具有生物活性的有机锗化合的研究新进展

综述了近年来发展的具有各种生物活性的六类有机锗化合物的合成及生物活性，即倍半锗和介吗川类有机化合的，锗氧杂，锗氮杂及锗硫杂环酮类化合物，呋喃，噻唑，咪唑、嘧啶取代锗烷及其类似物，烷锗醇，熔锗醚和烷锗酮类化合物，卟啉锗类经合物，其它具有生物活性的有机锗化合物这六类有机锗化合物，并对该领域的研究前景作了展望。     

3-取代苯基-3-三氯锗基丙酸的合成

作者曾综述过某些有机锗化合物具有广谱药理活性,并报道了有机锗倍半氧化物,及有机锗的倍半硫化物的合成。已发表的专利证明其中一大类具有生物活性的有机锗化合物具有抗癌活性,放射增敏作用,杀菌作用,酶分解抑制作用等。而这类化合物的合成均经过3-三氯锗基丙酸中间体。本文用三氯锗烷与取代肉桂酸反应,合成了尚未见报道的新化合物,3-取代苯基-3-三氯锗基丙酸活性中间体1～14。它的合成为一系列不同种类具有生物活性的有机锗化合物的开发研究提供了重要的中间体。     

有机锗化合物的合成及其生物活性

讨论了有机锗化合物在国内外的进展。按制备方法分类,重点介绍了烃基锗化合物、螺锗及其衍生物、有机锗倍半氧化物、有机锗倍半硫化物、介吗川类有机锗化合笔挺人有生物活性的化合物。     

具有生物活性的有机锗化合物及其合成方法

具有生物活性的有机锗化合物的生物活性和合成方法的研究报道近年来逐渐增多,1977年Aldrige在国际锗、锡、铅有机金属和配位化学年会上做了题为“有机锗、锡、铅化合物的生物活性“的报告,但该文主要讨论有机锡、铅     

β—羧基—α—（取代苯基）乙基三苯基锗的合成

某些有机锗化合物具有广泛的生物活性和药理活性。人们利用有机锗的活性中间体:β-羧基乙基锗的三氯化物(简式:Cl_3GeCH_2CH_2COOH)及其衍生物进行了多方面的合成研究。有关文献报道,β-羧基-α-乙基,三烷基锗化合物具有选择性的酶分解抑制作用及较强的     

四配位有机锗化合物的红外光谱表征

对30多年所发表的四配位有机锗化合物的红外光谱进行了综合评论。即对饱和烃基锗、不饱和烃基锗、有机锗卤化合物、倍半氧锗化合物、其它这五类有机锗化合物的红外光谱作了系统的归纳，对光谱特征进行了总结。     

介吗川类化合物的新型合成

采用Ｐ２Ｏ５脱水的方法将三乙醇胺和倍半氧锗有机化合物在室温下反应得到了较高产率的介吗川类有机锗新化合物。此法特别适合制备一些含有活泼官能团的介吗川类有机锗化合物。通过元素分析、ＩＲ、＾１Ｈ ＮＭＲ和ＭＳ等分析手段验证了所合成的１４个新化合物的组成及结构。并考察了某些化合物的生物活性。     

四配位有机锗化合物的红外光谱表征

对 ３０ 多年所发表的四配位有机锗 化合物的红外光谱进行了综合 评论。即对饱和烃基 锗、不饱和 烃基锗、有机锗卤化 合物、倍半氧锗化合 物、其它这五类 有机锗化 合物的红 外光谱作 了系统的 归纳，对光谱特征进行了总结     

三苯基锗二硫代氨基甲酸酯的合成及表征

近年来 ,人们相继合成了有机锗倍半硫化物、有机锗硫杂环戊酮、含硫的螺环有机锗等化合Scheme1　 Synthetic route of compound物[1,2 ] .但烃基锗二硫代氨基甲酸酯类化合物尚未见报道 .我们 [3,4 ] 发现 ,有机锡二硫代氨基甲酸酯类化合物有很强的生物活性 .鉴于有机锗化合物比有机锡化合物毒性低得多 ,且副作用小 ,我们以三苯基氯化锗和二硫代氨基甲酸盐为原料 ,合成了一系列新型的有机锗含硫衍生物 (反应式如Scheme1所示 ) ,并对其结构进行了表征 ,初步生物活性测试结果表明 ,部分化合物显示出较强的抗癌活性 .1　实　　验1 .1　仪器与…     

O-(1-苯基-3-三苯锗基)正丁基硫代磷酸酯类化合物的合成

随着人们对倍半锗类化合物的合成和生物活性的深入研究，烷锗类和芳锗类化合物的生物活性也逐渐引起人们的重视。１９８７年，Ｋａｋｉｍｏｔｏ等发现３－三烷基（三芳基）锗基丙酸酯类化合物具有选择性酶分解抑制活性［１］。１９９４年，Ｘｉｅ等报道了三芳基锡基３－三...     

A confirmatory method for the simultaneous extraction,separation, identification and quantification of Tetracycline,Sulphonamide, Trimethoprim and Dapsone residues in muscle by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC

A rapid confirmatory multi-residue method for the analysis of tetracyclines, sulphonamides, trimethoprim and dapsone by UPLC-MS/MS is described. The method is able to quantify and confirm the following 19 compounds, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfapyridine, trimethoprim, sulfamerazine, sulfamethizole, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfachlorpyridazine, dapsone, sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfaquinoxaline and sulfadimethoxine. Samples are extracted with 0.1 M EDTA and acetonitrile, which is then evaporated under a stream of nitrogen and reconstituted in water. Following centrifugation and filtering, an aliquot is analysed by UPLC-MS/MS using positive electrospray ionisation and multiple reaction monitoring. The method is deemed rapid as all analytes are extracted by a single extraction technique, with no solid-phase extraction clean up required. Validation is according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and was carried out for bovine, porcine, ovine and poultry species. Specificity, recovery, repeatability, reproducibility, CCα and CCβ data is presented.     

伊敏褐煤中微量元素的地球化学特征及其无机-有机亲和性分析

采用脱矿物质、提取腐殖酸等方法结合ICP-MS对伊敏15_上、16_下煤中的32种微量元素的含量及其赋存特征进行了分析。与地壳克拉克值及中国侏罗-白垩纪煤和世界褐煤中微量元素含量相比,伊敏褐煤中微量元素没有明显富集。脱矿物质处理后,Ni明显富集,As略比原煤高,其他微量元素都低于原煤。原煤提取腐殖酸和脱矿物煤提取腐殖酸中Ni、Mo、Cd、Sn、W明显富集,这表明Ni、Mo、Cd、Sn、W和腐殖酸形成了稳定的有机态化合物。原煤提取腐殖酸残煤和脱矿物煤提取腐殖酸残煤中V、Ni、As富集,表明V、Ni、As与煤的大分子结构形成了稳定的有机态化合物。根据微量元素和灰分的相关性系数,把微量元素分为以下几类:无机富集元素Cr、U;亲无机元素Cu、Cd、In、Sn、Ga、Y、Zr、Hf、Bi、Th;偏无机元素Be、Sc、Rb、Sr、Nb、Cs、Ta、Pb;偏有机元素V、As、Tl、Ba、Se;亲有机元素Li、Co、W;有机富集元素Ni、Zn、Mo、Sb。     

Simultaneous Determination of Cadmium,Mercury, Lead,Arsenic, Copper,and Zinc in Human Breast Milk by ICP‐MS/Microwave Digestion

Abstract

An analytical method using microwave digestion and inductively coupled argon plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) analysis was developed for the measurement of Cd, Hg, Pb, As, Cu, and Zn in human breast milk. We applied external calibration, internal calibration, and standard addition for reference material and pooled milk analysis. Method performances were defined in terms of detection limits, accuracy, and precision. Accuracy varied between 93% and 105% and precision between 3% and 8%. External calibration and background interferences were checked through a calibrator addition procedure. Our method has shown high accuracy, precision, and sensitivity, as well as linearity within a wide range of values. Our methodology, developed by treatment of reference material and pooled milk samples, was applied for determination of Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in 120 human breast milk samples.     

Organic heterocyclic-based colorimetric and fluorimetric chemosensors for the detection of different analytes: a review (from 2015 to 2022)

Heterocyclic organic compounds, also called heterocycles, are any major class of organic compounds having at least one atom other than carbon in the ring. Due to their excellent electronic and structural features, these compounds exhibit a wide range of biological and nonbiological applications. Among these, indole, benzimidazole, benzothiazole, and benzoxazole are versatile organic heterocyclic compounds widely used in different fields. They show a wide range of applications in polymer, coordination chemistry, pharmacy, dyes, food packages, medicine, and industries. These compounds contain heteroatoms like S-, N-, and O-, through which they interact with metal ions, anions, and neutral species, giving measurable analytical signals that can be used as fluorimetric and colorimetric chemosensors for detecting different analytes in biological, agricultural and environmental samples. This review summarizes indole, benzimidazole, benzothiazole, and benzoxazole-based fluorimetric and colorimetric chemosensors for detecting metal ions, anions, and neutral species. Furthermore, the recognition mechanisms have been discussed in detail, which could help researchers to design efficient, highly selective, and sensitive chemosensors to recognize and determine heavy metal cations.     

Tools and resources for metabolomics research community: A 2017–2018 update

The scale at which MS‐ and NMR‐based platforms generate metabolomics datasets for both research, core, and clinical facilities to address challenges in the various sciences—ranging from biomedical to agricultural—is underappreciated. Thus, metabolomics efforts spanning microbe, environment, plant, animal, and human systems have led to continual and concomitant growth of in silico resources for analysis and interpretation of these datasets. These software tools, resources, and databases drive the field forward to help keep pace with the amount of data being generated and the sophisticated and diverse analytical platforms that are being used to generate these metabolomics datasets. To address challenges in data preprocessing, metabolite annotation, statistical interrogation, visualization, interpretation, and integration, the metabolomics and informatics research community comes up with hundreds of tools every year. The purpose of the present review is to provide a brief and useful summary of more than 95 metabolomics tools, software, and databases that were either developed or significantly improved during 2017–2018. We hope to see this review help readers, developers, and researchers to obtain informed access to these thorough lists of resources for further improvisation, implementation, and application in due course of time.     

Green synthesis of biogenic metal nanoparticles by terrestrial and aquatic phototrophic and heterotrophic eukaryotes and biocompatible agents

The size, shape and controlled dispersity of nanoparticles play a vital role in determining the physical, chemical, optical and electronic properties attributing its applications in environmental, biotechnological and biomedical fields. Various physical and chemical processes have been exploited in the synthesis of several inorganic metal nanoparticles by wet and dry approaches viz., ultraviolet irradiation, aerosol technologies, lithography, laser ablation, ultrasonic fields, and photochemical reduction techniques. However, these methodologies remain expensive and involve the use of hazardous chemicals. Therefore, there is a growing concern for the development of alternative environment friendly and sustainable methods. Increasing awareness towards green chemistry and biological processes has led to a necessity to develop simple, cost-effective and eco-friendly procedures. Phototrophic eukaryotes such as plants, algae, and diatoms and heterotrophic human cell lines and some biocompatible agents have been reported to synthesize greener nanoparticles like cobalt, copper, silver, gold, bimetallic alloys, silica, palladium, platinum, iridium, magnetite and quantum dots. Owing to the diversity and sustainability, the use of phototrophic and heterotrophic eukaryotes and biocompatible agents for the synthesis of nanomaterials is yet to be fully explored. This review describes the recent advancements in the green synthesis and applications of metal nanoparticles by plants, aquatic autotrophs, human cell lines, biocompatible agents and biomolecules.     

Indole-Containing Natural Products 2019–2022: Isolations,Reappraisals, Syntheses,and Biological Activities

Indole alkaloids represent a large subset of natural products, with more than 4100 known compounds. The majority of these alkaloids are biologically active, with some exhibiting excellent antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiplasmodial activities. Consequently, the natural products of this class have attracted considerable attention as potential leads for novel therapeutics and are routinely isolated, characterized, and profiled to gauge their biological potential. However, data on indole alkaloids, their various structures, and bioactivities are complex due to their diverse sources, such as plants, fungi, bacteria, sponges, tunicates, and bryozoans; thus, isolation methods produce an incredible trove of information. The situation is exacerbated when synthetic derivatives, as well as their structures, bioactivities, and synthetic schemes, are considered. Thus, to make such data comprehensive and inform researchers about the current field’s state, this review summarizes recent reports on novel indole alkaloids. It deals with the isolation and characterization of 250 novel indole alkaloids, a reappraisal of previously reported compounds, and total syntheses of indole alkaloids. In addition, several syntheses and semi-syntheses of indole-containing derivatives and their bioactivities are reported between January 2019 and July 2022.     

A review on elastic graphene aerogels: Design,preparation, and applications

Graphene aerogels with unique properties, such as ultralow density, super-elasticity, high specific surface area, and excellent thermal stability, have undergone great progress in the past decades. Especially, super-elastic graphene aerogels provide a highly attention-catching platform for developing advanced energy devices, pressure sensors, contaminates adsorbents, and electromagnetic wave shielding and absorption materials, and so forth. In this review, we begin with the introduction and discussion of various fabrication techniques and compare their advantages and disadvantages, focusing on the template-free assembly process and template-assisted assembly process. Then, we summarize the factors influencing the compressibility and elasticity of graphene aerogels, including intrinsic properties of building blocks, constituent materials, and structure design, and their wide applications. At the end, we discuss the current challenges and future prospects of this field.     

Antihypertensive activity of indole and indazole analogues: A review

Heterocyclic compounds occupy an important position in chemistry because of their wide range of uses in drug design, photochemistry, agrochemicals, and other fields. Indole and indazole scaffolds are available from natural and synthetic sources, and molecules containing these scaffolds have been shown to have various biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, analgesic, anticancer, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, and antihypertensive activities. Indole and indazole molecules bind to receptors with high affinity, and thus are useful for the study of bioactive compounds involved in multiple pathways. In this review, we highlight the antihypertensive activity and the mechanisms of action of indole and indazole derivatives. In addition, structure–activity relationship studies of the antihypertensive effect are presented.     

Semiconductor quantum dots and metal nanoparticles: syntheses,optical properties,and biological applications

We review the syntheses, optical properties, and biological applications of cadmium selenide (CdSe) and cadmium selenide–zinc sulfide (CdSe–ZnS) quantum dots (QDs) and gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs). Specifically, we selected the syntheses of QDs and Au and Ag NPs in aqueous and organic phases, size- and shape-dependent photoluminescence (PL) of QDs and plasmon of metal NPs, and their bioimaging applications. The PL properties of QDs are discussed with reference to their band gap structure and various electronic transitions, relations of PL and photoactivated PL with surface defects, and blinking of single QDs. Optical properties of Ag and Au NPs are discussed with reference to their size- and shape-dependent surface plasmon bands, electron dynamics and relaxation, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The bioimaging applications are discussed with reference to in vitro and in vivo imaging of live cells, and in vivo imaging of cancers, tumor vasculature, and lymph nodes. Other aspects of the review are in vivo deep tissue imaging, multiphoton excitation, NIR fluorescence and SERS imaging, and toxic effects of NPs and their clearance from the body. Figure Semiconductor quantum dots and metal nanoparticles have extensive applications, e.g., in vitro and in vivo bioimaging Tamitake Itoh and Abdulaziz Anas contributed equally to this article.