一种对比式离心现象演示装置的设计

为了使学生进一步加深对离心现象实质性知识的理解,笔者设计了符合学生认知规律的离心沉淀的实验装置.该装置通过对比两支试管内混浊夜在相同的角速度下的运动状态及运动结果,说明物体做离心运动,不是由角速度产生,而只有合外力突然消失或是合外力不足以提供向心力时,才能产生离心运动.通过这一补充演示实验激发了学生的学习兴趣,增强了学生学以致用的意识,取得了良好的教学效果.     

离心运动轨迹的演示

物理教材中对离心运动的描述有两类:一类是一旦作为向心力的合外力突然消失,物体就沿切线飞去,离圆心越来越远.这可由日常生活中的实例来说明,撑开淋湿的雨伞,让它围绕伞柄旋转,从雨伞边沿甩出的水滴,即沿切线飞出,就是此类运动.另一类是还有合外力,但合外力不足以提供物体做圆周运动的向心力时,物体会逐渐远离圆心运动,其轨迹是一条曲线.对此类离心运动,学生总感到抽象,难以理解接受.若能通过实验演示一下,则大有说服力.下面为此类离心运动轨迹的演示实验.     

留迹法呈现离心运动的轨迹

产生离心运动的原因主要有2种,即合外力不足以提供物体做圆周运动的向心力和合外力突然消失.这2类离心运动的轨迹亦不同.为了更好地观察和理解离心运动,针对第一类离心运动,介绍了利用运动分析软件Tracker、磁性画板及手转台和墨水记录离心运动轨迹的方法;针对第二类离心运动,介绍了利用手机Motion shot软件、运动分析软件Tracker及水写布记录离心运动轨迹的方法.     

走出离心运动的思维误区

离心运动是物体在做圆周运动时由于合外力消失或不足提供所需的向心力时所做的运动，教材上的定义对真正理解离心运动的本质有一定的差距．下面分析学生在学习离心运动中常见错误，以帮助学生走出离心运动的思维误区．     

基于磁性材料的中心力场演示实验仪

设计了演示中心力场作用下物体运动的实验装置,利用圆形磁铁产生的磁场模拟了中心力场,力心的位置和数量可以改变,利用可磁化的金属球模拟运动物体,采用高速摄像机拍摄并用视频分析软件提取物体运动轨迹和速度.基于该装置获得的单中心和双中心力场中物体的运动情况与数值计算得到的结果相吻合.     

颗粒物质内自旋小球运动行为的数值模拟研究

针对大耳沙蜥在沙子中的运动行为,以球形物体为研究对象,利用3维离散元数值模拟程序LIGGGHTS模拟了旋转运动模式对颗粒物质中球形物体平动和上升/下降行为的影响,定量分析了旋转速度以及颗粒间摩擦系数等因素的具体影响.研究结果表明:球形物体与颗粒物质基底颗粒间的摩擦系数以及球形物体的自转角速度对球形物体的运动有明显影响,摩擦系数越大物体运动越明显,自转角速度越大物体运动越明显.该结果比较好地解释了沙漠生物外表具有鳞片的原因.     

声波多普勒效应综合实验

利用运动物体反射声波与原声波合成后产生拍，用数字存储示波器测定拍频，从而测定空气中的声速或运动物体的速度，并给出了相应的实验装置、实验方法。     

Magnus力对球类空中运动的影响

Magnus效应描述了黏性流体中物体的旋转造成的附近区域流体流速不同，在与旋转角速度矢量和平动速度矢量组成的平面相垂直方向上产生一个横向Magnus力的现象.Magnus力是影响球体运动轨迹很重要的因素，在球类运动中往往是形成各种“曲线球”的原因.本文以足球和乒乓球为例，分析其受力情况，数值求解其运动方程，比较了不同角速度ω下球的运动轨迹和运动特征，系统研究了不同方向角速度ω产生的Magnus力对球体运动轨迹的影响，并据此分析了足球和乒乓球运动中几种技术动作的物理原理.     

用气轨测定惯性质量

惯性质量是根据牛顿第二定律定义的,即m=F/a(m称为物体的惯性质量,F为作用于物体的合外力,a为物体所获得的加速度),它是物体对运动状态发生变化的抵抗能力的量度.物体的惯性质量的大小,不能用天平测定,因为天平测定的是物体的引力质量,故必须用动态法测定.在普通物理实验中,通常使用专门仪器——惯性秤测定.我们用气垫导轨装置进行实验所获得的结果表明:气垫导轨装置不但可以测量物体的惯性质量,而且测量精度比惯性秤高,值得推荐.本文着重论述用气垫导轨装置测定物体的惯性质量的实验原理,同时具体介绍实验所用仪器和实验结果.一、实验原理…     

基于PASCO转动运动传感器测量刚体转动惯量

PASCO转动运动传感器可以精准地测量并实时地记录物体转动时的角速度。在落体法测量刚体转动惯量的实验中，为了提高实验的精度，将PASCO转动运动传感器与刚体转动惯量实验仪相结合，用PASCO转动运动传感器直接测量角速度并计算角加速度。改进后的仪器简化了实验步骤，提高了实验精度。对圆盘、圆环和圆柱试样的转动惯量进行测量，三组实验的相对误差分别为0.2%、0.7%和0.3%,实验结果准确。通过实验结果可得，改进后的实验仪器操作简单且测量精度很高。     

离心力场中伴随瞬态固化与再熔现象的渗流传热过程

针对离心渗铸充型过程中金属铝熔液的瞬态固化与再熔现象,建立了旋转多孔介质内的渗流传热理论模型。通过理论分析,获得了复合管离心渗铸充型过程中伴随有瞬态固化与再熔现象的压力分布以及渗透界面与再熔界面移动速度计算公式,建立了界面移动速度与温度间的耦合关系,分析了流场变化规律。结果表明:多孔预型体内发生的液固共融现象对流场分布具有重要的影响,增大孔隙率和离心转速,有利于提高流场局部温度,缩短液固两相熔融区的长度,降低熔融区内固化率。由于渗透前沿发生瞬态固化导致该区域的空隙率减小,熔液的有效流通截面变窄,使得流场局部压力和速度发生波动。     

Vibration analyses of an inclined flat plate subjected to moving loads

The object of this paper is to present a moving mass element so that one may easily perform the dynamic analysis of an inclined plate subjected to moving loads with the effects of inertia force, Coriolis force and centrifugal force considered. To this end, the mass, damping and stiffness matrices of the moving mass element, with respect to the local coordinate system, are derived first by using the principle of superposition and the definition of shape functions. Next, the last property matrices of the moving mass element are transformed into the global coordinate system and combined with the property matrices of the inclined plate itself to determine the effective overall property matrices and the instantaneous equations of motion of the entire vibrating system. Because the property matrices of the moving mass element have something to do with the instantaneous position of the moving load, both the property matrices of the moving mass element and the effective overall ones of the entire vibrating system are time-dependent. At any instant of time, solving the instantaneous equations of motion yields the instantaneous dynamic responses of the inclined plate. For validation, the presented technique is used to determine the dynamic responses of a horizontal pinned–pinned plate subjected to a moving load and a satisfactory agreement with the existing literature is achieved. Furthermore, extensive studies on the inclined plate subjected to moving loads reveal that the influences of moving-load speed, inclined angle of the plate and total number of the moving loads on the dynamic responses of the inclined plate are significant in most cases, and the effects of Coriolis force and centrifugal force are perceptible only in the case of higher moving-load speed.     

The mechanics of particles inside a rotating cylindrical mass shell

It is shown that up to the second order in the gravitational constant the effect of a rotating mass shell on a particle moving near its axis is the same as that of a rotating coordinate system. Coriolis force and centrifugal force have, contrary to the case discussed by Thirring[1, 2], the value expected in a rotating reference frame.     

Centrifugal Electrical Force

We calculate the force on a point charge moving within a charged spherical shell spinning with ω(t) according to Weber's law. We compare this result with the one given by Lorentz's law and show that Weber's law predicts an extra centrifugal electrical force and an extra inertial electrical force. We give orders of magnitude for these forces and propose some experiments to test the existence of these terms.     

旋转离心风机叶轮内两相流动的高速摄影研究

固体颗粒与叶栅的磨擦与碰撞，危及叶轮的可靠性和整体装置的稳定性。为研究风机内气固两相流动，利用自制的图象消转装置，拍摄了旋转风机内部固体颗粒相对于叶轮流道的相对运动轨迹的高速摄影照片，对旋转离心风机内颗粒运动特性、颗粒与叶片的碰撞过程及碰撞恢复特性进行了研究，分析了颗粒对叶片的冲蚀机理并指出改进设计思路。     

On asymptotics of the solution of the moving oscillator problem

Asymptotic behavior of the solution of the moving oscillator problem is examined for large and small values of the spring stiffness for the general case of non-zero beam initial conditions. In the limiting case of infinite spring stiffness, it is shown that the moving oscillator problem for a simply supported beam is not equivalent, in a strict sense, to the moving mass problem. The two problems are shown to be equivalent in terms of the beam displacements but are not equivalent in terms of stresses (the higher order derivatives of the two solutions differ). In the general case, the force acting on the beam from the oscillator is shown to contain a high-frequency component , which does not vanish and can even grow when the spring coefficient tends to infinity. The magnitude of this force and its dependence on the oscillator parameters can be estimated by considering the asymptotics of the solution for the initial stage of the oscillator motion. It is shown that, for the case of a simply supported beam, the magnitude of the high-frequency force depends linearly on the oscillator eigenfrequency and velocity. The deficiency of the moving mass model is principally that it fails to predict stresses in the supporting structure. For small values of the spring stiffness, the moving oscillator problem is shown to be equivalent to the moving force problem. The discussion is amply illustrated by results of numerical experiments.     

Mechanics of a particle near the center of a rotating ring

The equations of motion of a test particle moving near the center of a massive rotating ring are derived up to the post-post-Newtonian order of approximation, by using the metric tensor for many body system which is Minkowskian at spatial infinity. Logarithmic divergences due to self-interaction of the ring appear in the equations of motion. These divergences can be removed by the procedure which is similar to the renormalization method in particle physics. In the equations of motion there appears a force directing to the rotation axis and depending on the angular velocity of the ring. This force vanishes when the magnitude of the gravitational constant times the mass of the ring divided by the radius of the ring is about one tenth of the square of the velocity of light. Under this condition it is shown that the relative magnitude of the Coriolis force to the centrifugal force in the equations of motion agrees with the expected one from the equations of motion in a rotating reference frame.     

Mechanical model of the Lorentz force and Coulomb interaction

The centripetal and Coriolis accelerations experienced by a cart traveling over a rotating turntable are usually calculated proceeding from the known kinematics of the problem. Respective forces can be regarded as due to the entrainment of the cart in the moving solid environs. We extend the approach to the general case of a particle entrained in the flow of the surrounding medium. The expression for the driving force on the particle obtained from the kinematics of the entrainment prescribed appears to be isomorphic to the Lorentz and Coulomb force on a positive electric charge. The inverse direction of the electromagnetic force on a negative charge implies that a growing applied flow induces the upstream motion of the particle. A possible microscopic mechanism for it may be the Magnus force dynamics of a kink in a vortex tangle. The loop on a straight vortex filament can be taken as a model of the electron, the loop with a cavitation models the positron. The Lorentz force is concerned with the Coriolis acceleration. The Coulomb interaction is due to the centripetal or centrifugal force that arises in the turbophoresis of the kink in the perturbation field generated in the medium by the center of pressure.      

竖直直管和螺旋管内超临界CO2换热特性对比研究

采用SST k-ω湍流模型对比研究了在q=20.5~40 kW.m^-2,G=205.92~262.51 kg·m^-2·s^-1,p=8~10 MPa边界条件下超临界CO2在加热竖直直管和螺旋管内的换热差异。结果表明,在相同工况下,由于离心力引起的二次流的作用使得螺旋管相比于直管对换热有一定的强化作用,并能有效地抑制换热恶化的发生。但在拟临界点区域螺旋管的换热系数反而低于直管,主要原因是在拟临界点附近物性对换热起主导作用,离心力对管外侧的强化作用有限,而由于离心力和浮升力的弱化作用使内侧会出现显著的局部换热恶化(湍动能被抑制),从而使得截面上平均换热系数低于直管。     

超临界压力正癸烷旋转通道内对流换热实验研究

本文对超临界压力正癸烷在旋转圆管内的对流换热开展了实验研究,获得了转速和热流密度对换热的影响规律。结果表明离心段和向心段对流换热均随着转速的升高而增强,离心段后缘面换热优于前缘面,而向心段则相反。低转速时,重力浮升力与离心浮升力大小相近,使换热发生恶化,随转速增加,重力浮升力可以忽略,换热增强。