Binding modes of cucurbit[6]uril and cucurbit[7]uril with a series of bis-pyridinium compounds

Binding behaviors of cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) and cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) with a series of bis-pyridinium compounds N, N’-hexamethylenebis(1-alkyl-4-carbamoyl pyridinium bromide) (HBPB-n) (alkyl chain length, n = 6, 8 and 10) guests were investigated using ¹H-NMR, ESI–MS and single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The results show that CB[6] and CB[7] can form [2]pseudorotaxanes with HBPB-n easily. When increasing the length of tail alkyl chain, the binding site of CB[6] at guest molecules changed from the tail to the middle part, while CB[7] remained located over the tail chain. As CB[6] and CB[7] were added in HBPB-8 aqueous solution, a [3]pseudorotaxane was formed by the inclusion of the internal middle site in CB[6] and the tail chain in CB[7].     

Recognition properties of cucurbit[7]uril self-assembled monolayers studied with force spectroscopy

Specific (host-guest) and unspecific (substrate-guest) interactions between self-assembled monolayers of cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) on gold (Au) substrates and neutral adamantyl (Ad) guests were resolved by studying these interactions at the single molecule level using dynamic force spectroscopy. The dissociation rate constants of the Ad-Au and the Ad-CB[7] interactions were 0.3 s(-1) and 0.03 s(-1), respectively, indicating that the specific binding is more stable. The probability of observing a specific interaction (40 ± 9%) is similar to the reported surface coverages of CB[7] monolayers on Au substrates. The higher strength and stability of the Ad-CB[7] interactions explains why, although presenting an imperfect coverage, CB[n] monolayers can be used successfully as a platform for surface immobilization.     

Binding selectivity of cucurbit[7]uril: bis(pyridinium)-1,4-xylylene versus 4,4'-bipyridinium guest sites

The binding interactions between the host cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and a series of linear guests containing bis(pyridinium)-1,4-xylylene and/or 4,4'-bipyridinium residues were investigated by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. CB7 was found to exhibit considerable binding selectivity for bis(pyridinium)-1,4-xylylene over 4,4'-bipyridinium sites. New pseudo-rotaxane and rotaxane compounds were synthesized utilizing the host-guest interactions between CB7 and the surveyed guests. [structure: see text]     

Cucurbit[7]uril moving on side chains of polypseudorotaxanes: Synthesis,characterization, and properties

Novel side chain polypseudorotaxanes with cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) threaded onto the side chains are synthesized from a water‐soluble polymer and CB[7] in water by simple stirring at room temperature. CB[7] beads could move from the hexyl groups to the benzyl and a part of viologen units in the side chains of polymer when the molar ratio of CB[7] to the monomer reaches from 1 to 2 as shown by ¹H NMR studies, and it is considered that the hydrophobic and charge‐dipole interactions of CB[7] are the driving forces. The sizes of the polypseudorotaxanes with different molar ratio of CB[7] to 4VBVHeP in aqueous solution increase with increasing the molar ratio of CB[7] to 4VBVHeP as found by DLS and resonance light scattering, while the typical cyclic voltammograms and UV–vis data indicate that CB[7] are not threaded in the viologen units of P4VBVHeP, and the oxidation reduction characteristic of the polymer is remarkably affected by the addition of CB[7]. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Guest Inclusion in Cucurbiturils Studied by ESR and DFT: The Case of Nitroxide Radicals and Spin Adducts of DMPO and MNP

We present an ESR and DFT study of the interaction of cucurbiturils CB[6], CB[7], and CB[8] with di-tert-butyl nitroxide ((CH(3))(3)C)(2)NO (DTBN) and with spin adducts of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) and 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane (MNP). The primary goal was to understand the structural parameters that determine the inclusion mechanism in the CBs using DTBN, a nitroxide with great sensitivity to the local environment. In addition, we focused on the interactions with CBs of the spin adducts DMPO/OH and MNP/CH(2)COOH generated in aqueous CH(3)COOH. A range of interactions between DTBN and CBs was identified for pH 3.2, 7, and 10. No complexation of DTBN with CB[6] was deduced in this pH range. The interaction between DTBN and CB[7] is evident at all pH values: "in" and "out" nitroxides, with (14)N hyperfine splitting, a(N), values of 15.5 and 17.1 G, respectively, were detected by ESR. Interaction of DTBN with CB[8] was also detected for all pH values, and the only species had a(N) = 16.4 G, a result that can be rationalized by an "in" nitroxide in a less hydrophobic environment compared to CB[7]. Computational studies indicated that the DTBN complex with CB[7] is thermodynamically favored compared to that in CB[8]; the orientations of the NO group are parallel to the CB[7] plane and perpendicular to the CB[8] plane (pointing toward the annulus). Addition of sodium ions led to the ESR detection of a three-component complex between CB[7], DTBN, and the cations; the ternary complex was not detected for CB[8]. The DMPO/OH spin adduct was stabilized in the presence of CB[7], but the effect on a(N) was negligible, indicating that the N-O group is located outside the CB cavity. Computational studies indicated more favorable energetics of complexation for DMPO/OH in CB[7] compared to DTBN. An increase of a(N) was detected in the presence of CB[7] for the MNP/CH(2)COOH adduct generated in CH(3)COOH, a result that was assigned to the generation of the three-component radical between the spin adduct, sodium cations, and CB[7].     

Binding modes of cucurbit[6]uril and cucurbit[7]uril with a tetracationic bis(viologen) guest

Binding behaviors of two cucurbit[n]urils (CB[n]) hosts with the [CH3bpy(CH2)6bpyCH3]4+ (bpy = 4,4'-bipyridinium) guest were investigated by 1H NMR and MALDI-TOF-MS experiments. While the CB[6] and CB[7] form [2]pseudorotaxanes with the host located over the hexamethylene chain of the guest, only the CB[7] forms a [3]pseudorotaxane with both host molecules residing over the bipyridinium groups. The initial CB[7] host vacates the inclusion of the hexamethylene chain as a result of the electrostatic and steric repulsions that would arise in simultaneous binding of adjacent aliphatic and aromatic portions of the guest.     

Cucurbit[7]uril: Surfactant Host–Guest Complexes in Equilibrium with Micellar Aggregates

In order to compare the formation of host–guest complexes between β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) or cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and cationic surfactants we studied the hydrolysis of 4‐methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (MBSC). The selected surfactants allowed the length of the hydrocarbon chain to be varied between 6 and 18 carbon atoms. Contrary to the expected behaviour, the values of the binding constants between CB7 and surfactants are independent of the alkyl chain length of the surfactant. In the case of β‐CD, however, a clear dependence of the binding constant on the hydrophobic character of the surfactant was observed. The values obtained with CB7 are significantly higher than those obtained with β‐CD and these differences are explained to be a consequence of electrostatic interactions of the surfactants with the portals of CB7. It was found that a small percentage of uncomplexed CB7 was in equilibrium with the cationic micelles and this percentage increased on increasing the hydrophobic character of the surfactant.     

Conductivity and Surface Tension Study for Cucurbit[7]uril Inclusion Complex of Cetyltrimethylammonium Chloride in Aqueous Solution

Conductivity and surface tension measurements have been carried out at temperatures between 298.15 K for cetyltrimethylammonium Chloride (CTAC) + H₂O and CTAC + Cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) + H₂O systems. The apparent critical micelle concentrations, the dissociation degree of the micelle, the hydrophobic contribution of the transfer free energy for the hydrocarbon chain of CTAC, the stoichoimetry and inclusion constants for the inclusion complex of CTAC with CB[7] have been determined. The influence of CB[7] and its complex on the micellization processes of CTAC is analyzed. It is shown that CB[7] partly screened the hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain of CTAC molecules from contact with the surrounding medium, and retarded the formation of CTAC micelles in a certain extent. CB[7] and the inclusion complex do not have any surface activity. The CB[7] and its complexes do not participate the formation of micelles of CTAC, and the complex has no effect on the micelle properties once the micelles are formed. The result suggests that β-CB[7] forms strong complex with CTAC, and the stoichoimetry is found to be 1:1, and the inclusion constants of CB[7]-CTAC complex are almost the same in different CB[7] solutions.     

荧光光谱法研究葫芦[7]脲与6-巯嘌呤和腺嘌呤的包结作用

采用荧光光谱法分别研究了葫芦[7]脲(CB[7])对6-巯嘌呤(6-MP)和腺嘌呤(ADP)的包结作用。实验考察了时间、pH值以及温度对荧光强度和包结作用的影响,利用Benesi-Hildebrand方程分别计算出6-MP和ADP与CB[7]的包结常数。结果表明:酸度对体系的包结有明显的影响。在pH值为8.0和2.0左右时,6-MP和ADP分别具有稳定和最佳激发和发射波长,随着CB[7]浓度的增大,体系的荧光强度都有明显增强,包结作用迅速(小于5 min)。实验得出CB[7]与6-MP和ADP的包结比均为1∶1,在298 K时的包结常数分别为3.6797×102L·mol-1和2.2033×102L·mol-1。通过热力学参数的变化,探讨了维系包结物稳定性的主要作用力。CB[7]是葫芦脲家族中水溶性最强的主体分子,作为一种安全低毒的药物载体极具潜力。     

Gold nanoparticles in organic capsules: a supramolecular assembly of gold nanoparticles and cucurbituril

Gold nanoparticles (相似文献   

Mechanism of the fast exchange between bound and free guests in cucurbit[7]uril-guest systems

The fast exchange is found to be due to the mismatch between the hydrophobic interaction inside the CB[7] cavity and the ion-dipole/hydrogen-bonding interactions in the port region of the CB[7]. This mismatch also induces the multi-step separation process between guest and CB[7] molecules, as elucidated by molecular dynamics simulation.     

Influence of self-assembly of amphiphilic imidazolium ionic liquids on their host–guest complexes with cucurbit[n]urils

Two symmetric amphiphilic imidazolium ionic liquids having ω-undecenyl chains form supramolecular complexes with CB[7] and CB[8] in water as revealed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-MS. Binding constants in the range 10⁴ to 10⁵ M^?1 were estimated from the conductivity measurements for the 1:1 complexes of these imidazolium ionic liquids with CB[7] and CB[8]. Radical initiated polymerization of these host–guest complexes at concentrations above the critical self-assembly concentration of imidazolium ionic liquids to form liposomes, destroys completely (CB[7]) or partially (CB[8]) the host–guest ionic liquid@CB[n] complex; this behaviour was proved by titration with acridine orange tricyclic dye, of CB[n]s in the colloidal solutions of the liposomes before and after performing dialysis to remove free CB[n]s. Thus, the increase in the fluorescence emission of acridine orange by CB[7] is not observed if the polymerized ionic liquid@CB[7] complex is submitted to dialysis to remove uncomplexed CB[7]. Analogous study by titration of absorbance change of acridine orange solutions caused by CB[8], reveals only a partial destruction of the host–guest complex by self-assembly of amphiphilic ionic liquid above the critical self-assembly concentration. The results obtained have been rationalized considering that the driving force for the formation of supramolecular ionic liquid@CB[n] complexes is a hydrophobic interaction between the apolar alkenyl chain and the cucurbituril interior cavity and that these hydrophobic interactions are disturbed when self-assembly leading to liposomes occurs.     

The formation of cucurbit[n]uril (n = 6, 7) complexes with amino compounds in aqueous formic acid studied by capillary electrophoresis

For analytes involved in dynamic equilibrium processes, capillary electrophoresis is a powerful method of determining binding constants. In this work, the complex formation between cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n] n = 6, 7) and some amino compounds was studied by capillary electrophoresis in aqueous formic acid (65% v/v). Four groups of positional and structural isomers (o, m, p-methylanilines; m, p-nitroanilines; benzidine and o-tolidine; alpha, beta-naphthylamines and 1,5-diaminonaphthalene) were selected as model compounds for study of their host-guest inclusion complexation. The interactions between CB[n] (n = 6, 7) and the model compounds were also investigated using a molecular modeling method. The results indicate that the interactions of the compounds with CB[n] (n = 6, 7) are strongly affected by the position of the substituent(s) on the aromatic ring and the ion-dipole interaction between guest molecule and CB. Furthermore, the type and the concentration of CBs on the separation and migration behavior of the amino compounds were also studied.     

Characterization of inclusion complexation of various tetraalkylammonium chlorides with cucurbit[7]uril by external high-pressure studies

The inclusion constants of tetraalkylammonium salts (ASs) with cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) were determined at high-pressures using methylene blue as a chemical indicator. CB[7] formed 1:1 inclusion complexes with ASs. We found a characteristic dependence of the alkyl chain substituents in ASs on the inclusion equilibrium, which was responsible for the formation of clathrate hydrates of the AS in bulk. Furthermore, we examined the effects of external high pressures on the CB[7] inclusion complexations of ASs having different alkyl chain lengths. Pressure dependence experiments allowed us to calculate the reaction volume (ΔV) upon inclusion; i.e., the volume change (ΔV_desolv) accompanying desolvation around the guest molecules and the volume change (ΔV_repel) caused by the water molecules repelled from the CB[7] cavity. The volumetric study for the inclusion of ASs with CB[7] showed that in the tetraheptylammonium ion, one arm (alkyl chain) was encapsulated in the CB[7] cavity, while in other ASs, two arms were located in the cavity. NMR measurements of the complexes and pressure-dependent studies provided unique information on the structures of the inclusion complexes of ASs with CB[7].     

Confinement induced thermodynamic and kinetic facilitation of some Diels–Alder reactions inside a CB[7] cavitand

The effect of geometrical confinement on the Diels–Alder reactions between some model dienes viz. furan, thiophene, cyclopentadiene, benzene, and a classic dienophile, ethylene has been explored by performing density functional theory‐based calculations. The effect of confinement has been imposed by a rigid macrocyclic molecule cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]). Results indicate that all the reactions become thermodynamically more favorable at 298.15 K temperature and one atmospheric pressure inside CB[7] as compared to the corresponding free gaseous state reactions. Moreover, the rate constants associated with the reactions experience manifold enhancement inside CB[7] as compared to the “unconfined” reactions. Suitable contribution from the entropy factor makes the concerned reactions more facile inside CB[7]. The energy gap between the frontier molecular orbitals of the dienes and dienophiles decrease inside CB[7] as compared to that in the free state reactions thereby allowing facile orbital interactions. The nature of interaction as well as bonding has been analyzed with the help of atoms‐in‐molecules, noncovalent interaction, natural bond orbital as well as energy decomposition analyses. Results suggest that all the guests bind with CB[7] in an attractive fashion. Primarily, noncovalent interactions stabilize the host–guest systems. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Side‐chain polypseudorotaxanes by threading cucurbit[7]uril onto poly‐N‐n‐butyl‐N′‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐4,4′‐bipyridinium bromide chloride: Synthesis,characterization, and properties

A novel side‐chain polypseudorotaxanes P4VBVBu/CB[7] was synthesized from poly‐N‐n‐butyl‐N′‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐4,4′‐bipyridinium bromide chloride (P4VBVBu) and cucurbit [7]uril (CB[7]) in water by simple stirring at room temperature. CB[7] beads are localized on viologen units in side chains of polypseudorotaxanes as shown by ¹H NMR, IR, XRD, and UV–vis studies, and it is considered that the hydrophobic and charge‐dipole interactions are the driving forces. TGA data show that thermal stability of the polypseudorotaxanes increases with the adding of CB[7] threaded. DLS data show that P4VBVBu and CB[7] could form polypseudorotaxanes, and the average hydrodynamic radius of the polypseudorotaxanes increases with increasing the concentration of CB[7]. The typical cyclic voltammograms indicate that the oxidation reduction characteristic of P4VBVBu is remarkably affected by the addition of CB[7] because of the formation of polypseudorotaxanes and the shielding effects of CB[7] threaded on the viologen units of polypseudorotaxanes. With the increase of the concentration of KBr or K₂SO₄, the formation of the polypseudorotaxanes was inhibited due to the shielding effects of both Br^? or SO to viologen ion and K⁺ to CB[7] by UV–vis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2135–2142, 2010     

Supramolecular Inhibition of Amyloid Fibrillation by Cucurbit[7]uril

Amyloid fibrils are insoluble protein aggregates comprised of highly ordered β‐sheet structures and they are involved in the pathology of amyloidoses, such as Alzheimer’s disease. A supramolecular strategy is presented for inhibiting amyloid fibrillation by using cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]). CB[7] prevents the fibrillation of insulin and β‐amyloid by capturing phenylalanine (Phe) residues, which are crucial to the hydrophobic interactions formed during amyloid fibrillation. These results suggest that the Phe‐specific binding of CB[7] can modulate the intermolecular interaction of amyloid proteins and prevent the transition from monomeric to multimeric states. CB[7] thus has potential for the development of a therapeutic strategy for amyloidosis.     

Control of the ketone to gem-diol equilibrium by host-guest interactions

In water, N-methyl-4-(p-substituted benzoyl)pyridinium cations, BP-X, exist in equilibrium with their hydrated forms (gem-diols), whose concentrations depend on the para substituent (-X). In the presence of cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]), the benzoyl group shows a preference for the CB[7] cavity, and the ketone to gem-diol equilibrium is shifted toward the keto form, meaning that the stabilization realized through hydrophobic interactions of the benzoyl group in the CB[7] cavity exceeds the hydrogen-bonding stabilization of the gem-diols in the aqueous environment.     

Cucurbit[7]uril Inhibits Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Aggregation by Targeting N Terminus Hot Segments and Attenuates Cytotoxicity

Two “hot segments” within an islet amyloid polypeptide are responsible for its self-assembly, which in turn is linked to the decline of β-cells in type 2 diabetes (T2D). A readily available water-soluble, macrocyclic host, cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]), effectively inhibits islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) aggregation through ion–dipole and hydrophobic interactions with different residues of the monomeric peptide in its random-coil conformation. A HSQC NMR study shows that CB[7] likely modulates IAPP self-assembly by interacting with and masking major residues present in the “hot segments” at the N terminus. CB[7] also prevents the formation of toxic oligomers and inhibits seed-catalyzed fibril proliferation. Importantly, CB[7] recovers rat insulinoma cells (RIN-m) from IAPP-assembly associated cytotoxicity.     

Polysaccharide-based supramolecular drug delivery systems mediated via host-guest interactions of cucurbiturils

With excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability,natural polysaccharides and their derivative s have exhibited great potential in constructing drug delivery ve hicles for tissue engineering and therapeutics.Cucurbit[n]uril(CB [n])-mediated reversible crosslinking of polysaccharides possess intrinsic stimuliresponsiveness towards competitive guests and have been extensively investigated to fabricate various particles and hydrogels for multiple stimuli-re sponsive drug release by incorpo ration with other stimuli including photo,redox,and enzyme.Through host-guest interactions between CB[6] and aliphatic diamines,functional tags covalently connected with CB[6] can be readily anchored into polysaccharidebased hydrogels,realizing multiple functionalization.The rheological prope rty and drug release profile of polysaccharide-based supramolecular hydrogels can be facilely tuned through CB [8]-mediated dyna mic homo or hetero crosslinking of polysaccharides and/or other polymers.In this review,we introduce and summarize recent progress regarding polysaccharide-based supramolecular drug delivery systems mediated via host-guest interactions of CB[6] and CB[8],covering both bulk hydrogels and particular systems.At the end,possible utilization of CB[7]-based host-guest interactions in constructing polysaccharide-based drug delivery systems and future perspectives of this research direction are also discussed.