得到的密立根油滴实验数据两两相比,并将比值接近整数比的数据提出,找出出现频次(概率)最大的公约数并取平均,在不使用元电荷公认值的情况下,得到最终的元电荷的实验值。这样,避免了人为因素对数据处理过程中的干扰,同时处理的数据量越大,越容易得到更为精确的数据处理结果。     

关于密立根油滴实验中的几个问题探究

通过建立密立根油滴实验中油滴下落的动力学数学模型，解释了油滴从开始下落便可视作为匀速的“合理性”。同时从微观分子碰撞角度解释了空气黏滞系数修正因子“b”的物理意义。最后使用直接代入公式法、修正R公式法和迭代运算法三种实验数据处理方法计算元电荷值，并得出迭代运算的方法得出的数据更稳定且误差小的结论。     

密立根油滴实验再认识

密立根油滴实验用于证明电荷量子化是合适的,但要将电荷量测量准确就不容易了,需要克服诸多实验上的困难,很多人借助"后期算法"进行修饰.油滴的布朗运动是一个重要因素,它对油滴平衡电压和下落时间都有影响,若合理应对,还是能改善测量的准确性,再结合电量-编号作图法,可以简洁地证明电荷量子化,并求得元电荷较为准确的值.本文还分析...     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.