制氧时可以作为催化剂用的两种物质

使氯酸钾分解制取氧气,除了用二氧化锰作为催化剂之外,还有氧化铁(Fe_2O_3)、氧化铬(Cr_2O_3)和氧化铜(CuO)等都可以使用。除此之外,作者还用褐色的河砂和家用的食盐进行过实验。下面是一些实验的结果:先用纯净的氯酸钾实验,把氯酸钾2克盛在试管里,用三芯酒精灯加热,用排水集气法收集气体,经过2分39秒才集得50毫升的氧气。用同样方法把2克氯酸钾和1克二氧化锰的混合物加热,只需43秒就可以取得50毫升氧气。用2克褐色河砂代替二氧化锰进行实验,51秒可取得50毫升氧气。但河砂并不是一种纯净物质,除了二氧化硅外,其中含有铁的化合物。如果把2克氯酸钾和1克氧化铁的混合物用同法试验,     

气固载流过程流体力学的研究

本文采用不同粒度及形状的固体颗粒(如海砂、河砂、铁砂及黄米等)在内径56mm、高10m 的载流管中进行了气固载汽过程流体力学的研究。提出用偏差系数K(同体积同重度园球颗粒的自由落下终端速度u 与非球体颗粒的自由落下终端速度u_t 之比)修正现用的园球单颗粒的曳力系数C_D_0与雷诺准数Re_0的经验式,使之用于归纳非球体颗粒的实验数据,得到了满意的结果。u_t 则用放射性同位素法测定。在Hariu 压降分布公式的基础上,本文分别提出了考虑固体颗粒与管壁、固体颗粒彼此之间的摩擦在内的固体颗粒摩擦压降,以及由于颗粒旋转运动而引起的气体涡流压降的计算式。并用电子模拟计算机求解在加速段及等速段的颗粒运动方程及能量方式,以得到沿管高的颗粒速度及压降。计算结果与实验测定值甚为吻合。并在此基础上模拟计算了各操作参数对管压降及颗粒速度等的影响规律。最后以一个统一的经验式归纳了本文和Hariu 对砂子的实验数据,说明在气固载流过程中,管径对固体颗粒的摩擦压降影响甚小。     

LC-MS/MS结合分子网络技术快速鉴定生三七和砂烫三七的三萜皂苷类成分

采用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)和分子网络技术,快速鉴定了生三七和砂烫三七中的三萜皂苷类成分。通过170～220℃高温河砂炒制获得砂烫三七,70%乙醇-水回流提取获得生三七和砂烫三七浸膏,利用D101大孔树脂以70%乙醇-水洗脱获得三七总皂苷。采用Agilent C₁₈色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,3.5μm),以0.05%甲酸-水和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在负离子模式下采集三萜皂苷对照品、生三七总皂苷和砂烫三七总皂苷的二级质谱信息。将经格式转换后的MS/MS数据上传至全球天然产物社会分子网络(GNPS)平台计算分析,借助Cytoscape 3.9. 1软件构建可视化分子网络,获得生三七和砂烫三七三萜皂苷的分子网络图。根据对照品、保留时间、特征碎片离子、MS/MS裂解规律和文献报道等信息,从生三七中鉴定出50个三萜皂苷,从砂烫三七中鉴定出60个三萜皂苷,二者共有23个皂苷类成分;生三七单独含有27个成分,包括11个丙二酰基取代的皂苷;砂烫三七单独含有37个成分,包括19个乙酰基取代的成分。其中有11个成分通过对照品进行验证。采用高效液相色谱法测定...     

HGZ－Ⅱ型自动辉光放电光源的研制

在仔细研辉光放电光源工作过程的基础上，在国内首先设计、制成了ＨＧＺ－Ⅱ型自动辉光放电光源。该光源除换样品外，实现了抽空、进气、对光、预燃、曝光、充气、复位等摄谱全过程的自动控制。有水压、真空度、短路保护措施和醒铃线路。设计合理，性能良好，操作简便，工作安全，可靠。程控部分的编排包括顺序控制。时序控制和条件控制。由于使用了通用执行元、器件，降低了成本，提高了耐用性。为满足表层，逐层分析的需要，还专门设计了计数电路。供电源实现了高压直流供电和脉冲供电。该光源可应用于合金中主成分和少量杂质分析及金属、合金表层，逐层成分分析。     

基于OBE和EHS理念的制药过程安全与环保课程体系建设

“制药过程安全与环保”为制药工程专业本科生必修核心课程，但其课程体系不完善，基于OBE和EHS理念，从课程目标、课程内容、课程思政、教材、教学方法、课程考核与评价方法等方面对该课程进行了建设和完善，取得了一些创新性成果与经验，制定了教学目标，创新性地设置了课程内容，开展了课程思政，主编了教材，提出了适宜的教学方法，建立了课程考核与评价方法，可以为全国其他高等院校类似课程的教学与建设提供有益的借鉴。     

HGZ—Ⅱ型自动辉光放电光源的研制

在仔细研辉光放电光源工作过程的基础上，在国内首先设计，制成了ＨＧＺ－Ⅱ型自动辉光放电光源。该光源除换样品外，实现抽空、进气、对光、预燃、曝光、充气、复位等摄谱全过程的自动控制。有水压、真空度、短路保护措施施和醒铃线路。设计合理，性能良好，操作简便，工作安全，可靠。程控部分的编排包括顺序控制。时序控制和条件控制。由于使用通用执行元、器件，降低了成本，提高了耐用性。为满足表层，逐层分析的需要，还专门设     

植物样品中单宁的微波溶出快速测定法研究

研究了利用微波代替一般的沸水浴处理试样的方法。对不同植物样品中单宁的浸提测定，与常规方法做了对照，并讨论了微波功率、时间、酸度等因素对测定结果的影响。研究表明，此法可大大地缩短测定时间，提高测定效率，节省人力、物力，不污染环境，便于大批量样品的测定，相对标准偏差≤１．４％，测定结果较为满意。为植物样品中单宁的测定，提供了一个快速、简便、准确的分析方法，并可借鉴于其它样品的测定。     

银基微电极方波伏安法测定矿样中痕量铅镉

研究了银基质微电极的伏安特性，经与玻碳电极比较，具有灵敏度高、重现性好、分辨率强、线性范围宽、使用寿命长等优点。并克服了宏观电极的某些缺点，消除了充电电流的影响，基线平稳，峰形清晰。     

19世纪化学界一颗闪闪发光的明星——纪念著名化学家本生逝世100周年

１９世纪以来，一直处于封建割据状态的德国，经过一系列政治、经济、教育体制的改革，提高了国民科学文化素质，加速了国家工业化进程。一批批学者纷纷到英、法等先进国家留学或进行学术访问，积极学习外国先进的科学技术，逐步实现了大学、实验室和工厂企业一体化的循环加速发展机制，使德国很快在钢铁、煤炭、机械、纺织、合成染料和药物等方面成为世界头号强国。先进的教学科研体制，优越的科研条件以及一系列奖励措施，大大调动了各行各业科学研究人员的积极性和创造精神，培养了一大批世界一流的科学家、高素质的企业家和工程师，为德…     

3—巯基—2—丁醇合成方法的改进及其异构体组成的分析鉴定

以丁酮、氨、硫为原料，通过综合反应合成２，４，５－三甲基－２－乙基噻唑淋－△＾３，再经水解、还原共三步反应合成了３－巯基－２－丁醇。考察反应温度、催化剂、时间等因素对反应的影响，确定了优化条件：在３５℃进行缩合反应，以磷酸作为催化剂在３５℃下水解４ｈ，以ＫＢＨ４作为还原剂在２５℃下还原。简化了操作，缩短了反应时间，降低了成本，收率达５４％。通过ＧＣ，ＧＣ－ＭＳ，＾１ＨＮＭＲ等手段确定了产品的组成及     

疏松砂岩油藏深部稳砂体系配方设计与应用

针对油藏充填砂的治理,研制了一种新型的防膨抑砂剂NTW-1。室内性能评价表明,防膨抑砂剂具有防膨和抑砂能力,其效果分别优于目前常用的其它抑砂剂或粘土稳定剂的平均水平10.5%和65.6%,同时现场使用简便、成本较低。根据油藏出砂机理,提出了“深部稳砂”新观点,以合成的防膨抑砂剂NTW-1为基础,研究了“深部稳砂”新体系配方,现场应用表明,与常规措施相比,该体系增强了充填砂与骨架砂间的结合力,阻止了深部充填砂的运移,缩小了出砂空间,防砂成功率和有效期分别提高了8.8%和37.3%,单井增油平均提高了46.2%。     

Sound-producing sand in Japan: major element composition and its minerals determined by X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence.

The major element composition, including two kinds of clay minerals and moisture content of sound-producing sand are reported for the first time. Sand from 33 beaches in Japan has been found to make sound. Ten sound-producing beaches were selected to compare with silent beach sand. Both sound-producing sand and silent beach sand are mostly composed of quartz and feldspar. The range of SiO2 content of sound-producing sand is not different from silent sand samples. This indicates that a high quartz content is not necessary to produce sound, although more than 60 weight percent of quartz is necessary. One silent sand recovered its sound after a 3.5 percent HNO3 treatment. Also, a small portion of clay minerals was found. A clean grain surface is a necessary factor for sand to produce sound. Illite was found in all silent sand samples.     

Bacteria transport through goethite-coated sand: effects of solution pH and coated sand content

This study investigated the transport of bacteria through goethite-coated sand, focusing on the effects of solution pH and coated sand content on the transport of Escherichia coli ATCC 11105. The first set of column experiments was performed in columns (length 30 cm, diameter 5 cm) packed with quartz sand coated with goethite in solution having a pH in the range of 6–9. The second was carried out in columns (length 30 cm, diameter 2.5 cm) with varying coated sand contents ranging from 0 to 100%. Results indicate that the bacteria transport in the coated sand was influenced by solution pH. Around pH 6 and 7, bacterial mass recoveries were low at 2.4–6.7% while they were high at 76.3–81.6% around pH 8 and 9. Around pH 8, the positively charged coated sand may convert to being negatively charged, causing an electrostatically repulsive interaction between the coated sand and bacteria, thus effecting a sharp change in the mass recovery. Results also reveal that the mass recovery decreased from 76.7 to 2.7% as the coated sand content increased from 0 to 100%, showing the nonlinear dependency of mass recovery on the content of coated sand. This study demonstrates the importance of the solution pH and coated sand content in the adhesion of bacteria to goethite-coated sand and furthermore contributes to the knowledge of bacterial removal in positively charged porous media.     

Characteristics of manganese-coated sand using SEM and EDAX analysis

"Manganese-coated sand" is a type of silica medium coated with manganese oxides, formed from the sorption of manganese oxides during long-term filtration via the process of rapid sand filtration, followed by aeration in a water treatment plant. Locally available manganese-coated sand, both for packing and as a byproduct of filtration processes for water treatment plants in Taiwan, was found to be a low-cost and promising adsorbent for removal of Mn(2+) from raw water. This study was conducted to build the basic data for coating hydrated manganese oxide on the sand surface to utilize the adsorbent properties of the coating and the filtration properties of the sand. In this study, gas adsorption porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy analyses were used to investigate the surface properties of the coated layer. An energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) technique of analysis was used to characterize metal adsorption sites on a manganese-coated sand surface. Results indicated that manganese-coated sand had more micropores and higher specific surface area, owing to attachment of manganese sand. Manganese ions penetrated into the micropores and mesopores of manganese oxide on a sandy surface; regeneration of manganese-coated sand could be achieved by soaking with pH < 2.0 acid solution. Results of EDAX analysis showed that the interfacial layer constructed the interface of manganese-coated sand. Acid and alkali resistance tests interpret a wide application range of pH for manganese-coated sand, and general temperature conditions do not affect the performance of this sand. Manganese-coated sand is potentially suitable for application as a packed bed for treatment of heavy metals from water. The results of this study can also benefit plant operational capacity data for engineering design.     

Distribution of uranium and thorium in fractionated sediment samples obtained from different locations across Thane Creek area (Mumbai,India)

Uranium concentration varies from 9.01 to 12.7, 8.03 to 11.5, 9.1 to 14.0 and 10.1 to 14.2 mg/kg in grab sediment, coarse sand fraction, fine sand fraction, silt and clay fraction respectively. Thorium concentration varies from 20.0 to 29.4, 17.3 to 28.6, 19.6 to 30.4 and 21.1 to 35.9 in grab sediment, coarse sand fraction, fine sand fraction, silt and clay fraction respectively. Uranium and thorium concentrations vary in different size fractionated sediment samples like silt and clay fraction > fine sand fraction > coarse sand fraction.     

Zirconia enrichment in zircon sand by selective fungus-mediated bioleaching of silica

One of the important routes for the production of zirconia is by chemical treatment and removal of silica from zircon sand (ZrSixOy). We present here a completely green chemistry approach toward enrichment of zirconia in zircon sand; this is based on the reaction of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum with zircon sand by a process of selective extracellular bioleaching of silica nanoparticles. Since this reaction does not result in zirconia being simultaneously leached out from the sand, there is a consequent enrichment of the zirconia component in zircon sand. We believe that fungal enzymes specifically hydrolyze the silicates present in the sand to form silicic acid, which on condensation by certain other fungal enzymes results in room-temperature synthesis of silica nanoparticles. This fungus-mediated twofold approach might have vast commercial implications in low-cost, ecofriendly, room-temperature syntheses of technologically important oxide nanomaterials from potentially cheap naturally available raw materials like zircon sand.     

CARBONATE EOLIANITES IN PUTIAN, FUJIAN (Ⅰ)——SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES AND PALEOWINDS

Carbonate eolianites in Houshijing, Putian, Fujian, consist of three sand ridges. The geometry and sedimentary structures of these ridges are described here, and their paleodune types and the paleowind directions are reconstructed on the basis of discussion of genesis. The authors consider that they were vegetated longitudinal dunes or sand drifts and wind shadow dunes or sand shadows which were formed by reworking of adjacent beach sand by prevailing northeast monsoon during the latest Middle Holocene. The wind directions in the past and at present do not appear to have obviously changed.     

SA耐火材料多晶结构与性能的研究

本实验采用磨具废砂和炉皮SiC废砂生产SA耐火材料，通过XRD分析和计算机处理确定各试样中的晶相（4H－SiC，33R－SiC，3C－SiC，α－Al2O3，β-石英和Al6Si2O13）及其各相的含量。通过材料性能与结构综合分析，确定较好的配方，其含量：磨具废砂50％，炉皮砂45％，结合剂5％，外加矿化剂2％。     

扎赉特旗油砂在氮气气氛下的热解制油研究

油砂是一种含有沥青或其他重质石油的沉积岩,主要用于提取油砂沥青,以生产合成原油。中国拥有相当数量的油砂资源,目前还未开采,仅处于初步研究阶段。加拿大在20世纪初期就展开了油砂的开采及制油研究工作,并于20世纪70年代由加拿大合成油公司实现了工业化生产。油砂生产的沥青和合成油已占其石油总产量的1／4以上。     

Water transfer characteristics in the vertical direction during methane hydrate formation and dissociation processes inside non-saturated media

In order to study water transfer characteristics inside non-saturated media during methane hydrate formation and dissociation processes, water changes on the top, middle and bottom locations of experimental media during the reaction processes were continuously followed with a novel apparatus with three pF-meter sensors. Coarse sand, fine sand and loess were chosen as experimental media. It was experimentally observed that methane hydrate was easier formed inside coarse sand and fine sand than inside loess. Methane hydrate formation configuration and water transfer characteristics during methane hydrate formation processes were very different among the different non-saturated media, which were important for understanding methane hydrate formation and dissociation mechanism inside sediments in nature.