Thermal contrast detected with a quantum detector

We evaluate the thermal contrast detected by a quantum detector in a focal plane of an infrared instrument. The detected thermal contrast is shown to consist of two terms. The term corresponding to the temperature dependence of emissivity, previously neglected, is evaluated and shown to be a significant contributing factor. For the case of a metal mirror as a source of stray light, ghost images, and narcissus, the error is estimated to be about 20%. The term in the detected contrast associated with the radiative emission is shown to be proportional to temperature to the power of 2, rather than 3, published previously.     

Sectoral thermal emitter for testing of modern IR systems

The paper presents multi-sector stable IR grey body radiation source, that can be used for testing of MRT. Its main element is monolithic metal plate with a test pattern, made of material with high thermal conductivity. On the surface of the test plate the sectors of different emissivity are created during manufacturing process. As a result when viewed by a thermal camera those sectors exhibit thermal contrast depending mainly on the radiative properties of each sector. The value of thermal contrast between particular sectors can be adjusted by changing the temperature of a test plate with respect to ambient. The emissivity values of particular sectors have been calculated and the procedure of adjusting the thermal contrast has been described, as well as the technology used to create the test plate. The model of described emitter has been tested and the results of temperature values obtained from thermal camera were compared with theoretical, calculated figures. The proposed emitter is dedicated for testing and calibrating of modern observations IR systems.     

基于发射率缓变特性的光谱发射率反演研究

发射率是辐射测温的重要参数,基于普朗克定律,针对辐射测温中n个方程,n+1个未知数这一病态方程组问题,利用发射率的缓变特性提出一种新的计算方法,以此来减少未知数的个数,简化计算过程。对该计算方法进行了理论及实验验证。结果表明无论是基于理论热辐射谱还是实验数据,均能反演出与材料发射率线形一致的发射率谱及材料真实温度,当T=1 173 K时,反演所得温差最大13 K,发射率的最大绝对误差0.05;且缓变程度越大,波长间隔越小,计算的准确度越高。所述方法可应用于基于多光谱数据提取温度和发射率。     

热红外发射率光谱在盐渍化土壤含盐量估算中的应用研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对绿洲盐渍化土壤进行野外测量,采用光谱平滑迭代法对温度和发射率进行分离,得到了盐渍化土壤的热红外发射率数据。通过对盐渍化土壤发射率光谱的特征分析,得出8～13 μm土壤发射率随盐分含量的增加而减小,发射率光谱对盐分因子的响应在8～9.5 μm较敏感。分析了原始发射率光谱、一阶导数、二阶导数和标准化比值与含盐量之间的相关性,表明土壤发射率与含盐量呈负相关关系,发射率一阶导数与含盐量的相关性最高,相关系数最大为0.724 2,对应波段为8.370 745～8.390 880 μm。建立了土壤发射率一阶导数与盐分含量的二次函数回归模型,模型拟合的决定系数为0.741 4,验证结果的均方根误差为0.235 5,说明利用热红外发射率光谱反演土壤盐分含量的方法可行。     

Temperature recovery of opaque bodies by thermal radiation spectrum: the use of relative emissivity to select the optimal spectral range

The approach based on relative emissivity was tested and developed using the experimental data. It was assumed that the medium separating an opaque body and measuring device was diathermic or nonradiating (it is characterized by its transmittance); radiation source emissivity and medium transmittance were unknown. Data on comparison of spectral radiances (spectral intensities), obtained within 220–2500 nm for the temperature lamps in the metrological laboratories of Europe, Russia, and USA were used as the initial experimental data. It is shown that the use of relative emissivity allows graphical interpretation for the solution to the initial nonlinear system of equations. In this case, the problem of determining the true temperature of the body by the thermal radiation spectrum in a graphical interpretation is reduced to the choice depending on relative emissivity at the desired temperature. It is shown that to narrow the interval, which includes the true temperature, the criterion was based on a change in convexity of spectral dependence of the relative emissivity in the process of desired temperature selection. The use of relative emissivity in a spectral range, where the Rayleigh—Jeans approximation is satisfied, allows unambiguous determination for the shape of emissivity dependence on the wavelength. The relationship for determination of the peak wavelength within the registered thermal radiation spectrum on the basis of data about the true temperature of the body and its spectral emissivity is presented.     

纯钨红外光谱发射率特性研究

光谱发射率是一个重要的热物性参数,在辐射测温、热传输计算等领域有着广泛的应用。钨作为一种重要的金属,关于其光谱发射率的研究报道较少。利用黑体炉、傅里叶红外光谱仪、加热装置和光学系统搭建了一套能量对比法光谱发射率测量装置,该装置能够测量3~20μm的光谱发射率,测量装置的整体不确定度优于5%。利用该装置测量了纯钨在4个温度点(573, 673, 773和873 K)的法向光谱发射率,重点探讨了氧化、温度、波长和加热时间对纯钨光谱发射率的影响。研究结果表明:纯钨在表面未氧化的情况下,光谱发射率在几个温度点的变化规律基本一致,且数值相差较小,而当其表面发生氧化后光谱发射率迅速增加,在某些波长处出现了强烈的振荡。表面未氧化时纯钨的光谱发射率受温度的影响较小,随着温度的增加仅出现微小的增加,但是当表面发生氧化后,随温度的升高而迅速增大。纯钨的光谱发射率整体上随着波长的增加而减小,但是当表面发生氧化后,由于表面氧化膜与钨金属基底发生干涉效应,在4, 9, 12.5和16.5μm处均出现了峰值。在573和673 K,纯钨的光谱发射率随着加热时间的增加无明显变化。然而,随着温度的升高,在773和873 K时,光谱发射率随着加热时间增加而增大,在773 K时光谱发射率随加热时间的增加增幅较大,因为在该温度点,纯钨表面刚开始发生氧化,氧化速率较大,在873 K时光谱发射率随加热时间的增加增幅较为平缓,并且随着加热时间的增长呈现稳定的趋势。综上,纯钨的光谱发射率在温度较低和表面未氧化时较为稳定。随着温度的升高,当表面发生氧化后,光谱发射率迅速增大,并且在多个波长位置出现了强烈的振荡。由此可见,纯钨光谱发射率受温度、波长、加热时间的影响较大,在实际应用过程中,特别是在辐射测温过程中,如果把纯钨的光谱发射率看做常数将会带来较大的测量误差。该研究将进一步丰富钨的光谱发射率数据,并为其在科学研究和应用中提供数据支持。     

基于牛顿迭代法高温光谱温度和发射率的反演研究

针对基于光谱数据进行温度与发射率分离过程中存在的n个方程包含n+1个未知数这一欠定问题,提出利用牛顿迭代法来实现材料表面真温及发射率的反演计算,通过给定温度和发射率初值,利用泰勒级数的线性项建立迭代公式,通过迭代得到温度和发射率的近似解。分别利用理论热辐射谱和腔黑体的实验数据进行验证,结果表明,任意给定温度和发射率初值均可获得与真实温度接近的计算温度值,相对误差小于0.09。发射率反演结果与真实发射率线形一致,当温度和发射率初值越接近真实温度和发射率时,发射率反演结果越精确。该方法消除了发射率假定模型限制,有望应用于高温及超高温下各种材料真实温度和光谱发射率研究。     

多光谱真温快速反演方法

材料的未知发射率是辐射测温的一大障碍,它导致了无法依靠单组测量数据获得材料的真实温度,人们只能通过假定材料发射率模型来计算出材料的亮度温度等非真实温度。基于这样的背景,Gardner J等科学家们提出了多光谱测温法并不断完善其理论,如今多光谱测温广泛应用于高温和超高温测量、高温目标的热性能测量、真实温度动态测量等。2005年,孙晓刚提出了二次测量法,二次测量法属于多光谱真温反演算法的一种,其通过两组测量数据之间的迭代运算解决了反演真温与反演各波长下材料发射率的难题,并且通过构建大量发射率模型来确保各波长下反演出的发射率的精度,但是其在数学运算和软件运行中需要构建数量庞大的发射率模型库、通过匹配库中所有发射率模型来得到真温最优解,这不仅需要大量计算时间而且占用大量软件资源。提出了新的多光谱真温快速反演方法,理论推导出了的材料辐射能量当量与发射率之间的不等式方程组,在二次测量法算法中添加了对发射率模型库优化筛选步骤,这一措施能够筛选掉发射率模型库中不合理的模型以缩小发射率模型库的规模,从而节省大量计算时间和软件资源。首先进行了0.400～1.100波段的仿真实验,实验中分别对六种发射率模型...     

Ultrahigh infrared normal spectral emissivity of microstructured silicon coating Au film

We studied infrared normal spectral emissivity on quasi-periodic microstructured silicon, which was prepared by femtosecond laser irradiation in SF6 ambient gas, coated with 100 nm thick Au thin film. The observed emissivity is higher than any reported previously for a flat material with a thickness of less than 0.5 mm, at a temperature range of 200 °C to 400 °C. The emissivity over the measured wavelength region increases with temperature and the spike height. These results show the potential to be used as a flat blackbody source or for applications in infrared thermal sensor, detector, and stealth military technology.     

红外动态图像生成技术概念研究

红外动态图像生成技术的基本概念包括基本术语及其定义。为了描述红外动态图像生成技术的特性,通常采用如光源类型、光谱波段、阵列规模、空间分辨率、填充因子、时间常数、帧频、闪烁、温度范围、串扰、均匀性、发射率、辐射对比度、动态范围、温度分辨率、调制传递函数、几何畸变及最大温度和最大辐射强度等概念。介绍了描述红外动态图像生成系统性能的基本概念的定义。转换器的指标定义对于转换器的设计和性能指标的测试都有重要的意义。     

目标表面发射率对红外热像仪测温精度的影响

介绍了红外热像仪测温原理,分析了影响红外热像仪测温精度的因素,计算了不同表面发射率下红外热像仪的测温误差曲线。理论分析表明,目标表面发射率越高,红外热像仪测温精度越高。实验改变表面发射率的设置,计算了不同表面发射率对应的总辐射亮度,得到TP8型长波红外热像仪能够精确测温时,目标表面发射率必须大于0.5的结果。最后,对表面发射率分别为0.96、0.93和0.3的3种材料进行实际测温,结果表明,材料表面发射率较高时,红外热像仪具有较好的测温精度。     

可重复使用飞行器热走廊物理建模研究

对再入热走廊的物理含义进行了定义分析,为使防热层温度不超过热防护系统所允许使用的极限温度,可重复使用飞行器的飞行轨道必须在再入走廊热之内。建立了可重复使用飞行器再入热走廊的物理模型,给出该物理模型下热走廊的控制方程和求解方法。通过对航天飞机轨道器典型位置的再入热走廊与传统方法的验证分析,说明本文建立的可重复使用飞行器再入热走廊物理模型和求解方法是正确的,同时探讨了表面材料承受温度和发射系数对热走廊的影响规律。     

Thermochromic properties of W-doped VO2 thin films deposited by aqueous sol-gel method for adaptive infrared stealth application

The W doped VO₂ thin films with various W contents were successfully deposited by aqueous sol-gel method followed by a post annealing process. The derived thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Besides, the resistance-temperature relationship and infrared emissivity in the waveband 7.5–14 μm were analyzed, and the effects of W doping on the thermochromic properties of VO₂ thin films were studied. The results show that W atoms enter the crystal lattice of VO₂ and the transition temperature decreases gradually with increasing doping amount of W. The emissivity of VO₂-W-4% thin films has dropped to 0.4 when its real temperature is above 30 °C. The thermal infrared images were also examined under different temperature by thermal imager. The results indicate that the temperature under which W doped VO₂ thin films begin to have lower emissivity decreases gradually with increasing doping amount of W. W doped VO₂ thin films can control its infrared radiation intensity actively at a lower temperature level of 30 °C, which has great application prospects in the adaptive infrared stealth technology.     

中红外波段地表发射率特性分析

陆表温度(LST)在地-气相互作用过程中扮演着重要的角色,是全球变化研究的关键参数。陆表发射率是陆表温度反演的关键输入参数之一。中红外谱区(3~5 μm)介于可见光-近红外谱区(0.38~2.5 μm)与热红外谱区(8~14 μm)之间,地物的发射率在该谱区表现出独特的光谱特性,可用于霜冻监测、矿物成分分析等研究。由于传感器在中红外谱区探测到的能量既有来自于地物自身发射的热辐射能量,又有反射的太阳辐射能量,这两部分的能量分离机理比较复杂,因此中红外谱区发射率特性分析的相关文献较少。本文针对单一均匀地表和具有混合像元的复杂地表计算了MODIS红外通道的有效发射率,发现通道有效发射率在单一均匀地表下与温度的耦合效应不强烈;但在复杂地表下,通道有效发射率与混合像元内的成分比例以及成分的地表温度具有耦合效应。在误差允许的范围内,混合像元的有效发射率可以忽略成分地表温度的影响。发射率误差对陆表温度反演精度的敏感性随着波长的变化而变化。在热红外波段,敏感性是其在中红外波段的2倍左右,说明利用中红外波段进行陆表温度反演具有一定的优势。     

Une nouvelle méthode calorimétrique périodique de mesure de l'émissivité des matériaux opaques à température ambiante

This paper presents a new calorimetric periodic technique for measuring emissivity of opaque materials at room temperature, without surface temperature measurement. The sample is in a vacuum chamber, so the thermal losses are only radiative. The presented technique requires thermal modulation of one side of the sample (the front side). The measured signals are the sample's front side temperature and the infrared flux of the other side (back side). Experimental data and a heat conduction model are compared, yielding the Biot number which characterizes the thermal losses. Using the identified value of the Biot number, it is possible to access the total hemispherical emissivity. Measurements have been carried out on a PVC sample (5 mm thick) coated with black paint and on a PVC sample coated with aluminium paint. The results are concordant with the expected ones ; the repeatability error is about 3 %.     

Infrared technique for simultaneous determination of temperature and emissivity

This paper presents, in the context of materials dynamic behaviour study, a method for simultaneous measurement of the temperature and emissivity of a solid’s surface, by the use of infrared radiation. In contrast to existing methods, this method has no need for a pre-measurement of the surface emissivity. The emissivity and the temperature are measured simultaneously, by detecting the variations of emitted radiation and infrared radiation reflecting on the surface, at two different spectral zones. In this way, the accuracy of the measured temperature is greatly improved in cases were the surface optical properties vary during the measurement. Several experiments were carried out in order to complete the theoretical foundation of the method and to outline its accuracy and some of its limitations. There are various industrial applications of this method, for example the control of the temperature of the mechanical parts during work machining. One of them may be the measurement of the temperature of a sample during mechanical testing. An application of the method is proposed, that is easy to employ with non-sophisticated infrared and optical components. The results confirm the accuracy of the proposed method with an order of 3% of precision for temperature determination.     

Surface temperature and emissivity from NOAA images

Summary A procedure to determine the surface temperature from images taken by AVHRR (advanced very high resolution radiometer) on board NOAA11 satellite is described in this paper. The importance of the emissivity parameter to estimate the surface temperature and the possibility to compute both temperature and emissivity maps from the two thermal infrared channels of the AVHRR is shown. Due to the relevance of its scientific content, this paper has been given priority by the Journal Direction.     

Total emissivity measurements without use of an absolute reference

Total emissivity measurement by ordinary steady state radiometric methods are difficult at low temperature; besides, those methods require an emissivity reference. In this paper, several new periodic methods suitable for total emissivity measurements are presented. First it is shown that the thermal modulation of a sample allows direct emissivity measurements, even at low temperature, with an ordinary equipment involving no cooled vessel. Very accurate measurements have been performed within a few minutes at room temperature, on reflective materials. Second, it is shown that indirect total emissivity measurements are also feasible, provided source and sample temperatures are equal. This condition can be fulfilled with a modulated temperature hemispherical gray surface as IR source, or in a simpler way, with a mobile part of a hemisphere. Third, it is shown that if both sample and source temperatures are modulated, simultaneous direct and indirect measurements can be carried out. This results in an absolute emissivity measurement without reference. As an experimental validation, simultaneous direct and indirect measurements of the total directional emissivity are carried out on three samples at room temperature. Periodic radiometry methods are found to be reliable and accurate, emission and reflection measurements giving the same result.     

温度和加热时间对大气环境中纯铁光谱发射率的影响

纯铁的光谱发射率受温度的影响很大,尤其是在大气环境中,由于温度升高加剧了表面的氧化,导致其光谱发射率发生了“无规律”变化。基于基尔霍夫定理,利用研制的反射法光谱发射率测量装置对纯铁1.55μm波长的光谱发射率进行了系统的研究,探讨了温度、加热时间等因素对纯铁光谱发射率的影响。研究结果表明：纯铁的光谱发射率随着温度的升高而增大,并且在一定的温度下出现了峰值和谷值,通过分析有氧化层时金属的发射率模型,解释了这种现象的发生。恒温长时间测量结果表明,在不同的温度下,加热时间对光谱发射率的影响不同。研究结果将进一步丰富纯铁的光谱发射率数据,并为其光谱发射率在大气环境中的应用提供了实验依据。     

The epoxy-siloxane/Al composite coatings with low infrared emissivity for high temperature applications

Low infrared emissivity coatings with good thermal resistance were prepared by using epoxy-siloxane and aluminum as adhesive and pigment, respectively. The influence of chemical composition, surface texture, roughness and thickness on the infrared emissivity was systematically investigated. The detailed results of experimental investigation indicate that the cured composite coatings could possess low emissivity value. Due to reducing infrared absorption and forming uniform and compact char construction, the infrared emissivity decreases obviously. Both the surface roughness and thickness have a critical value, respectively. Too large roughness or thickness would not contribute to the decrease of the emissivity. Moreover, the composite coatings were tested for thermal stability in air to explore the effect of high-temperature environment on the emissivity. The results indicate that the composite coatings, still possessing low emissivity after the test, exhibit favorable thermal ageing and thermal shock resistance.