碳制氢过程的比较及直接制氢分析

本文对不同碳制氢过程进行了热力学分析,比较了相同进料条件下,采用不同过程进行碳制氢时,过程的冷煤气效率以及最终产物组成,并分析了“一步制氢”中温度、压力、不同进料比对最终产物组成的影响。结果表明,直接制氧适宜的气化温度为923-973 K;增加水蒸气分压力(气化压力随之增加),气体产物的量增加;吸收剂有一最佳的量。     

电解水制氢的实验研究

搭建了电解水制氢的实验装置,并利用该装置研究了氢气与氧气的产生率与电流及时间的关系,同时测定电解装置的能效因数.     

铜修饰铁矿石的化学链制氢特性实验研究

化学链制氢是一种耦合CO_2捕集的高效制氢技术,铁基载氧体常应用于化学链制氢技术。赤铁矿的反应活性低且易发生析碳导致氢气纯度低,本文通过浸渍法添加铜修饰铁矿石,提高反应活性和制氢纯度.实验在小型流化床上进行,考察了850℃下化学链制氢过程中铜修饰对载氧体的反应活性、制氢性能、循环反应性质和析碳现象的影响。结果表明,与铁矿石比较,添加铜修饰可以显著提高载氧体反应活性和氢气产量,并且铜的添加可以有效抑制析碳,获得高纯度的氢气。在循环过程中,铜修饰铁矿石展现出更好的循环稳定性。     

叠层扩散层对质子交换膜电解池性能影响的实验研究

质子交换膜电解水制氢技术的发展受到成本的约束。通过提高电流密度以提高单位质子交换膜电解池的氢产量可以降低单位应用成本，但高电流密度下电解池内部传质过电势的升高会导致制氢效率的下降。本文从降低质子交换膜电解池在高电流密度下的传质过电势入手，设计了有利于传质的“钛毡–钛网”式叠层扩散层结构，并进行对照实验分析了不同扩散层结构对电解池性能的影响规律。实验证明，钛毡叠加30目钛网的叠层扩散层结构可以使高电流密度(5 A/cm²)下的传质过电势降低至0.25 V(与钛毡或30目钛网作为扩散层相比，传质过电势分别降低了0.24 V与0.55 V)，本项工作也为后续扩散层结构的优化提供了思路。     

电站中液化天然气可用冷能的回收利用

液化天然气（ＬＮＧ）具有大量可用冷能。本文提出一种高效回收ＬＮＧ可用冷能的方法,即以蒸汽动力循环中气轮机排出的乏气为热源,结合天然气直接膨胀和二次冷媒动力循环。并对该循环进行了详细分析,对其参数进行了优化。利用这种方法,ＬＮＧ可用冷能的回收效率可达５５％左右。     

维持LNG冷能空分装置连续运行的方案研究

LNG(液化天然气)蕴含的冷能应用于空气分离,既节约了传统空分大量的压缩制冷功耗,同时也满足了日益增长的气体需求。由于接收站LNG的气化量在不同时段和不同季节因用户的用气波动而频繁变化,致使LNG冷能空分装置因冷量中断而被迫频繁停车,冷能空分项目的连续稳定运行受到了一定的制约。针对此问题,提出了利用液氮冷媒补冷,维持空分装置连续运行的方案,研究结果表明:LNG冷能供应中断时,通过利用液氮冷媒补冷可维持空分装置连续运行,相比较空分装置直接停车再冷开车,该方案经济上切实可行。     

基于临界区传热特性的LNG冷能与空分系统集成与优化

本文提出了一种利用LNG冷能的新型空分流程,利用LNG冷能冷却进入氮压机的下塔顶部氮气并使其节流液化,部分液体作为产品输出,部分液体流入过冷器后进入上塔顶部完成回流,节流产生的高压氮返回LNG冷能换热器补充冷能。本文采用MATLAB编程对该流程进行计算,并考虑冷热流体在临界区比定压热容随温度剧烈变化的特性,分析氮气压缩机入口温度与总压比对系统能耗、LNG冷能利用率的影响。计算结果表明:氮气压缩机入口温度的降低会同时降低氮压机耗功和LNG冷能利用率,系统等效能耗随其先降低后升高;氮气压缩机总压比的升高会增加氮压机耗功与LNG冷能利用率,但系统等效能耗随之降低;将氮气压缩机入口温度选定为准临界温度时冷能利用系统的等效能耗最低,LNG冷能的利用最高效,相较于已有文献研究结果,本研究所设计新流程的单位液体产品能耗与LNG冷能利用率等指标均有大幅度提高。     

LNG冷能利用的液体空分流程形式比较

通过对利用LNG将空气液化或氮气液化,两种不同的冷量传递方式的模拟计算,比较了利用LNG冷能的液体空分装置的两种流程组织形式的特点,并对装置的安全性进行分析。     

微生物电解池制氢研究进展

微生物电解池(MECs)是一种以微生物为电解制氢电池的阴极或阳极催化剂,将有机物间接转化为氢气的新型高效节能制氢技术. 此类可再生制氢技术的开发,仍面临如何提高制氢速率、降低能耗以及成本等方面的挑战. 本综述着重介绍MECs制氢的最新研究进展,首先扼要介绍了MECs技术制氢的工作原理和反应机理,总结并讨论了近几年电极材料、以及用于制氢的代表性电催化剂的研究进展,并且总结了不同有机物基底对MECs制氢性能的影响,最后提出了MECs制氢技术研究面临的几个关键挑战,展望提高MECs制氢性能的潜在方法.     

微生物电解池制氢研究进展（英文）

微生物电解池(MECs)是一种以微生物为电解制氢电池的阴极或阳极催化剂,将有机物间接转化为氢气的新型高效节能制氢技术.此类可再生制氢技术的开发,仍面临如何提高制氢速率、降低能耗以及成本等方面的挑战.本综述着重介绍MECs制氢的最新研究进展,首先扼要介绍了MECs技术制氢的工作原理和反应机理,总结并讨论了近几年电极材料、以及用于制氢的代表性电催化剂的研究进展,并且总结了不同有机物基底对MECs制氢性能的影响,最后提出了MECs制氢技术研究面临的几个关键挑战,展望提高MECs制氢性能的潜在方法.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.