A density functional study of alizarin two of its isomers and its transition metals and rare-earth complexes

Electronic structure of Alizarin, two of its isomers, 11 different transition metal complexes and five rare-earth complexes are studied using density functional theory (DFT). Complexation energies are evaluated and it is found that chelation has a negligible influence on the structure of the anthraquinone backbone; the molecule keeps a planar conformation except for some metals such as Cr, Al, and Zn where the metal atom M and the oxygen atoms are slightly out of the plane by few degrees. The M–O bonds involve p or d metal orbitals depending on whether the d shell is full or empty. The complexation effect leads to a red shift and hence to a colour change of the solutions of the complexes.

The calculated complexation energies are of the same order for metal transition and for rare-earth elements.     

Electronic structures of 4d transition metal monoxides by density functional theory

Bond distances, dissociation energies, ionization potentials and electron affinities of 4d transition metal monoxides from YO to CdO and their positive and negative ions were studied by use of density functional methods B3LYP, BLYP, B3PW91, BPW91, B3P86, BP86, SVWN, MPW1PW91 and PBE1PBE. It was found that calculated properties are highly dependent on the functionals employed, especially for dissociation energy. For most neutral species, pure density functionals BLYP, BPW91 and BP86 have good performance in predicting dissociation energy than hybrid density functionals B3LYP, B3PW91 and B3P86. In addition, BLYP gives the largest bond distance compared with other density functional methods, while SVWN gives shortest bond distance, largest dissociation energy and electron affinity. For the ground state, the spin multiplicity of the charged species can be obtained by ± 1 of their corresponding neutral species.     

Density functional theory study of the photosensitization mechanisms of indigo

The triplet excited state properties and photosensitization mechanisms of indigo were investigated based on density functional theory calculations. The solvent effects on the photosensitization mechanisms of indigo have also been considered. The thermodynamic feasibility of the possible ¹O₂ and O₂·⁻-photogeneration pathways by triplet excited state indigo in different solvents was explored, in order to gain some deeper insights into the photosensitization characters of the dye.      

Vibrational spectra of mixed (phthalocyaninato)(porphyrinato) yttrium(III) double-decker complexes: Density functional theory calculations

The vibrational (IR and Raman) spectra of neutral and reduced mixed (phthalocyaninato)(porphyrinato) yttrium(III) double-decker complexes Y(Pc)(Por) and [Y(Pc)(Por)]⁻ [the simplified models of mixed (phthalocyaninato)(porphyrinato) rare earth(III) complexes] are studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The simulated IR and Raman spectra of Y(Pc)(Por) are compared with the experimental IR spectrum of Tb(Pc)(TClPP) and Raman spectrum of Y(Pc)(TClPP), respectively, and many bands can acceptably fit in spite of the different species. On the basis of comparison with the simulated spectra of PbPc and PbPor together with the assistance of normal coordinate analysis, the calculated frequencies in their IR and Raman spectra are identified in terms of the vibrational mode of different ligand for the first time. The calculated frequency at 1048 cm⁻¹ in the IR spectrum of [Y(Pc)(Por)]⁻ with contribution from both Pc and Por vibrational modes is the characteristic IR vibrational mode of the reduced double-decker, while the characteristic IR vibrational mode of Y(Pc)(Por) attributed from the vibration of phthalocyanine monoanion radical Pc⁻ appears at 1257 cm⁻¹. In line with our previous experimental findings that the Raman spectra of M(Pc)(TPP) and M(Pc)(TClPP) are dominated by the Pc vibrational modes, theoretical calculations indicate that most of the Raman vibrational modes contributed from Por ring are covered up by those of Pc ring and thus are hard to be recognized in the Raman spectra of [Y(Pc)(Por)]⁻ and Y(Pc)(Por) due to their much weaker intensity in comparison with that of Pc ligand. Comparison in the IR and Raman spectra between [Y(Pc)(Por)]⁻ and Y(Pc)(Por) also suggests the localization of hole on the Pc ring in the neutral double-decker Y(Pc)(Por). The present work, representing the first detailed DFT study on the vibrational spectra of mixed (phthalocyaninato)(porphyrinato) rare earth(III) double-decker complexes, is useful in helping to understand the vibrational spectroscopic properties of this series of mixed tetrapyrrole ring complexes.     

Density functional theory study of high-pressure behavior of crystalline hexanitrostilbene

A detailed study of the structural, electronic, and absorption properties of crystalline hexanitrostilbene (HNS) under hydrostatic pressure of 0–80 GPa was performed with density functional theory. The results show that the structure is much stiffer in the b and c direction than along the a axis, showing that the compressibility of HNS crystal is anisotropic. As the pressure increases, the band gap gradually decreases. An analysis of density of states shows that the electronic delocalization in HNS gradually increases under the influence of pressure. An understanding of the stabilities of HNS under compression based on the electronic structure shows that an applied pressure increases the impact sensitivity of HNS to detonation initiation. As the pressure increases, HNS has relatively high optical activity. The absorption spectra of HNS at high-pressure display a few, strong bands in the fundamental absorption region.     

Theoretical studies on the protonation behavior of tropone and its metal complexes

Density functional theory calculations were carried out to investigate structures and stabilities of tropone and troponeiron complexes, (tropone)Fe(CO)₃, (tropone)Fe(CO)₂(PH₃) and (tropone)Fe(PH₃)₃, and their protonated species. The results show that the oxygen-protonated tropone is more stable than the carbon-protonated tropone. On the contrary, in the troponeiron complexes, the carbon protonated species are more stable than the oxygen protonated species. In the neutral and oxygen-protonated complexes, the tropone and oxygen-protonated tropone ligands are η⁴-coordinated. In the carbon-protonated complexes, the carbon-protonated tropone ligand is η⁵-coordinated. The results also show that the metal shift for complexes containing phosphine ligands is more difficult than that for those containing carbonyl ligands. For the neutral methyl-substituted troponeiron complexes, steric effect was found to play a key role in determining the relative stability of the regioisomers. For their protonated species, the electron-donating properties of the methyl substituent(s) were found to be important in determining the relative stability among the different regioiosmers.     

Density functional theory rationalization of the substituent effects in trifluoromethyl-pyridinol derivatives

The influence of α-substitution in the structure, bonding and thermochemical properties of trifluoromethyl-pyridinol derivatives and their protonated counterparts has been studied by means of density functional theory. The geometries of the neutral and protonated species were optimized at the B3-LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. Final energies were obtained through single point B3-LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p) calculations.The relative orientation of the different substituents within the heterocycle ring favours the formation of unexpected intramolecular hydrogen bonds (IHB), which have been characterized by means of the Atoms in Molecules theory of Bader. Although weak, these IHB are of great importance for understanding the gas phase structure and the thermodynamical properties of these compounds. Surprisingly, most of the substituted investigated pyridinols present proton affinities below or close to that calculated for the unsubstituted pyridine molecule. Only pyridinols bearing strong σ or π donor activating groups show proton affinities greater than that of pyridine.     

Density functional theory and post-Hartree-Fock studies on molecular structure and harmonic vibrational spectrum of formaldehyde

Density functional theory (DFT) with the Becke's three-parameter exchange correlation functional and the functional of Lee, Yang and Parr, gradient-corrected functionals of Perdew, and Perdew and Wang [the DFT(B3LYP), DFT(B3P86) and DFT(B3PW91) methods, respectively], and several levels of conventional ab initio post-Hartree-Fock theory (second- and fourth-order perturbation theory M?ller-Plesset MP2 and MP4(SDTQ), coupled cluster with the single and double excitations (CCSD), and CCSD with perturbative triple excitation [CCSD(T)], configuration interaction with the single and double excitations [CISD], and quadratic configuration interaction method [QCISD(T)], using several basis sets [ranging from a simple 6-31G(d,p) basis set to a 6-311+ +G(3df, 2pd) one], were applied to study of the molecular structure (geometrical parameters, rotational constants, dipole moment) and harmonized infrared (IR) spectrum of formaldehyde (CH₂O). High-level ab initio methods CCSD(T) and QCISD(T) with the 6-311+ +G(3df, 2pd) predict correctly molecular parameters, vibrational harmonic wavenumbers and the shifts of the harmonic IR spectrum of ¹²CH₂ ¹⁶O upon isotopic substitution. Received: 30 January 1997 / Accepted: 7 May 1997     

密度泛函理论下的电负性均衡及应用

以密度泛函理论为框架,综述电负性和电负性均衡理论的发展及其在探讨各种分子性质时的应用。     

Density functional theory study of the FT-IR spectra of phthalimide and N-bromophthalimide

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of phthalimide and N-bromophthalimide have been recorded in the range of 4000-400 cm-1. With the hope of providing more and effective information on the fundamental vibrations, a normal coordinate analysis has been performed on phthalimide and N-bromophthalimide, by assuming C2v symmetry. Density functional theory (DFT)-Beck3-Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) levels with 6-31G* and 6-311+G** basis sets have been employed in quantum chemical analysis. The computational frequencies are in good agreement with the observed results. The theoretical spectra obtained along with intensity data agree well with the observed spectra.     

Accurate description of van der Waals complexes by density functional theory including empirical corrections

An empirical method to account for van der Waals interactions in practical calculations with the density functional theory (termed DFT-D) is tested for a wide variety of molecular complexes. As in previous schemes, the dispersive energy is described by damped interatomic potentials of the form C6R(-6). The use of pure, gradient-corrected density functionals (BLYP and PBE), together with the resolution-of-the-identity (RI) approximation for the Coulomb operator, allows very efficient computations for large systems. Opposed to previous work, extended AO basis sets of polarized TZV or QZV quality are employed, which reduces the basis set superposition error to a negligible extend. By using a global scaling factor for the atomic C6 coefficients, the functional dependence of the results could be strongly reduced. The "double counting" of correlation effects for strongly bound complexes is found to be insignificant if steep damping functions are employed. The method is applied to a total of 29 complexes of atoms and small molecules (Ne, CH4, NH3, H2O, CH3F, N2, F2, formic acid, ethene, and ethine) with each other and with benzene, to benzene, naphthalene, pyrene, and coronene dimers, the naphthalene trimer, coronene. H2O and four H-bonded and stacked DNA base pairs (AT and GC). In almost all cases, very good agreement with reliable theoretical or experimental results for binding energies and intermolecular distances is obtained. For stacked aromatic systems and the important base pairs, the DFT-D-BLYP model seems to be even superior to standard MP2 treatments that systematically overbind. The good results obtained suggest the approach as a practical tool to describe the properties of many important van der Waals systems in chemistry. Furthermore, the DFT-D data may either be used to calibrate much simpler (e.g., force-field) potentials or the optimized structures can be used as input for more accurate ab initio calculations of the interaction energies.     

Density functional theory of polymer-polymer phase separation behavior

Polyatomic density functional theory is applied to a binary polymer blend. The polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM) liquid state theory provides the homogeneous state correlation functions necessary for the application of density functional theory. An effective chi parameter can be recognized from the density functional expression; however, the phase separation criteria does not depend solely upon the chi parameter, rather it depends upon various combinations of the species-dependent direct correlation functions of the blend. The Flory-Huggins chi parameter along with the associated phase diagram is obtained when the monomer volumes of the blend species are equal and for a range of monomer-monomer attractive interactions. Calculations are performed both with and without the assumption of incompressibility. The density functional theory along with the PRISM determined “input” predict that an isotopic polymer blend shows an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) phenomena. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Density functional study on zerovalent lanthanide bis(arene)-sandwich complexes

Several zerovalent lanthanide bis(arene)-sandwich complexes, Ln(η⁶-C₆H₆)₂, Ln = La, Ce, Eu, Gd and Lu, have been studied by means of density functional theory. The calculated geometries are in good agreement with experiment. The calculated dissociation energies of the bond Ln-(η⁶-C₆H₆) may be considerably underestimated, but they correctly reveal the variation regularity. The bonding in these molecules can be described in terms of a relatively weak π-electron donation from benzene to Ln and a stronger electron back-donation from Ln 5d to the benzene π* orbitals. During bond formation, there is electron promotion from Ln 6s to 5d instead of from 4f to 5d, in opposition to the proposal of Anderson et al. The relativistic effect only slightly influences the molecular geometry, but decreases the bonding energy considerably through lowering the Ln 6s level and raising the 5d level. It enhances the trend of the bonding energy to decrease along the lanthanide series. Received: 22 June 1998 / Accepted: 9 September 1998 / Published online: 17 December 1998     

Density functional theory augmented with an empirical dispersion term. Interaction energies and geometries of 80 noncovalent complexes compared with ab initio quantum mechanics calculations

Standard density functional theory (DFT) is augmented with a damped empirical dispersion term. The damping function is optimized on a small, well balanced set of 22 van der Waals (vdW) complexes and verified on a validation set of 58 vdW complexes. Both sets contain biologically relevant molecules such as nucleic acid bases. Results are in remarkable agreement with reference high-level wave function data based on the CCSD(T) method. The geometries obtained by full gradient optimization are in very good agreement with the best available theoretical reference. In terms of the standard deviation and average errors, results including the empirical dispersion term are clearly superior to all pure density functionals investigated-B-LYP, B3-LYP, PBE, TPSS, TPSSh, and BH-LYP-and even surpass the MP2/cc-pVTZ method. The combination of empirical dispersion with the TPSS functional performs remarkably well. The most critical part of the empirical dispersion approach is the damping function. The damping parameters should be optimized for each density functional/basis set combination separately. To keep the method simple, we optimized mainly a single factor, s(R), scaling globally the vdW radii. For good results, a basis set of at least triple-zeta quality is required and diffuse functions are recommended, since the basis set superposition error seriously deteriorates the results. On average, the dispersion contribution to the interaction energy missing in the DFT functionals examined here is about 15 and 100% for the hydrogen-bonded and stacked complexes considered, respectively.     

咪唑菌酮的密度泛函理论计算模拟及表面增强拉曼光谱快速测定EI北大核心CSCD

Density functional theory （DFT） was used to identify and assign the Raman spectra of fenamidone, and a simple and rapid surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy （SERS）detection method for fenamidone was established. Gold nanoparticles （AuNPs）were synthesized via an improved reduction method of chloroauric acid with the trisodium citrate. DFT was used to optimize the geometric configuration of fenamidone, so as to identify and assign the vibration modes of SERS spectra. The simulated spectra were compared to that of the standard solution as well as the tobacco matrix spiked solution.The SERS detection limit of fenamidone was 0.01 mg/kg in the standard solution and 0.02 mg/kg in tobacco matrix spiked solution. In the range of 0.1-5 mg/L, there was a good linear response between SERS intensity and the logarithm of fenamidone concentrations, with the correlation coefficient （R2） of 0.9658. The relative standard deviations （RSDs）were less than 2.6%. This method is suitable for the determination of fenamidone residues in tobacco samples. © 2023 the authors.     

Density functional theory studies on structural isomers and bonding of catecholborane adducts of Group 5 metallocene (Nb, Ta) hydride complexes

Density functional theory calculations at the Becke3LYP level have been performed to study structural isomers of borane adducts of Cp₂M(H) (M=Nb, Ta). Results of calculations show that O- and N-substituted borane adducts can have various structural isomers including boryl, hydridoborate and σ-complex structures. H-, alkyl- and Cl-substituted borane adducts are found to adopt hydridoborate structures. The structural feature is closely related to how the electron-deficient boron center is electronically saturated.     

Density functional calculations of NMR chemical shifts and ESR g-tensors

An overview is given on recent advances of density functional theory (DFT) as applied to the calculation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts and electron spin resonance (ESR) g-tensors. This is a new research area that has seen tremendous progress and success recently; we try to present some of these developments. DFT accounts for correlation effects efficiently. Therefore, it is the only first-principle method that can handle NMR calculations on large systems like transition-metal complexes. Relativistic effects become important for heavier element compounds; here we show how they can be accounted for. The ESR g-tensor is related conceptually to the NMR shielding, and results of g-tensor calculations are presented. DFT has been very successful in its application to magnetic properties, for metal complexes in particular. However, there are still certain shortcomings and limitations, e.g., in the exchange-correlation functional, that are discussed as well. Received: 24 October 1997 / Accepted: 19 December 1997     

Density functional theory investigations on the conformational stability and vibrational spectra of the model compound of vitamin K

Becke 3-Lee–Yang–Parr density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) using 6-31G(d) and 6-311G(d) basis sets and the scaled quantum mechanics (SQM) force field method are used to study molecular conformations and vibrational spectra of a model compound of vitamin K (VK). In this molecule, there are six conformers on the torsional potential energy map of the dihedral angles C₈C₁₄C₁₅C₁₆ () and C₇C₈C₁₄C₁₅ (β). It is shown that the VK_1 conformer ( = 237.7° and β = 274.2°) is the most stable form. For this lowest energy conformer, the harmonic force fields calculated by B3LYP/6-311G(d) and B3LYP/6-31G(d) methods are scaled with one scale factor of 0.9623 and a set of different scale factors transferred from the previous studies for the other similar molecules, respectively. The vibrational frequencies, IR intensities, and Raman activities are obtained for the lowest energy conformer. On the basis of B3LYP calculations, the normal mode analysis is performed to assign the vibrational fundamental frequencies according to the potential energy distributions. The computational frequencies are in good agreement with the observed results.     

低阶煤中氢键作用的色散校正密度泛函理论研究

本研究以苯酚…苯酚、苯酚…苯、苯酚…二苯醚、苯酚…喹啉和苯甲酸…苯甲酸为对象，采用色散校正的密度泛函理论分别研究褐煤中自缔合OH、OH-π、OH-醚O、OH-N和COOH-COOH之间形成的氢键。此外，还研究了氢键供体中取代基(CH₃-、CH₃O-、OH-、NH₂-、COOH-和NO₂-)对氢键的影响。对上述复合物进行了几何优化，并计算了能量、Mulliken电荷分布及振动频率。从优化的结构中可以看出上述复合物之间都存在氢键，所有复合物中O-H键键长都比苯酚中自由羟基的长，这表明这些复合物之间存在相互作用。其中，羧酸…羧酸复合物中O-H键的键长最长。此外，通过Mulliken电荷分布可看出上述复合物之间存在电荷转移。基于振动频率分析，所有的O-H键伸缩振动都发生了红移，尤其是羧酸…羧酸和苯酚…喹啉复合物，这可为煤中羟基振动的红外光谱分析提供依据。根据键能不同氢键强度按以下顺序依次递减：COOH-COOH>OH-N > 自缔合OH≈OH-醚O > OH-π，这与振动频率的分析结果一致。此外，不同取代基对氢键作用的影响不同。