Contribution to the theory of helical beams with trapped electrons

Institute of Applied Physics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 1406–1411, December, 1990.     

Scalable quantum processor with trapped electrons

A quantum computer can be implemented by trapping electrons in vacuum within an innovative confining structure. Universal processing is realized by controlling the Coulomb interaction and applying electromagnetic pulses. This system offers scalability, high clock speed, and low decoherence.     

Energy distribution of trapped electrons

Electrons have been trapped in an electrostatic quadrupole trap with superimposed homogeneous field of a superconducting magnet. Changes of their energy distribution due to synchrotron radiation cooling or due to resonant cyclotron excitation have been observed.     

Composite pulses for quantum computation with trapped electrons

In a scalable quantum computer, based on trapped electrons in vacuum, qubits are encoded in the external (cyclotron motion) and internal (spin) degrees of freedom. We show how to extend the technique of composite pulses to manipulate the cyclotron oscillator without leaving the computational subspace. In particular, we describe and discuss how to implement the explicit pulse sequence which operates the conditional phase shift between the cyclotron and the spin qubits.     

Surface trapped excess electrons on ice

Local trapping of excess electrons at the surface of solid water systems has recently been observed in large water clusters and at the ice/vacuum interface. The existence of stable surface-bound states for the excess electron may have important implications in atmospheric chemistry, electrochemistry, and radiation physics. By means of first-principles molecular dynamics we find that excess electrons induce a structural reconstruction of the ice surface on a time scale of a fraction of a picosecond. The surface molecular rearrangement leads to an increase of the number of dangling OH bonds pointing towards the vacuum and to the appearance of an electrostatic barrier preventing the penetration of the electron in the bulk. Both factors imply a remarkable stability for the surface-bound excess electron, with respect to its decay into the bulk solvated state.     

Experiments with intense secondary beams of radioactive ions

Electromagnetic mass separation applied on-line to accelerators and nuclear reactors is now a standard technique for producing preselected isotopic beams (A, Z selection) of nuclear reaction products. The development, performance and anatomy of a large on-line isotope separator facility, the CERN-ISOLDE, is discussed. As a result of recent technical developments it is now possible to study individual nuclei of about 40 elements, in many cases out to where the limits of nucleon binding are approached and half-lives become as short as 10 ms. It is shown that the nuclear reaction processes induced with the high-intensity several hundred MeV proton beam can provide secondary radioactive beams in almost all regions of the nuclidic chart with intensities which are not matched by any other method. The intense beams of 10⁸–10¹¹ atoms/s have opened up a number of new experimental possibilities like laser spectroscopy on radioactive atoms, radioactive targets for nuclear reaction spectroscopy, and precision X-ray shift measurements.     

Interaction of electrons and molecules with a single trapped nanoparticle

Highresolution nanoparticle mass spectrometry (NPMS) is used to study the interaction of electrons and molecules with the surface of a single, isolated particle stored in a three-dimensional quadrupole trap over weeks. IR-laser heating is employed as a fast temperature control. The kinetics of adsorption and desorption of molecules is studied for a 500-nm-diameter SiO₂ particle. A C₆₀ multilayer film has been prepared during online NPMS monitoring. Emission probabilities for secondary electrons are determined for a bare particle and a particle with a 40-nm-thick layer of C₆₀. From the molecular desorption rates (fg/h) at constant temperature binding energies of multilayer 1.47-eV and submonolayer 1.53-eV C₆₀ have been determined. Future perspectives of this new surface-science technique are discussed. PACS 68.43.Mn; 81.15.Ef; 81.70.Pg; 81.70.Fy     

Polarization detection of trapped electrons via interaction with polarized atoms

Electrons were trapped in an electrostatic quadrupole trap with superimposed homogeneous magnetic field. The electrons were polarized by spin exchange with a polarized atomic beam. The free trapped electron polarization was converted to a change in the electron translational energy via spin-dependent inelastic collisions with the atomic beam, and the electron translational temperature was monitored. Discussed are the development of this variation of the measurement technique, characteristics of electron storage, and the electron-polarized atom inelastic interaction as a function of electron temperature and time. The method has been applied to the detection of the (g-2) resonance of free, stored electrons.     

ECRH of trapped electrons in laboratory magnetoplasmas

Heating of plasma electrons by high power millimeter wave fields at cyclotron harmonic resonance is studied. A mirror field is modelled for the local trapping of electrons. It is shown that superthermal electrons can be generated as the consequence of the ECRH of trapped electrons.     

Nonlinear dust-ion-acoustic waves in a multi-ion plasma with trapped electrons

A dusty multi-ion plasma system consisting of non-isothermal (trapped) electrons, Maxwellian (isothermal) light positive ions, warm heavy negative ions and extremely massive charge fluctuating stationary dust have been considered. The dust-ion-acoustic solitary and shock waves associated with negative ion dynamics, Maxwellian (isothermal) positive ions, trapped electrons and charge fluctuating stationary dust have been investigated by employing the reductive perturbation method. The basic features of such dust-ion-acoustic solitary and shock waves have been identified. The implications of our findings in space and laboratory dusty multi-ion plasmas are discussed.     

Shock waves in magnetized plasmas with superthermal trapped electrons.

Formation of ion-acoustic shock waves (IAShWs) and their propagation nature in a magnetized plasma in the presence of superthermal trapped electrons are investigated for the first time via the fluid dynamical approach. A magnetized plasma system, comprising of inertial ions and non-inertial electrons following $\kappa$-superthermal trapped distribution, is considered to examine the basic features (amplitude, width, phase speed, etc.) of IAShWs in such a plasma. A diffusion effect (due to the ion kinematic viscosity) is taken into account. The reductive perturbation technique is adopted to derive the modified Korteweg de-Vries Burgers’ (mKdVB) equation and the solution of mKdVB equation (derived by adopting the tangent hyperbolic method) is used to investigate the dynamical and structural characteristics (speed, amplitude, width, etc.) of IAShWs. The influence of relevant plasma (configuration) parameters (e.g., the superthermality index $\kappa ,$ concentration of trapped electrons, external magnetic field, and obliquity angle, etc.) on the nature of IAShWs is examined. The applications of the results in space and laboratory plasma environments, where nonthermal trapped electrons are available, are briefly discussed.     

Propagation of non-diffracting intense ultraviolet beams

Ultraviolet pulses of 200 ps duration are focused in vacuum, and launched into the atmosphere through an aerodynamic window. Instead of diffracting, above a threshold of 100 mJ, the beam propagates in a self-induced waveguide in air. The peak electric field and beam profile are consistent with the eigenfunction of a modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The evolution of the beam waist with distance is calculated by a combination of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation and an equation for the nonlinear losses.     

Generating intense beams of low-energy molecules

A method for obtaining intense pulsed beams of molecules possessing low kinetic energies is proposed. The method is based on the formation of a cold pressure shock (shock wave) in an intense pulsed molecular beam interacting with a solid surface, which serves as a source of the secondary beam of low-energy molecules. The proposed method was successfully used to obtain intense beams of H₂, He, CH₄, and Kr molecules with kinetic energies not exceeding 10 meV, and H₂/Kr and He/Kr beams with kinetic energies of H₂ and He molecules below 1 meV.     

Modulational instability of relativistic ion-acoustic waves in aplasma with trapped electrons

The association between the modified Korteweg-de Vries solitary wave and the modulationally unstable envelope solitary wave in a weakly relativistic unmagnetized plasma with trapped electrons is discussed. The effect of trapped electrons modifies the nonlinearity of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation and gives rise to the propagation of the modulationally unstable ion-acoustic solitary wave. The amplitude of the envelope solitary wave increases while the number of trapped electrons decreases. The velocity of the solitary wave decreases with increasing ionic temperature and increasing particle velocities. The ion oscillation mode, which satisfies the nonlinear dispersion relation, is also derived. The theory is applied to explain space observations of the solar energetic flows in interplanetary space and of the energetic particle events in the Earth's magnetosphere     

Synchrotron radiation of electrons trapped in earth's magnetosphere

Relatively large fluxes of trapped electrons with energy above several tens of MeV in the inner radiation belt, established according to low altitude satellite measurements, invoked the question of their production of synchrotron radiation in geomagnetic field. Based on experimental data on electrons, rough estimate of the spectral density of synchrotron radiation at the Equator is obtained in the region of maximum emissivity. Relatively low value of the radiation flux implies that only precise measurements at 1 GHz allowing to measure the directivity of emissions may be relevant.     

Motion of trapped electrons in gyro-resonant electromagnetic field

It is shown that the phase space of magnetically trapped electrons in plasmas interacting with gyro-resonant electromagnetic waves is divided into two parts. In one, as a particle gains energy its turning point moves towards the region of weaker magnetic field; in the other, energy gain results in the turning point moving towards the region of stronger magnetic field, with possible detrapping.