泡沫铝的单向力学行为

本文对不同孔径的开孔泡沫铝材料的单向拉伸性能和单向压缩性能进行了研究,揭示了泡沫铝材料的变形机理,并且发现相对密度不是确定材料力学属性的唯一参数,孔径大小对材料的力学性能也有一定的影响。基于实验数据,我们讨论了材料的宏观力学性能和微观结构的联系,并利用Ramberg-Osgood模型描述了材料的单轴拉伸一维应力应变关系。     

微构件材料力学性能测试方法

随着MEMS的商业化进程,微构件材料力学性能的研究成为越来越重要的一个课题。微小试件的制备、安装、夹持、微驱动、高分辨率的载荷和位移测量等技术问题都是对微构件材料力学性能测试的很大挑战,很多传统的测试方法和装置已经不再适用了。近十几年,国内外学者发展了一些微构件材料力学性能的研究方法,来测量微构件的弹性模量、屈服强度、断裂强度、残余应力和疲劳强度等。本文从实验系统的集成度出发,将这些测试方法大致分为片外测试和片上测试两类。本文对单轴拉伸法、纳米压痕法、鼓膜法、微梁弯曲法和衬底曲率法等典型的片外测试方法和一些典型的片上测试方法进行了介绍,并比较了各自的优缺点。     

微柔顺装置及其力学分析

根据微装配及柔性铰链的特点，提出了微柔顺装置(MRCC，Micro Remote Center Compliance)并对其进行了力学分析。由平衡方程和几何相容条件推导出了三个重要的设计参数——位移刚度Kx、角位移刚度KФ和中心距L的表达式。讨论并示例了柔性铰链的刚度系数、结构参数、位置参数对Kx、KФ和L的影响，分析结果表明，位置参数中的转角θ对Kx、KФ和L影响最大，而且要同时获得Kx、KФ和L的最佳值是不可能的，只能在设计微RCC时综合考虑，选择合适的θ值。     

材料力学性能显微测试系统

介绍了适用于毫、微米量级材料的力学性能测试系统,该系统包括微型加力装置、显微镜及数字图像处理系统。通过计算机控制,加力机构可以对微小试件按力或位移控制方式加载,载荷大小通过传感器直接由计算机数字化。试件的变形测量采用数字图像相关技术,通过序列图像分析方式,获得试件在不同外力作用下对应的变形,从而获得该材料的应力应变关系。在利用显微镜对微细观图像进行放大时,图像的畸变会影响相关计算的精度,本文采用了精度极高的正交栅板,对成像系统进行标定,有效地消除了高放大倍数下的图像畸变。图像相关技术对被测物体的表面处理非常敏感,本文也对这一问题进行了讨论,并给出两个不同的应用实例。第一个为材料性能试验,对厚度为0.1mm的铝材进行单向拉伸,给出了材料的应力应变关系;第二个为稳态裂纹扩展试验,对用人牙制作的紧凑拉伸试件进行测试,获得裂尖后的COD曲线。实验表明,该测试系统在微细观力学实验中具有广阔的应用前景。     

埋入混凝土的光纤传感器包层力学特性研究

本文用解析解探索光纤传感器埋入混凝土中其包层的特性及重要性。针对外荷载平行与光纤方向施加于混凝土构件时，其包层的材料特性和厚度变化而引起其内部应力分布特性作了一些研究。从解的分析可以看出，在埋入光纤的附近横截面应力集中很大程度上取决于包层的厚度及材料性质。对于给定的混凝土材料存在包层材料和厚度相结合的优化问题，选择某一优化目标，可能减小或消除其应力集中，而这对于光纤传感器在整个运行期间是至关重要。     

鼓泡法试验薄膜力学行为的研究

本文采用弹性理论,研究了鼓泡法试验过程中,外力(P)与薄膜中心挠度(w_0)之间的本构关系,计算出P与w_0的数学表达式.该分析模型考虑了薄膜内延展变形及薄膜中残余拉应力对本构关系的影响,并在较大挠曲区间范围内(挠度为10~(-2)～10~2倍薄膜厚度)分析本构关系特征.分析结果表明,外力与薄膜中心挠度之间本构关系可表示为:P∝w_0~n,n为指数.随着薄膜中心挠度的增加,薄膜的主要力学行为由弯曲过渡到延展,本构关系由线性过渡到立方关系,本构关系方程指数n由1增加到3.利用本构方程进行数值计算结果表明,薄膜挠曲所需外力随着薄膜半径增加而减小,随着残余拉应力的增加而增加.相对于以往不考虑延展变形的小挠度模型,本文所提出的力学模型更适合于大挠度条件下鼓泡法试验.     

Methods of Identification of Nonlinear Mechanical Vibrating Systems

Methods for determination of the dynamic characteristics and parameters of mechanical vibrating systems by processing experimental data on controlled vibrations are presented. These methods are intended for construction of mathematical models of objects to be identified and classed as parametric and nonparametric methods. The quadrature formulas of the nonparametric-identification method are derived by inverting the integral parameters of approximate analytical solutions of nonlinear differential equations. The parametric-identification method involves setting up and solving systems of linear algebraic equations in the sought-for inertia, stiffness, and dissipation parameters by integrating experimental processes using special weighting functions. Depending on the type of the nonlinearity of the vibrating system and the method of representing experimental processes, the weighting functions can be oriented toward displacement, velocity, or acceleration gauges. The results of studies made mainly at the Institute of Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine are presented     

花岗岩动态力学性能的实验研究

介绍了利用Φ74mm SHPB试验装置进行花岗岩的动态压缩试验和动态劈裂拉伸试验的结果。通过试验获得了花岗岩在100s-1～102s-1应变率加载时的动态力学参数。同时,对试件内的动态应力分布进行了数值模拟,验证了动态试验的有效性。试验结果表明,花岗岩的动态压缩和动态劈裂拉伸的力学性能表现出显著的应变率效应。随着应变率的增加,其冲击压缩破坏应力、冲击压缩破坏应变、弹性模量、冲击压缩应变能密度和动态劈裂拉伸破坏强度均有一定程度的增加。     

塑胶预埋件力学性能的试验研究

塑胶预埋件是由塑胶材料制作的新型预埋件。通过对埋设在混凝土中的塑胶预埋件进行抗拉、抗剪和拉力疲劳荷载性能试验,考察了塑胶预埋件的极限承载力和破坏形态,研究了拉力疲劳荷载对预埋件抗拉性能的影响。针对M10型预埋件的塑胶-锥体复合拉伸破坏形态,得出极限拉伸荷载的简化计算公式。研究结果表明塑胶预埋件力学性能较好,具有很好的应用前景。     

State-of-Charge and Deformation-Rate Dependent Mechanical Behavior of Electrochemical Cells

The state-of-charge and deformation-rate dependent mechanical behavior of cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells was investigated. The research revealed that both state of charge and deformation rates affected the stiffness of the battery cells. Battery mechanical failure load was only weakly dependent on the state of charge. For the deformation-rate dependency on the mechanical integrity of battery cells, the battery mechanical failure load was either decreased significantly at high state of charge or decreased slightly at low state of charge as deformation rate increased. For the correlation between mechanical integrity and electrical failure, the displacement at the battery mechanical failure load coincided with a voltage drop. However, at high state of charge, premature and incomplete voltage drops were observed before the definite final voltage drop. No such premature voltage drop was observed in low state-of-charge specimens. The results of this research may be used as a reference for the design of impact and damage tolerant electric vehicle battery systems.     

玻璃纤维增强聚氨酯泡沫塑料的压缩力学性能研究

本文研究了两种不同密度的玻璃纤维增强聚氨酯泡沫塑料在准静态压缩下的力学性能。给出了与相应密度的普通泡沫塑料力学性能的比较，实验结果表明：两种增强泡沫塑料在压缩载荷作用下，具有不同于普通泡沫塑料的应力－应变特性，压缩模量和强度一般均有不同程度的提高，而且对相同纤维含量的增强泡沫塑料来说，密度较高的材料增强效果较好。     

超声波对金属材料性能影响实验研究

通过对紫铜和低碳钢在超声波作用下材料特性的实验研究，探讨此类材料的一些特殊表现诸如屈服点降低，硬化率降低和延伸率降低等．建立了一套超声波材料拉伸实验系统，给出材料特性变化的实验数据并对这些特殊现象的形成机理进行初步探讨．给出了韧性金属材料在超声波作用下的本构方程，并与实验结果相比较，结果表明理论分析与实验结果一致     

冻土单轴动态加载下的力学性能

研究冻土的动态力学性能对于地下工程人工冻结法施工等具有重要意义。本文应用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB),研究了冻土单轴动态加载下的力学性能,涉及-3、-8、-13、-17、-23和-28℃共6个负温的冻土,应变率范围350～1200s-1。获得了相应条件下的冻土应力应变关系。冻土的单轴动态应力应变曲线具有脆性特征。发现冻土具有温度和应变率效应,其强度随温度降低和应变率增大而增大,最终应变随应变率增大而增大。冻土温度越低,应变率敏感性越强;加载应变率越高,冻土的温度效应越显著。文中提出的粘弹性损伤型本构模型能够较好的描述6个温度冻土的应力应变关系。     

粘接双材料界面微区内力学行为的细观实验分析

本文将显微光栅与显微测距技术结合起来，实现了物体表面位移场的细观测量。应用这一方法，本文定量地测量了高分子粘接结构界面及周围区域的变形和应变，实验发现界面两侧存在着一个影响区，在影响区内材料的力学性质发生了变化。本文在实验结果的基础上讨论和分析了这一变化并对界面的力学模型进行了讨论。     

Numerical Methods for Constrained Equations of Motion in Mechanical System Dynamics

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT A new class of numerical methods for solving equations of motion of constrained mechanical systems is presented, the framework of which is based on manifold theoretic methods. Rewriting the system of differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) that describe constrained motion is ordinary differentia] equations (ODEs) on a constraint manifold, the theoretical framework for solving equations of motion is constructed, using a local     

Identification of Mechanical Material Behavior Through Inverse Modeling and DIC

Inverse methods offer a powerful tool for the identification of the elasto-plastic material parameters. One of the advantages with respect to classical material testing is the fact that those inverse methods are able to deal with heterogeneous deformation fields. The basic principle of the inverse method that is presented in this paper, is the comparison between experimentally measured strain fields and those computed by the finite element (FE) method. The unknown material parameters in the FE model are iteratively tuned so as to match the experimentally measured and the numerically computed strain fields as closely as possible. This paper describes the application of an inverse method for the identification of the hardening behavior and the yield locus of DC06 steel, based on a biaxial tensile test on a perforated cruciform specimen. The hardening behavior is described by a Swift type hardening law and the yield locus is modeled with a Hill 1948 yield surface.     

Validation of Mechanical Strain Relaxation Methods for Stress Measurement

Most validation studies of mechanical strain relaxation (MSR) methods for residual stress measurement rely on using the saw-tooth residual stress distribution resulting from four point bending and elastic–plastic deformation. Validation studies using simple applied stress profiles in rectangular steel beams are used in this work, together with beams subjected to elastic–plastic bending. Two MSR methods are explored, deep-hole drilling (DHD) and incremental centre hole drilling (ICHD). As well as a series of experiments, finite element analyses are conducted to determine the accuracy in the inversion of measured deformation to reconstruct stress. The validation tests demonstrated that apart from the applied stresses, the initial residual stresses also contribute even when samples are expected to be stress free. The uncertainty in measurement for the two MSR methods is determined, with the uncertainty in near surface measurement found to be significantly larger than uncertainty for interior measurement. In simple loading cases (and simple stress profiles) the uncertainty in measurement and hence the degree of validation is shown to be within about ±50 MPa for steel for “known” stress up to about 140 MPa. However, if the residual stress distribution is more complex there arises increased uncertainty in the predicted residual stress and lack of confidence between measurements methods.     

形状记忆聚合物力学行为及其物理机制

形状记忆聚合物是一类环境响应主动形变智能软材料,是智能材料与结构领域的新兴研究内容之一.宏观概括其物理和力学行为的研究热点,主要包括三个方面:材料与环境之间的信息交换(如热量、能量等),主动形变控制(如驱动方法、形变行为本构建模等),软材料及其结构力学(如相变/转变热力学、复合材料设计等).形状记忆聚合物的记忆效应源于分子链段本征结构的热运动,受外场激励影响,是分子链段结构(包括构型和构象)松弛行为的宏观表象,遵循Arrhenius定律.论文从物理和力学两方面讨论了形状记忆聚合物的分子链段热力学行为及其熵弹效应、分子结构松弛力学行为、环境效应记忆行为的物理和力学机制,系统地对形状记忆聚合物分子结构本征属性及其物理机理、记忆效应转变机制及其力学内涵、温度记忆效应、多场耦合效应响应行为等热点和难点问题进行了分析和讨论.最后,论文展望了形状记忆聚合物力学行为研究的未来发展方向.     

轻质泡沫混凝土的劈裂破坏力学行为分析

利用平台巴西圆盘加载方式和钢质压条加载方式,对两种厚度为25mm和50mm、不同密度的轻质泡沫混凝土(400～1000kg/m3)进行巴西圆盘劈裂试验,研究密度和厚度对泡沫混凝土裂纹宽度、劈裂强度、断裂韧度、断裂能的影响规律。结果表明,在橡胶垫平台巴西圆盘和钢质压条加载方式下,其劈裂断裂特征大致分为四个阶段:线性弹性段、非线性弹性段、起裂阶段、失稳阶段。同样加载率下最大裂纹宽度随着泡沫混凝土密度增加逐渐减小,劈裂拉伸强度、断裂韧度、断裂能呈幂函数形式增加。借鉴Reinhardt非线性软化曲线,对不同密度泡沫混凝土的应力软化关系进行曲线拟合,建立基于拉伸强度、断裂韧度等控制参数的应力-裂纹宽度关系三段式模型。基于试验结果,对理想多孔材料细观力学预测模型进行修正,获得泡沫混凝土孔隙率与拉伸强度的半经验公式。     

Local Mechanical Behavior of Steel Exposed to Nonlinear Harmonic Oscillation

The local mechanical behavior of fatigued steel specimens was probed using nanoindentation. High-carbon steel cantilevers were exposed to nonlinear harmonic oscillation. The indentation modulus on the beam surface and plastic work during indentation decreased as a function of cycles, which was attributed to grain fragmentation and reorientation as well as the continuous reduction in inherent energy dissipation capacity of the material. X-ray diffraction, electron backscatter diffraction, and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize this microstructural evolution during early stages of the beam fatigue life, which altered 1) the local mechanical properties and 2) the global structural dynamic response. The results provide insight into fatigue damage precursors and provides a framework for connecting materials evolution with nonlinear structural dynamics.