Heat transfer to a particle under plasma conditions with vapor contamination from the particle

Heat transfer to a copper particle immersed into an argon plasma is considered in this paper, including the effects of contamination of the plasma (transport coefficients) by copper vapor from the particle. Except for cases of high plasma temperatures, the vapor content in the plasma is shown to have a considerable influence on heat transfer to a nonevaporating particle, and, to a lesser extent, on heat transfer to an evaporating particle. Evaporation itself reduces heat transfer to a particle substantially as shown in a previous paper [Xi Chen and E. Pfender, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process.,2, 185 (1982)]. Comparisons of the calculated results with those based on a method suggested in the above reference show that the simplified assumptions employed, i.e., that the surface temperature is equal to the boiling point and that plasma properties based on a fixed composition are applicable, can be employed to simplify calculations for many cases. This study reveals that a considerable portion of a particle must be vaporized before a steady concentration distribution is established around the particle.Nomenclature C _p specific heat at constant pressure - D diffusion coefficient of copper in the mixture - D _a diffusion coefficient of copper atoms in the mixture - D _i ambipolar diffusion coefficient of copper ions in the mixture - f mass fraction of copper in the mixture - f _a mass fraction of copper atoms in the mixture - f _i mass fraction of copper ions in the mixture - f mass fraction of copper in the plasma far away from the particle - f _s mass fraction of copper at the particle surface - G total mass flow rate due to evaporation - G _a mass flow rate of copper atoms - G _i mass flow rate of copper ions - H function defined in Eq. (19) - h specific enthalpy - h _s specify enthalpy at the particle surface - h specific enthalpy corresponding toT andf - k thermal conductivity - L latent heat of evaporation - M ₁ molecular weight of argon (M ₁=39.99) - M ₂ molecular weight of copper (M ₂=63.55) - p ₀ pressure of the gas mixture - p _s partial pressure of copper vapor at the particle surface - Q ₀ heat flux to a particle without evaporation - Q ₁ heat flux to a particle with evaporation - R gas constant - r radical coordinate - r _s particle radius - S heat conduction potential defined in Eq. (4) - S _s surface value ofS, corresponding toT _s andf _s - S free-stream value ofS, corresponding toT andf - T temperature - T _b boiling temperature of particle material - T _s particle surface temperature - T plasma temperature - density - T temperature step for numerical integration     

Characterization of brookite and a new corundum-like titania phase synthesized under hydrothermal conditions

Brookite rich samples were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions by using TiCl₃ as precursor. They also contained a new titanium oxide phase that has the same crystalline structure as Ti₂O₃, and is stable after annealing in air. Samples were characterized with X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetry. Crystalline phases were refined by using the Rietveld method, from which phase concentrations and atomic bond lengths were obtained as a function of sample annealing temperature. Samples contained brookite, anatase, rutile and the new corundum-like phase: Brookite's concentration was larger than 50 wt%, while the one of the corundum-like phase reached 20(6) wt%. The local symmetry and the atomic bond lengths of these two phases depended on the crystallite size; for both, there is a correlation between the evolution of the atomic bond lengths with temperature and their transformation into another phase. The hydrothermal conditions stabilized brookite, anatase, and the corundum-like phase at high temperature: This last phase was stable in air, even at 900°C.     

Theoretical analysis of electrokinetic flow and heat transfer in a microchannel under asymmetric boundary conditions

The main theme of the present work is to investigate the electrokinetic effects on liquid flow and heat transfer in a flat microchannel of two parallel plates under asymmetric boundary conditions including wall-sliding motion, unequal zeta potentials, and unequal heat fluxes on two walls. Based on the Debye-Huckel approximation, an electrical potential solution to the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation is obtained and employed in the analysis. The analytic solutions of the electrical potential, velocity distributions, streaming potential, friction coefficient, temperature distribution, and heat transfer rate are obtained, and thereby the effects of electrokinetic separation distance (K), zeta-potential level (zeta;(1)), ratio of two zeta potentials (r(zeta) identical with zeta;(2)/zeta;(1)), wall-sliding velocity (u(w)), and heat flux ratio (r(q) identical with q"(2)/q"(1)) are investigated. The present results reveal the effects of wall-sliding and zeta-potential ratio on the hydrodynamic nature of microchannel flow, and they are used to provide physical interpretations for the resultant electrokinetic effects and the underlying electro-hydrodynamic interaction mechanisms. In the final part the results of potential and velocity fields are applied in solving the energy equation. The temperature distributions and heat transfer characteristics under the asymmetrical kinematic, electric, and thermal boundary conditions considered presently are dealt with.     

Simultaneous heat and mass transfer to flat plate in humid air stream under frosting conditions

Simultaneous heat and mass transfer from humid air flowing over surfaces at subfreezing temperatures under frosting conditions is a complex process. Investigations have been conducted to study the nature of frost and heat transfer mechanism. However, no satisfactory correlation has been developed so far. This paper reports an experimental investigation carried out for simultaneous heat and mass transfer from humid air to a flat surface under frosting conditions. It has been suggested by some researchers that heat transfer rate can be expressed as the product of mass transfer coefficient with enthalpy potential. The agreement between the experimental values of mass transfer coefficient and those obtained on the basis of heat and mass transfer analogy was poor. The deviation was found as much as upto 100 percent and depended on the enthalpy potential itself, the difference of humidity ratio of air and that corresponding to plate temperature and the air Reynolds numbers. The authors have been successful in developing a correlation which agrees with experimental data to within ± 20 percent.     

Rapid and efficient synthesis of symmetrical alkyl disulfides under phase transfer conditions

A one-pot, rapid and general method for the synthesis of symmetrical disulfides based on reaction of sulfur with sodium sulfide in the presence of didecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) as a phase transfer catalyst is reported. Reaction with a variety of alkyl halides, at room temperature, afforded the disulfides in good to excellent isolated yields in a short time.     

Facile synthesis of seven to nine-membered-fused tricyclic quinolones and quinolinium salts under phase transfer catalyzed conditions

Phase transfer catalyzed one-pot syntheses of fused oxazepino, oxazocino, and oxazonino quinolinium cations and quinolones were achieved from 8-hydroxy quinoline derivatives with 1,ω-dihaloalkanes. Structures of all the products were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Single crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis of three compounds and graphical superposition of the structures indicate that products having seven-membered ring are less planar compared to the product having eight-membered ring.     

Synthesis and alkylation of pyridylacetylenes under phase transfer catalysis conditions in a liquid/solid system

We have investigated the alkylation of 2-methyl-5-ethynylpyridine by butyl bromide in liquid/liquid and liquid/solid two-phase catalytic systems. We have shown that the catalytic system solid KOH/18-crown-6/CuBr/toluene is the most active in this reaction; using this system, we obtained alkylation products of ethynylpyridines in 34–43% yields.Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga LV-1006. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsikicheskikh Soedinenii. No. 4, pp. 518–521, April, 1998.     

New routes to high solid content latexes: a process for in situ particle nucleation and growth

A means of generating latices with solid contents well over 70% (v/v) without the use of intermediate seeds is proposed. It is demonstrated that the use of an electrically neutral initiation system (hydrogen peroxide) in the initial stages of the process, followed by an initiator yielding negatively charged free radicals (ammonium persulphate) changes the way in which the system generates stable particles. The reason for this change is the need to avoid stabilising small, homogeneously nucleated particles during the first portion of the process, and the desire to generate controlled quantities of them during the second portion. The processes are highly reproducible, as are the particle size distributions and rheological properties of the final latices.     

Iron pentacarbonyl mediated coupling of benzyl halides to ketones under mild phase transfer conditions.

In a two-phase system (saturated aqueous calcium hydroxide, tetrabutylamnonium sulfate, dichloromethane, iron pentacarbonyl) benzyl bromides are readily carbonylated to dibenzyl ketones; α-α′ dibromoorthoxylene yields the o-quinodimethane iron tricarbonyl complex 8. It is inferred that the reactions proceed through transient generation of the tetracarbonyl ferrate dianion.     

Palladium catalysed oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols under solid-liquid phase transfer conditions

Palladium acetate catalysed the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones respectively at room temperature and atmospheric pressure under solid-liquid phase transfer conditions.     

Efficient synthesis of dithioacetals of α-oxoketene and dithiofulvenes under phase transfer catalysis conditions

Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 213–214, January, 1989.     

Hydroxide ion initiated reactions under phase transfer catalysis conditions II. The roles of water and quat

The effects of water molecules and quat structure are shown to be significant in determining the behavior of alkylation reactions of weakly acidic carbon acids under PTC/OH^? conditions.     

Kinetics of iodine mass transfer under the conditions of spontaneous interfacial convection through a planar phase boundary

The iodine mass transfer under the conditions of interfacial instability was studied. The influence of the initial iodine concentration on the mass transfer intensity under the conditions of spontaneous interfacial convection was examined. The mass fluxes were calculated for the diffusion and spontaneous interfacial convection modes. The dependence of the mass fluxes on the initial iodine concentration was determined.     

Charging process of thermal energy storage system under varying incident heat flux: interaction the fluid neighbour nodes and particles in order to heat transfer

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - A numerical study of a charging process of thermal energy storage (TES) system with solar tower receiver was investigated under real environmental...