过渡金属氧化物掺杂对铜锰氧化物催化CO氧化性能的影响

以乙酸铜和乙酸锰为铜锰前驱体,以NH4HCO3为沉淀剂,相应金属硝酸盐为掺杂剂,采用共沉淀法制备了不同过渡金属氧化物掺杂的铜锰氧化物催化剂.采用N2物理吸附、X射线衍射,氢气-程序升温还原和原位红外漫反射光谱等方法对催化剂进行了表征,考察了系列催化剂上CO反应性能.结果表明,掺杂过渡金属氧化物可以调变催化剂对CO的吸附能力,进而影响催化剂性能.     

In This Issue

正封面:蔡丽娜等合成了过渡金属氧化物(Ce,Fe)掺杂的铜锰氧化物催化剂,发现过渡金属氧化物的存在可调变催化剂对CO的吸附能力,进而影响催化剂的CO氧化反应性能.见本期第159–167页.Cover:Li and coworkers in their Article on pages 159–167 reported the preparation of copper manganese oxide catalysts doped with transition metal oxides,which could modify the CO adsorption ability of the catalyst and thus affect the catalytic oxidation of CO.     

过渡金属掺杂的g-GaN吸附Cl2和CO气体分子的第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算, 系统研究了类石墨烯氮化镓(g-GaN)和掺杂过渡金属原子(TM)的 g-GaN 对 Cl₂和CO气体分子的吸附行为。结果表明, Cl₂和 CO在本征 g-GaN上的吸附均为物理吸附, 2个体系的吸附能均为正值, 表明体系不稳定。相反, Cl₂和 CO在 Fe和 Co掺杂的 g-GaN上吸附时的吸附能为负值, 且吸附能较小, 表明吸附体系稳定。通过分析态密度、电荷密度差和能带结构等性质, 可以得出结论:过渡金属原子的引入能有效增强气体分子与 g-GaN之间的相互作用。     

过渡金属掺杂的g-GaN吸附Cl2和CO气体分子的第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算,系统研究了类石墨烯氮化镓(g-GaN)和掺杂过渡金属原子(TM)的g-GaN对Cl₂和CO气体分子的吸附行为。结果表明,Cl₂和CO在本征g-GaN上的吸附均为物理吸附,2个体系的吸附能均为正值,表明体系不稳定。相反,Cl₂和CO在Fe和Co掺杂的g-GaN上吸附时的吸附能为负值,且吸附能较小,表明吸附体系稳定。通过分析态密度、电荷密度差和能带结构等性质,可以得出结论：过渡金属原子的引入能有效增强气体分子与g-GaN之间的相互作用。     

FeMn、FeMnNa和FeMnK催化剂上合成气制低碳烯烃的比较

研究了钠、钾助剂对FeMn 合成低碳烯烃催化剂结构及性能的影响. 低温N₂吸附、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、X射线衍射（XRD）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、CO/CO₂程序升温脱附（CO/CO₂-TPD）、Mössbauer 谱和CO+H₂反应的研究结果表明,增加Mn助剂含量促进了活性相的分散和低碳烯烃的生成,而过多锰助剂在催化剂表面的富集则降低了费托合成反应的CO转化率;钾助剂和钠助剂的加入均抑制了催化剂的还原并且促进了CO₂和CO的吸附. 比较还原后（H₂/CO摩尔比为20）和反应后（H₂/CO摩尔比为3.5）催化剂的体相结构可以发现,在FeMn、FeMnNa和FeMnK催化剂中,由于钾助剂的碱性和CO吸附能力较强,因此体相中FeC_x的含量相对较高;而活性测试结果表明,FeMnNa催化剂拥有最好的CO转化率（96.2%）和低碳烯烃选择性（30.5%,摩尔分数）.     

“嵌入模型”在γ-Al2O3负载单组分和双组分金属氧化物催化剂中的应用

探讨负载型金属氧化物催化剂的表面组分与载体之间的相互作用, 有助于理解相关催化剂的催化作用本质. 近年来, 我们对单组分CuO以及双组分CuO-Mn₂O₃, CuO-CoO等金属氧化物在γ-Al₂O₃载体表面的分散行为和存在状态, 及其物理化学性质和催化性能(CO+O₂和NO+CO模型反应)进行了研究. 结果表明, 这些金属氧化物在γ-Al₂O₃载体表面的分散行为和所得负载型催化剂样品的一些物理化学性质及其催化性能均可参照“嵌入模型”来解释. 在此基础上, 我们讨论了这些样品的“组成-结构-性质”间的关系, 并针对表面负载双组分金属氧化物样品提出了表面协同氧空位参与的NO+CO反应机理.     

K2CO3含量对Ni-Cu-Mn-K/Al2O3水煤气变换催化剂结构和性能的影响

以γ-Al₂O₃为载体，采用等体积浸渍法，制备了不同K₂CO₃含量的Ni-Cu-Mn-K/Al₂O₃水煤气变换催化剂，采用低温N₂吸附、XRD、TPD和TPR，考察了K₂CO₃含量对催化剂结构和性能的影响。结果表明:K₂CO₃的加入使催化剂的还原温度有所提高，适量的K₂CO₃能增加活性组分的电子密度，从而增强其给电子活化CO的能力，提高催化剂的活性。但过量的K₂CO₃使得催化剂比表面积和孔容降低，且导致催化剂对CO吸附过强，催化活性降低。当Ni-Cu-Mn-K/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂中K₂CO₃的添加量为7.5%时，且催化剂经530 ℃耐热15 h后，在350 ℃时水煤气变换反应中CO转化率达62.29%。     

CO预处理对CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

采用XRD，TPR，CO吸附in-situ IR，CO氧化反应等对CuO/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂经CO处理前后的结构、组成和催化性能进行了研究。结果表明，经CO在250 ℃下处理1 h后CuO/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂中出现了分散态Cu⁺物种，该物种的产生使催化剂的活性明显提高。     

国产航空煤油裂解催化剂Pt/ZrxTixAl1-2xO2的性能

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列Zr_xTi_xAl_1-2xO₂复合氧化物载体材料,考察了其作为裂解催化剂载体对航空煤油裂解反应的影响.?采用全自动吸附仪、X射线衍射、扫描电镜/能谱仪联用、NH₃-程序升温脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征.?结果表明,当ZrO₂：TiO₂：Al₂O₃质量比为1：1：3时催化剂具有最大的比表面积和孔容;具有最强的表面酸性和最集中的强酸中心密度,且具有良好的再生功能.?实验结果表明,载体ZrO₂：TiO₂：Al₂O₃质量比为1：1：3时催化剂上650?℃裂解产气量较热裂解提高了2.1倍,700?℃时提高1.4倍.?另外,该系列载体材料经1000?℃焙烧5?h后,所制得的催化剂几乎失去了催化活性.     

CO2吸附活化的研究进展

本文分析讨论了CO₂ 在金属催化剂和金属氧化物催化剂上吸附活化的机理及活化吸附态的反应性能, 提出了CO₂ 作为一种温和氧化剂在化工生产中加以综合利用的有效途径。     

选择性刻蚀制备铜锰复合氧化物及其CO催化氧化性能

由于在工业、环保和能源等诸多领域的潜在应用,低温CO催化氧化催化剂的研发引起了广泛关注.尽管贵金属表现出优越的CO氧化活性和稳定性,但是其有限储量和高昂价格一直限制着它们的实际应用.铜锰氧化物是著名的霍加拉特催化剂的主组分,价格低廉,催化氧化CO活性高,可高效替代贵金属催化剂.大量研究已证实, CO在铜锰氧化物上的氧化遵循氧化-还原机理,因此调变铜锰氧化物催化剂的氧化-还原性能对于改善其CO氧化活性至关重要.本文报道了一种简单的选择性刻蚀技术,即在铜、锰前驱物共沉淀过程中引入氨水作为刻蚀剂,利用氨水与铜离子的强络合作用选择性刻蚀铜组分,调变铜锰氧化物的铜锰比,有效改善了铜锰氧化物的氧化-还原特性,从而提高了其CO氧化性能. X射线粉末衍射(XRD)测试结果表明,初始制备的样品结晶弱,主要物相包含铜锰复合氧化物和氧化锰,此外还存在少量碳酸锰.不同浓度氨水刻蚀几乎未改变铜锰氧化物的物相组成.透射电子显微(TEM)照片中几乎没有发现晶格相,进一步证实这些铜锰氧化物的弱结晶本质.扫描电子显微(SEM)照片显示初始制备的铜锰复合氧化物主要由1.5?m左右的球形颗粒堆积而成,氨水刻蚀后颗粒形状变得不规则,表面更加粗糙,样品比表面积也从刻蚀前的85 m2/g增加到139 m2/g.理论上,氨水与铜的络合作用更强,样品主体和表面组成分析结果显示,随着氨刻蚀量增加,铜含量逐步降低,这清晰证实了氨有效地选择性刻蚀了铜组分. 进一步运用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氢程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、CO程序升温还原(CO-TPR)和氧程序升温脱附(O2-TPD)等测试手段表征了铜锰氧化物的氧化和还原特性,特别是氨刻蚀后催化剂氧化-还原性能. XPS分析显示铜锰氧化物中铜和锰物种的氧化态分别为+2和+3,氨刻蚀并没有改变两物种的氧化态. H2-TPR和CO-TPR证实氨刻蚀有效促进了铜锰氧化物中晶格氧从锰到铜物种的迁移,氨刻蚀同时还增强了与铜和锰键合的晶格氧物种的反应活性. O2-TPD结果进一步表明,氨刻蚀显著改善了铜锰氧化物中与铜键合晶格氧的释放.综合来看,氨刻蚀可有效促进铜锰氧化物的晶格氧迁移、释放和反应等氧化-还原特性. CO氧化反应研究显示,氨刻蚀大幅度促进了铜锰氧化物的催化活性.当反应温度在30?C时,相比于初始制备的铜锰氧化物催化剂,氨水刻蚀的样品上CO转化率提高了30%,达到90%转化率时的温度降低了20?C.关联催化剂结构表征和CO氧化性能数据发现,以表面Cu量归一化的CO氧化反应速率与催化剂的氧化-还原性能正相关.这一结果清晰证实氨刻蚀能显著改善铜锰氧化物的氧化-还原特性,进而有效促进其CO氧化活性.     

氧化镁上乙酸乙酯和乙酸丁酯氧化反应（英文）

采用新型无溶剂反应和回流的方法制得锰钾矿型氧化镁(K-OMS-2),同时采用常规方法制得氧化镁,并测试不同催化剂对工业排放气中有机挥发性物质(VOCs)中的模型化合物––乙酸乙酯和乙酸丁酯的催化氧性能.采用N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、程序升温还原和X射线光电子能谱等技术对催化剂进行了表征.所有氧化镁样品均表现出很高的催化乙酸乙酯和乙酸丁酯氧化生成CO2的活性,且制备方法对催化剂性能起着重要作用.新型无溶剂法制得的K-OMS-2纳米棒样品比常规的回流法制得样品表现出更好的催化性能,含锰钾矿型氧化镁的样品比常规方法制得样品表现出更高的活性.性能最好的催化剂也表现出较高的稳定性,在213和202 oC条件下,可分别使90%的乙酸乙酯和乙酸丁酯转化为CO2.催化剂性能的显著差异清楚地表明,对于所选VOCs氧化反应,采用新型无溶剂法制得的K-OMS-2纳米棒样品比常规法制备的氧化镁混合物更好,这可能与样品结构中含有更高的Mn平均氧化态有关.本文表明了催化剂性能与其表面化学性质间存在显著的关联,显示了K-OMS-2内在性质决定了其高的催化性能.     

球形氧化铝负载锰基双金属氧化物催化剂催化臭氧深度氧化NO

在工业锅炉烟气处理领域,由于锅炉容量低,烟气温度往往无法满足传统选择性催化还原(SCR)所需温度窗口.工业锅炉烟气成分的复杂性也给氮氧化物治理带来了严峻考验.臭氧深度氧化NO结合湿法洗涤同时脱硫脱硝技术具有独特的应用优势.传统臭氧氧化技术中,NO被臭氧氧化为NO2,进而在脱硫塔中实现一体化脱硫脱硝.但由于NO2溶解度相对较低,需要在脱硫浆液中加入添加剂提高脱硝效率,造成运行成本增加.NO经臭氧深度氧化后,NO2进一步转化为溶解度高的N2O5,传统脱硫石膏浆液即可实现高效吸收N2O5,从而有效提高氮氧化物吸收效率.但由于N2O5生成反应速率低,深度氧化存在臭氧投入量大、反应时间长及臭氧残留多的缺点.臭氧耦合催化剂深度氧化NO可有效解决以上问题.首先,本文采用溶胶-凝胶法合成一系列单金属氧化物(Mn,Co,Ce,Fe,Cu,Cr)作为臭氧深度氧化NO的催化剂.结果发现锰氧化物表现出最高的催化活性,在70oC下,O3/NO摩尔比为2.0时经过0.12 s的反应时间催化剂即可实现80%以上的转化效率.但根据N2O5生成的总包反应(2NO+3O3=N2O5+3O2)可以看出,O3/NO摩尔比为1.5时即可实现N2O5的完全转化.由于催化臭氧氧化反应温度较低,中间产物在催化剂表面聚集,占据大量活性位,进而导致无法实现1.5摩尔比的高效转化.通过采用球形氧化铝作为载体,避免粉末状催化剂紧凑型布置,增加换热面积,可有效降低催化剂表面中间产物聚集;同时延长了气体与催化剂的接触时间,提高反应效率.在球形氧化铝载体上负载锰基双金属氧化物(Ce-Mn,Fe-M,Cr-Mn,Cu-Mn和Co-Mn),在初始NO浓度为410 mg/m3,反应温度100oC,O3/NO摩尔比1.5,催化反应时间0.12 s的工况下,催化剂最终实现95%(Fe-Mn)和88%(Ce-Mn)的转化效率,剩余NO和NO2的浓度分别低于20 mg/m3(Fe-Mn)和50 mg/m3(Ce-Mn),臭氧残留浓度低于25 mg/m3.同负载单一锰氧化物(83%转化率)相比,双金属氧化物进一步提高了N2O5生成效率.因此,臭氧耦合催化剂深度氧化NO结合湿法吸收在工业锅炉超低排放(NOx<50 mg/m3)领域具有广泛应用前景.通过XRD、氮气吸附、H2-TPR和XPS等手段研究了催化剂的晶体结构、孔结构参数、氧化还原性能和表面原子价态.催化臭氧深度氧化NO主要与催化剂对臭氧的分解性能和对NO的氧化性能有关.较大的比表面积和孔容有利于催化剂的吸附.氧空位有利于臭氧的吸附和分解.Mn4+和Mn3+的均衡分布既有利于NO的吸附氧化又有利于臭氧的吸附分解,最终提高了N2O5生成效率.     

Identification of oxidation states of metal oxides by MALDI-TOF MS

For the detection of inorganic species, we have developed chemical reaction laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, and applied it to the analysis of metal oxides in different oxidation states. Metal oxide species insoluble in common organic solvents were finely grounded in a mortar and suspended in a solvent. The turbid suspension was placed on a sample holder on which a suitable chelating reagent had been previously spotted in a similar manner for sample preparation employed in the matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). By using this method, the mass spectra of manganese (II and IV) oxides (MnO and MnO₂), cobalt (II and III) oxides (CoO and Co₂O₃), and chromium (III and VI) oxides (Cr₂O₃ and CrO₃) were successfully obtained. By adjusting the experimental conditions, such as ionization modes and chelating reagents, the non-identical mass spectra were obtained for the elements in the different oxidation state. Thus, the oxidation states could be identified clearly.     

沉淀方法及铈掺杂对铜锰氧化物催化剂催化氧化CO性能的影响

The influence of Ce doping and the precipitation method on structural properties and the catalytic activity of copper manganese oxides for CO oxidation at ambient temperature have been investigated. The catalysts were characterized by means of the powder X-ray diffraction and N₂ adsorption-desorption, the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, the temperature programmed reduction, diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectra, and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that after doping little amount of Ce in copper manganese oxide, CeO₂ phase was highly dispersed and could prevent sintering and aggregating of the catalyst, the size of the catalytic material was decreased, the reducibility was enhanced, the specific surface area was increased and the formation of the active sites for the oxidation of CO was improved significantly. Therefore, the activity of the rare earth promoted catalyst was enhanced remarkably.     

Experimental and theoretical studies of carbon monoxide oxidation over W/Cu/Ce trimetallic oxides: the effect of W addition

It is a significant method to prepare highly dispersed polymetallic oxides using in-situ doping metal organic frameworks as precursors. Herein, a series of straw-like W/Cu/Ce trimetallic oxides were prepared by using phosphotungstic ionic liquid@Ce-based metal organic framework adsorbing with copper acetylacetonate as precursors. The effect of W content on catalytic activity of W/Cu/Ce trimetallic oxides for carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation was well-investigated. Comprehensive characterization methods and density functional theory calculations were adopted to reveal the property changes of Cu/CeO₂ catalyst by the addition of W. The results demonstrated that W, Cu, and Ce are highly dispersed in the prepared W/Cu/Ce trimetallic oxides, and adding proper amount of W can improve the activity of the catalyst. H₂ temperature-program reduction profiles, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations clearly revealed that after the addition of W, the strength of Ce-O bond is weakened, the oxygen vacancy is increased, and the adsorption of CO is enhanced, respectively, which are vital reasons for its high catalytic activity. In addition, the CO oxidation reaction pathway over prepared W/Cu/Ce trimetallic oxides based on the Mars-van Krevelen mechanism was studied, and the results exhibited that CO can wrest the lattice oxygen of W/Cu/Ce trimetallic oxides to form CO₂, which is also proved to be the rate-determining step in reaction process.     

N-band Hubbard models for copper oxides and isoelectronic systems. New models for organic and organometallic magnetic conductors and superconductors

The electronic structures of undoped and doped copper oxides and other related oxides are investigated on the basis of the N-band Hubbard models. The Hubbard Hamiltonians for clusters of transition metal oxides are exactly diagonalized by the full valence-bond (VB ) configuration interaction (CI) method in order to elucidate populations of doped holes, electronic excitation energies, etc. Possible mechanisms of the high-T_c superconductivity for oxide superconductors are discussed on the basis of the calculated results, together with available experiments. The analysis of correlation and spin correlation effects on doped copper oxides indicates theoretical possibilities of new models for organic and organometallic magnetic conductors and superconductors. Organic and organometallic analogs to copper oxides are therefore proposed on the basis of these results.     

Ce掺杂对碳纳米管负载Mn催化剂结构及SCR反应性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)负载Ce-Mn的催化剂,考察了Ce掺杂对Mn/MWCNTs催化剂上NH₃选择性催化还原(SCR)NO_x反应活性的影响.并运用透射电镜扫描、N₂吸附-脱附、程序升温还原、X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射等手段,重点考察了Ce掺杂对Mn/MWCNTs催化剂结构性质的影响.结果表明,Ce掺杂能显著提高催化剂的SCR活性,其活性增量随着Ce含量的增加先增大后减小;当Ce/Mn为0.6时,催化剂活性最佳.表征结果显示,Mn/MWCNTs中添加Ce后,金属氧化物在MWCNTs上的分散程度提高;催化剂的比表面积和孔体积增大,平均孔径减小;氧化能力提高;表面氧含量增加,Mn化合价升高;结晶度降低,Mn主要以无定形或微晶形式存在,Ce主要以CeO₂物相存在.     

Thin Films that Consist of CuO Mesocrystal Nanosheets: An Application of Microbial‐Mineralization‐Inspired Approaches to Thin‐Film Formation

Thin films of copper oxides can be synthesized on substrates by using approaches that are inspired by microbial mineralization processes. In nature, precipitates of manganese and iron oxides with controlled oxidation states and crystal phases are produced through biomineralization by microorganisms. We have previously reported microbial‐mineralization‐inspired approaches that are comprised of direct and intermediate routes for the controlled syntheses of transition‐metal oxides. Herein, these approaches are applied to the thin‐film formation and coating of copper oxides and a related compound with controlled crystal phases and morphologies. Thin films of CuO, Cu₂O, and Cu₂(OH)₃Cl were selectively synthesized by using direct or intermediate routes. Notably, CuO mesocrystal nanosheets formed a thin film over the whole of the substrate. The resultant CuO mesocrystal nanosheets showed enhanced properties for the electrochemical detection of dopamine. This study shows the potential applicability of microbial‐mineralization‐inspired approaches to thin‐film coatings.     

Effective modification of MgO with surface transition metal oxides for NF3 decomposition

NF3 decomposition over transition metal oxides coated MgO reagents in the absence of water is investigated. The results show that NF3 can be decomposed completely over pure MgO but the time of NF3 steady full conversion kept as short as 80 min, while the reactivities of coated MgO reagents were remarkably enhanced by transition metal oxides, for example the time of NF3 complete conversion over 12%Fe/MgO extended to 380 min. It is suggested that not only an increase in surface area but also a significant enhancement in the fluorination of MgO substrate caused by the surface transition metal oxides result in an improved reactivity of coated MgO reagents for NF3 decomposition.