中药口服液瓶可见异物移动检测系统研究

针对中药口服液中可见异物的检测为静态的自旋急停检测这一问题,提出了一种基于机器视觉的针对流水线上直线运动中的中药口服液瓶中可见异物的移动检查方法。此法为将停止不动的口服液瓶的自旋急停拍照检测,变为在药瓶水平方向运动的同时完成竖直方向上的自旋急停拍照检测。克服了连续拍摄图片中药瓶位置发生变化从而需要寻找药液区域的问题。基于改进的成像系统和机械系统,使待检测药瓶在边自旋急停边直线运动时完成杂质检测。检测基于改进的区域搜索方法,提出了先利用连续像素搜寻算法药液区域提高检测速度,再用前后三角形窗口算法判定药液区域提高检测精度,能快速抓取照片中位置发生变化的药液区域并利用差分法进行杂质检测。实验结果表明此算法可以快速有效的检测出异物,提高了检测速度。     

HPLC测定双黄连口服液中黄芩苷含量的实验条件优化

对HPLC测定双黄连口服液中黄芩苷含量的实验条件采用正交试验法进行研究,结合直观分析和方差分析综合讨论了色谱条件,寻找出影响HPLC测定双黄连口服液中黄芩苷含量较显著的因子以及色谱条件的最佳化趋势,通过系统设计实验,确定水中冰乙酸的百分含量为影响检测最显著的因子,并优选出最佳色谱条件趋势为:流动相甲醇百分含量为45%,水中冰乙酸百分含量为2%,柱温40℃。     

超声波-酸浸-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定烟叶中微量钙和镁

盐酸为浸提剂,超声波提取空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法测定烟叶样品中的微量钙、镁。与干法、湿法处理样品进行对照实验,三者间无显著性差异,超声波-酸浸法处理的精密度和回收率略优;测定了国家烟草标准样品GBW08514和GBW08515中钙、镁的含量,其结果与标准值相符;检测了9个2003年度湖南烟叶中的Ca、Mg含量,钙的校准曲线线性范围为0.0-5.0mg/L,线性相关系数是1.0000,方法检出限为0.1602mg/L,回收率为98.9%-101.5%,相对标准偏差≤0.28%;镁的校准曲线线性范围为0.0-0.8mg/L,线性相关系数为0.9992,检出限为0.0039mg/L,回收率为98.5%-102.6%,相对标准偏差≤0.36%;此法快速、安全,适合烟叶中钙、镁的快速检测。     

ICP-AES测定大豆粉中钙、铁和锌

试样经湿法消解后,采用ICP-AES同时测定大豆粉中钙、铁和锌.本方法所测结果顺利通过了CNAL T0186大豆中营养成分检测能力验证比对实验.     

基于液体阴极辉光放电—原子发射光谱法快速测定牛奶中钙含量

钙元素含量直接影响牛奶的品质,牛奶作为人体摄入钙营养素的一种重要食品来源,其钙含量分析样品量巨大,传统基于消解、灰化等复杂前处理的实验室方法分析效率较低,因此迫切需要建立牛奶中钙含量的快速及现场分析方法。近年来,液体阴极辉光放电-原子发射光谱(SCGD-AES)因无需真空条件和燃气、载气等附加气体而受到关注。自主开发了一套采用CCD检测器的便携式液体阴极辉光放电-原子发射光谱仪,采用牛奶样品直接稀释进样,考察了该仪器对牛奶中钙含量分析的适用性,建立了稀酸稀释进样-大气压液体阴极辉光放电-原子发射光谱法快速测定牛奶中钙含量的分析方法。对该法测定牛奶中钙含量的主要工作条件与参数进行了优化,结果表明：酸度对钙元素测定灵敏度的影响显著,采用1%(V/V)硝酸介质,该方法对钙元素测定具有最佳的灵敏度和稳定性。该方法将1%(V/V)硝酸作为牛奶样品的稀释液。系统考察了稀释倍数对牛奶样品中钙含量测定的影响,结果表明：采用100倍以上1%(V/V)稀硝酸稀释,牛奶中钙含量的测定准确度良好,未发现显著的基体干扰。将该方法应用于实际牛奶样品中钙含量的测定,稀释倍数选取100倍时,方法检出限为35 mg·L...     

示差折光检测-高效液相色谱内标法测定虫草中的甘露醇

研究了用示差折光检测 ,高效液相色谱内标法测定虫草中甘露醇的方法。虫草样品中的甘露醇用水超声振荡浸取 ,浸取液用 ZORBAX- C18固相萃取小柱预分离 ,以海藻糖为内标物 ,ZORBAX钙型阳离子交换柱为固定相 ,0 .0 5 g/L EDTA钙钠水溶液为流动相 ,示差折光仪为检测器检测虫草样品中的甘露醇含量。检出限在微克级 ,方法用于几种虫草样品的测定 ,结果令人满意。     

微波消解-ICP-AES与国标方法测定饲料中钙、磷含量的比较

用微波消解-ICP-AES同时测定饲料中钙、磷的含量,并与高锰酸钾法、钼黄分光光度法进行比较.结果表明,不同方法在精密度和加标回收率方面无显著性差异.前者操作简易,检测效率高,适用于饲料中钙、磷含量的同时测定.     

清热解毒口服液中微量元素的测定

用HNO3-HClO4(4+1)混酸消解液对三种清热解毒口服液进行消化处理,采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了消化液中微量元素Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg的含量。结果表明,三种不同品质的清热解毒口服液中微量元素含量差别较大,微量元素的含量可以作为清热解毒口服液质量监控体系的重要指标之一。方法的加标回收率在96.7%—104.0%之间,相对标准偏差RSD小于1.79%,测定方法准确快速,结果可靠。此测定结果为建立和健全中药的质量监控体系提供了重要的科学依据。     

混凝土硫酸钠腐蚀产物的高光谱检测方法研究

目前混凝土化学腐蚀损伤程度的检测主要是扫描电镜、能谱、XRD衍射等方法,这些方法对于在役的混凝土结构来说,易造成破坏,检测时间长,连续性差。提出了一种基于高光谱的混凝土腐蚀产物无损检测新方法。高光谱检测具有非接触、方便快捷、连续无损的优点,但是受腐蚀混凝土实测光谱的解混模型和分析方法是实际应用的难点。该研究根据混凝土遭受硫酸钠侵蚀生成产物的特点,将硫酸钠侵蚀后混凝土的光谱划分成两个组分光谱的线性混合,一个组分是水泥的水化产物光谱反射率,另一个组分是硫酸钠侵蚀下生成主要产物钙矾石和石膏的光谱反射率。在光谱比值导数模型的基础上,建立混凝土腐蚀产物的光谱解混模型。以在清水和10%Na₂SO₄溶液中连续浸泡的混凝土试块为研究对象,按照15 d的采集周期,在30～120 d连续测量两组混凝土的反射光谱。数据经过平滑、包络线去除后,利用混凝土腐蚀产物的光谱解混模型进行处理。数据一次解混后,分析解混后光谱曲线光谱特征和变化规律,与钙矾石和石膏混合物的标准光谱曲线进行SFF匹配拟合分析。并结合扫描电镜和X射线衍射方法检测此次试验中钙矾石和石膏腐蚀产物的生成情况。利用混凝土比值后的光谱曲线除以石膏光谱曲线,完成了实测光谱的二次解混处理,分析了钙矾石的生成量在30～120 d腐蚀过程中变化趋势。试验结果表明,（1）试验中清水和10%Na₂SO₄溶液中不同龄期的两组混凝土,反射光谱特征随着腐蚀时间的增加区分度明显。两组试块均在1 445和1 945 nm附近有较强吸收特征,但吸收深度不同,10%Na₂SO₄溶液混凝土光谱曲线的吸收深度、吸收面积明显大于清水中的混凝土;（2）实测光谱曲线经过混凝土光谱解混模型一次处理后的曲线,在1 450和1 945 nm左右处有明显的吸收深谷,与石膏和钙矾石混合物标准光谱的光谱特征一致,两者光谱曲线的SFF匹配拟合数值达到了0.96;（3）利用比值后的光谱除以石膏光谱后的曲线很好的突出了腐蚀产物钙矾石的光谱特征。发现随着腐蚀龄期的增长,钙矾石在30～120 d生成量的丰度呈现先降后升趋势。（4）根据混凝土试块腐蚀状态下的高光谱数据分析、扫描电镜和X射线衍射的检测结果,验证了混凝土光谱解混模型在混凝土检测中能够正确解算出腐蚀产物的类型和丰度,为混凝土高光谱无损检测提供了理论基础。     

FAAS法测定饮料中钙的质量控制方法

本文在应用ＦＡＡＳ法测定饮料中钙的实验过程中，采用Ｘ－Ｓ控制图和Ｐ－ＳＰ控制图，对检测过程全面地进行了质量控制。同时采用了平行双样相对偏差表，监控实验过程的精密度，收到了令人满意的结果。较好的解决了用ＦＡＡＳ法测定常量元素钙的质量控制方法，测定值与文献报导值相符。     

Model for Influences of Magnetic Fields on Intracellular Calcium Oscillations

Based on the model of the two calcium stores developed by Goldbeter, the influence of external magnetic field on the calcium concentration has been discussed. We believe that the cell membrane is a major site of interaction for extremely-low-frequency （ELF） electromagnetic fields, and the permeability of ions can be changed with the changing electromagnetic fields. It is shown that magnetic field initiates intraeellular calcium oscillation with a threshold in flux density, and that the calcium oscillations do not occur if the density of magnetic field is below the threshold. The results of theoretical calculation are consistent with that of the experiment. The intracellular free calcium concentrations of different cells exposed to the same magnetic fields are different from each other. It is indicated that the different behaviors such as oscillation, rise and invariability of calcium concentration are associated with the sort of cells.     

Model for Influences of Magnetic Fields on Intracellular Calcium Oscillations

Based on the model of the two calcium stores developed by Goldbeter, the influence of external magnetic field on the calcium concentration has been discussed. We believe that the cell membrane is a major site of interaction for extremely-low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields, and the permeability of ions can be changed with the changing electromagnetic fields. It is shown that magnetic field initiatesintracellular calcium oscillation with a threshold in flux density, and that the calcium oscillations do not occur if the density of magnetic field is below the threshold. The results of theoretical calculation are consistent with that of the experiment. The intracellular free calcium concentrations of different cells exposed to the same magnetic fields are different from each other. It is indicated that the different behaviors such as oscillation, rise and invariability of calcium concentration are associated with the sort of cells.     

Comparative Investigations on Intestinal Calcium Absorption from Two Therapeutic Preparations in Postmenopausal Women

Abstract

Intestinal calcium absorption from two different therapeutic preparations was compared intraindividually in 12 postmenopausal women. An amount of 800 mg of calcium as lactogluconate/carbonate or citrate was given in random order respectively. Each test dose was labelled with stable ⁴⁴Ca. At the same time a tracer dose of ⁴²Ca was injected intravenously. The amount of calcium absorbed was derived from the ratio of the stable tracers in blood serum and urine 24 hours after administration. Mean bioavailability of the calcium citrate preparation was higher (30%) than from the calcium lactogluconate/carbonate preparation (25%).     

Finding of Optimal Calcium Ion Probes for Fluorescence Lifetime Measurement

We have investigated the fluorescence lifetime properties of 8 calcium ion probes, calcium-green-1, calcium green-2, calcium green-5N, calcium orange, oregon green 488 BAPTA-6F, fluo-3, fluo-4, and fluo-5N. We found that the decay time of calcium green-5N varied more sensitively with calcium concentration than calcium green-1 which was known to be a highly sensitive probe. We have also found that the center of observable range of calcium concentration by fluorescence lifetime measurement is lower than that by fluorescence intensity measurement.     

An Electroacoustic Investigation of Concentrated Aqueous Suspensions of Calcium Pyrophosphate

The zeta potential of concentrated suspensions of calcium pyrophosphate were investigated using electroacoustics. The particles were negatively charged over the entire pH range studied. It proved impossible to reduce the pH of the suspension below 1.8, but the iso electric point could be estimated to occur at approximately pH 1. Two commercially available dispersants (one cationic and one anionic) were then added in small increments to the suspension in order to follow the change in zeta potential as the dispersants adsorbed onto the particles. From the shape of the curve it was possible to estimate the optimum adsorbed amount of dispersant required to fully coat the particles. The cationic dispersant adsorbed strongly and the optimum dosage was estimated at 2.5 ml of active polymer/kg of powder. Anionic dispersants are known to adsorb onto negatively charged ceramic oxide particles, but the anionic dispersant used in this study did not adsorb onto the negatively charged calcium pyrophosphate particles.     

Spatiotemporal Aspects of Prolactin-Induced Calcium Signaling

We have examined the spatiotemporal aspects of PRL-induced Ca²⁺ signals using high-speed fluo-3 confocal imaging. We found that PRL stimulated Ca²⁺ entry and intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization. Ca²⁺ influx was seen as a peripheral increase in [Ca²⁺]_i without amplification in the nucleus region. Intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization was seen as a propagating intracellular calcium wave with a strong amplification in the nuclear region. The amplitude of PRL-induced Ca²⁺ increases would be sufficient to stimulate cell proliferation. Furthermore, PRL induced an increase in [³H]thymidine incorporation. These data suggest that PRL would be able to induce mitogenesis through a Ca²⁺-dependent pathway.     

哺乳动物尿液中钙镁离子浓度的1H NMR测定方法

哺乳动物体液中的钙镁离子浓度能够反映体内营养代谢的平衡与一些疾病的发生发展. 尿液中钙镁离子浓度的准确测量需要不受基质影响的便捷新方法. 该文使用过量乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)为探针并通过¹H NMR方法测定钙镁离子与EDTA络合物的含量,建立了一种快速原位的尿液钙镁离子浓度测量方法. 将此方法分别用于人、大鼠及小鼠的尿液测定,发现3类哺乳动物的尿液钙镁离子浓度存在显著的物种依赖性和较大的相同物种个体间差异. 上述为生物体液中钙镁离子浓度的快速定量测量提供了便捷方法,也提供了3类哺乳动物尿液钙镁离子浓度的基础数据.     

基于孔道突变的钙库控制钙离子通道的门控机制研究

钙释放激活的钙通道(CRAC)是非兴奋性细胞中钙离子内流的主要途径. 然而,CRAC激活过程受到多种因素的调控,研究的主要困难在于该通道蛋白的孔结构Orai及其激活蛋白STIM复合体的结构复杂,难以在原子尺度上通过实验观察到完整的激活及失活过程. 电生理和生化实验表明,与野生型Orai孔道的开启需要STIM蛋白激活不同,Orai蛋白上某些氨基酸的突变会导致其变成自发开启的状态. 因此,研究者普遍使用处于自发开启状态的通道突变体,通过研究突变体的结构和电生理性质,推测野生型孔道在生理条件下可能的激活机制,并提出了不同的调控机制模型(Biopolymers 111,e23392 (2020)). 然而,突变体是否可以真实地反映CRAC通道的激活机理还存在一些不确定性. 本文采用微秒级分子动力学模拟,结合自由能计算和基于电扩散连续模型的有限元分析,系统性地探索了三种处于激活状态的dOrai突变体(G170P、H206A和P288A)的结构及动态变化、离子通过自由能及电流电压曲线,并与以往工作中对于其它突变体(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110,17332 (2013);J. Phys. Chem. B 118,9668 (2014))以及野生型处于开启状态的一种可能的结构模型(iScience 16,356 (2019))进行比较. 计算结果表明,三种突变体的孔道结构均呈现出扩张的趋势,孔道内水分子的有序排布程度降低,从而显著降低了阳离子在孔道内扩散的自由能. 但不同的dOrai突变体采用了不同的模式来保持其通道处于激活状态. 具体的说,G170P突变体通过引入脯氨酸使直接形成孔道的跨膜螺旋TM1发生显著弯曲,从而有效增大孔径. H206A和P288A突变体都是通过别构效应间接地改变孔道结构：其中H206A 通过在TM1外侧的跨膜螺旋TM2上引入侧链较小的丙氨酸而破坏同一条链上TM1和TM2间的堆积作用,引起TM1的扩张;而P288A的突变位点处于孔道蛋白最外侧的跨膜螺旋TM4上,减小TM4的弯曲程度,并进一步将构象变化传递到孔道中心的TM1,从而使得孔径增大而激活通道. 因此,虽然三个突变体均可以导致Orai孔道的自发激活,但突变位点各不相同,导致构象变化的分子机制也各有差异. 此外,与野生型dOrai通道处于激活状态的结构模型相比,上述突变体的孔道结构、整流性质和阳离子选择性都有明显差异. 因此,对于突变体的研究可以为理解Orai 通道的激活机制提供信息,但并不能真实地反映生理条件下由激活蛋白STIM调控的Orai通道的门控过程.     

钠氟石温致结构变化的拉曼光谱研究

本文测定了钠氟石(NaF·2CaO·SiO2)的常温拉曼光谱, 并运用Dmol3密度泛函(DFT) 理论对其晶体中主要结构单元的简正振动模式进行了计算。通过实验值与计算值的比较, 确定了其特征峰的归属。同时, 采用高温拉曼光谱仪原位实测了钠氟石在不同的升温速率下的变温拉曼光谱。研究表明, 钠氟石在缓慢升温过程中会分解成NaF和Ca2SiO4; 快升至熔点附近, 熔化成液态, 快冷至室温, 仍分解成β- Ca2SiO4。     

Calcium imaging using fluorescence lifetimes and long-wavelength probes

We describe imaging of calcium concentrations using the long-wavelength Ca²⁺ indicators, Calcium Green, Orange, and Crimson. The lifetimes of these probes were measured using the frequency-domain method and were found to increase from 50% to severalfold in response to calcium. The two-dimensional images of the calcium concentration were obtained using a new apparatus for fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). We also describe procedures to correct for the position-dependent frequency response of the gain-modulated image intensifier used in the FLIM apparatus. Importantly, the FLIM method does not require the probe to display shifts in the excitation or emission spectra. Using the FLIM method, calcium imaging is possible using probes which display changes in lifetime in response to calcium. Consequently, calcium imaging is possible with excitation wavelengths ranging from 488 to as long as 620 nm, where autofluorescence and/or photochemical damage is minimal. These probes are also suitable for calcium measurements of single cells using lifetime-based flow cytometry.