Unique selectivity for the dimerization of propene on RhSn/SiO2 catalysts: implications on the mechanism of C---C bond formation and cleavage on bimetallic catalysts

A series of bimetallic catalysts RhSn_x/SiO₂ (x = 0.4, 0.7, 0.9, and 1.4) were synthesized by the reaction of the monometallic catalyst Rh/SiO₂ with Sn(n-butyl)₄ under hydrogen. Various chemical and spectroscopic methods indicated that the metals present were fully reduced, and that tin atoms rest on the surface, very slightly increasing particle size and producing isolated rhodium sites. The catalytic reactions of propylene/hydrogen mixtures in the presence of these bimetallic catalysts are compared with those of the monometallic Rh/SiO₂ catalysts. The mechanistically interesting reactions observed are those of carbon-carbon bond formation and cleavage. For the monometallic catalyst, olefin homologation and hydrogenolysis were observed, reactions which invoked the transfer of C₁ fragments from one olefin to another. For the bimetallic catalysts, a marked increase in the selectivity for C₆ products was observed. The presence of hydrogen is necessary to this reaction but selectivity for C₆ is enhanced when hydrogen is in deficit with respect to propylene. Selectivity for C₆ increases with the surface rhodium to tin, Rh^s/Sn, ratio to a maximum at 0.9. Low temperature favors the formation of C₆ and C₂ products.     

Unique hydrogenation activity of supported tin catalyst: Selective hydrogenation catalyst for unsaturated aldehydes

Selective hydrogenation of unsaturated aldehydes, crotonaldehyde (CH₃CH=CHCH=O) and cinnamaldehyde (C₆H₅CH=CHCH=O), has been studied over SiO₂-supported monometallic Sn and bimetallic Rh---Sn catalysts in the liquid phase. Over a silica-supported monometallic Rh catalyst, Rh/SiO₂, no unsaturated alcohol (crotyl alcohol or cinnamyl alcohol) was formed, whereas considerable amounts of the corresponding saturated aldehyde and saturated alcohol were obtained. The selectivity to the unsaturated alcohol was improved over the Rh---Sn bimetallic catalyst. The selectivity to the corresponding unsaturated alcohol attained ca. 65% over the Rh---Sn bimetallic catalysts. On the other hand, The supported Sn catalyst showed markedly high selectivity to the unsaturated alcohols. The selectivity of the Sn/SiO₂, attained 95% to crotyl alcohol and 100% to cinnamyl alcohol, respectively. Although the conversion of each unsaturated aldehyde over Rh---Sn/SiO₂ catalysts was greater than that over Sn/SiO₂ catalysts, the selectivity of Sn/SiO₂ catalysts to the corresponding unsaturated alcohols was superior to that over Rh---Sn/SiO₂. The selectivity of Sn/SiO₂ was also compared with that of Rh---Sn/SiO₂ at a similar conversion of the unsaturated aldehydes. The selectivity of Sn/SiO₂ was significantly greater than that of the Rh---Sn bimetallic catalyst. These results indicate that the high selectivity over Sn/SiO₂ was ascribed not to low conversion but to intrinsic selectivity of the Sn catalyst.     

Rh／L和Rh－Zn／L分子筛催化剂上乙烯的氢甲酰化反应

Ｒｈ／Ｌ和Ｒｈ－Ｚｎ／Ｌ分子筛催化剂上乙烯的氢甲酰化反应董永治，徐奕德，刘安明，李大明，黄林（中国科学院大连化学物理研究所催化基础国家重点实验室，大连１１６０２３）关键词Ｒｈ／Ｌ分子筛催化剂，Ｒｈ－Ｚｎ／Ｌ分子筛催化剂，氢甲酰化反应，乙烯近年来，氢甲...     

CO\begin{document}$ _{2} $\end{document} Reduction on Metal-Doped SnO\begin{document}$ _{2} $\end{document}(110) Surface Catalysts: Manipulating the Product by Changing the Ratio of Sn:O

The electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂RR) producing HCOOH and CO is one of the most promising approaches for storing renewable electricity as chemical energy in fuels. SnO₂ is a good catalyst for CO₂-to-HCOOH or CO₂-to-CO conversion, with different crystal planes participating the catalytic process. Among them, (110) surface SnO₂ is very stable and easy to synthesisze. By changing the ratio of Sn: O for SnO₂(110), we have two typical SnO₂ thin films: fully oxidized (stoichiometric) and partially reduced. In this work, we are concerned with different metals (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Os, Ir, Pt, and Au)-doped SnO₂(110) with different activity and selectivity for CO₂RR. All these changes are manipulated by adjusting the ratio of Sn: O in (110) surface. The results show that stochiometric and reduced Cu/Ag doped SnO₂(110) have different selectivity for CO₂RR. More specifically, stochiometric Cu/Ag-doped SnO₂(110) tends to generate CO(g). Meanwhile, the reduced surface tends to generate HCOOH(g). Moreover, we also considered the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The catalysts SnO₂(110) doped by Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, and Pt have high activity for HER, and others are good catalysts for CO₂RR.     

Fabrication of highly active Sn/W mixed transition-metal oxides as solid acid catalysts

Catalytically active Sn/W mixed transition-metal oxides were prepared by calcination of the corresponding Sn/W hydroxide precursors at different temperatures. The obtained mixed oxides were characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. With variation of the molar ratios of Sn/W, the prepared Sn/W mixed oxide catalysts had different reaction activities. Thus, the Sn/W-2-800 oxide acted as an effective heterogeneous catalyst for the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of ketones and the Friedel–Crafts reaction. Many ketones, as well as benzyl alcohol and acetic anhydride, were transformed into the corresponding products with high conversion and selectivity. The catalysts can be easily separated from the reaction mixtures and can be reused for at least five cycles without significant loss of activity.     

Rh-Mn-Li/SiO2催化剂上CO加氢制C2含氧化合物:载体硅烷化程度的影响

以三甲基氯硅烷为硅烷化试剂,对硅胶进行不同程度硅烷化预处理,采用浸渍法制备了其负载的Rh-Mn-Li催化剂,用于CO加氢制C₂含氧化合物的反应,并运用红外光谱、N₂吸附-脱附法、C含量测定、透射电镜、H₂程序升温还原和程序升温表面反应等手段对载体和催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,制得的不同硅烷化程度硅胶织构性质变化不大,它们负载的催化剂上Rh平均粒径均在3nm左右,硅烷化对催化剂吸附CO的形态和Rh的还原性能的影响均很小,但随着载体硅烷化程度的提高,催化剂上Rh解离CO的能力增加,因而其活性逐渐增加,且不影响C₂含氧化合物的选择性。     

Cyclohexane transformations over metal oxide catalysts. 2. Selective cyclohexane ring opening to form n-hexane over mono- and bimetallic rhodium catalysts

The activity of monometallic Rh and Pt catalysts and bimetallic Pt—Rh catalysts on oxide supports in cyclohexane ring opening to form n-hexane was studied. The Rh-containing catalysts are highly active and selective in this reaction. Cyclohexane dehydrogenation predominates in the case of the Pt catalysts. The use of the bimetallic alumina-supported Pt—Rh catalysts allows one to minimize the contribution of cyclohexane cracking and to enhance the selectivity for n-hexane with the yield of the latter slightly depending on the metal ratio in the bimetallic system under the experimental conditions.     

Aqueous diastereoselective hydrogenation of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid in the presence of water-soluble Rh and Ir diphosphine complexes

Rhodium and iridium catalysts with chiral, water soluble diphosphine ligands, were used for the diastereoselective hydrogenation of folic acid disodium salt in water. Using a modified Rh/Josiphos type at 30 °C, l-tetrahydrofolic acid, a relevant pharmaceutical intermediate, was obtained with a selectivity of up to 49% de; at 70 °C turnover numbers of up to 2800 were achieved, albeit with lower selectivity. These results define the state of the art for this reaction.     

HYDROFORMYLATION CATALYSIS USING POLYMER-SUPPORTED MULTINUCLEAR RHODIUM CARBONYL CLUSTER CATALYSTS

A series of polymer-supported tetranuclear rhodium carbonyl cluster catalysts were prepared b the reaction of Rh_4(CO)_(12) with several kinds of polymer supports such as crosslinked poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PNVP) and crosslinked poly ( styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PMAn), and subsequently were used to catalyze the hydroformylation of olefins. The catalysts were characterized by IR, SEM and XPS. The influence of the supports structure and crosslinking, metal's content and particle size of the supports on the catalysts hydroformylation properties was studied. The factors which affect the catalytic conversion were also examined. The experimental results show that the polymer-supported Rh cluster catalysts possess very high catalytic activity and aldehyde selectivity as well as good reproducibility.     

Pd/C modified with Sn catalyst for liquid-phase selective hydrogenation of maleic anhydride to gamma-butyrolactone

Pd catalysts suffered from poor selectivity and stability for liquid-phase hydrogenation of maleic anhydride (MA) to gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). Thus, Pd/C catalysts modified with different Sn loadings were synthesized, and characterized by XRD, XPS, TEM and elemental mapping. The types of alloy phase and the amounts of the surface Pd-SnOx sites altered along with Sn/Pd mass ratios from 0-1.0 synthesized in the process of preparation. The maximum reaction rate was 0.57 mol-GBL/(mol-Pd min) and selectivity was 95.94% when the Sn/Pd mass ratio was 0.6. It might be attributed to the formation of Pd₂Sn alloy and less amounts of Pd-SnOx sites.