Qualitative and quantitative analysis of lignite coal and its ash samples taken from Soma-Darkale region

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of lignite coal and its ash samples taken from Soma-Darkale region in city of Manisa (Turkey) have been performed by using the EDXRF technique. Samples are prepared from powder sifted by 200 mesh sieve.The elements Fe and Ba in the samples are analysed using the standard addition method. The samples were excited by gamma rays emitted from radioisotope source. The characteristic K X-rays emitted from samples were counted by means of Si(Li) detector which has a resolution at .     

Second-order Raman scattering and infra-red absorption in SnS2

Summary The second-order Raman scattering and infra-red absorption spectra of 2H−SnS₂ are reported. The temperature, excitation wavelength and polarization dependences of Raman spectra are studied; resonance effects are put in evidence. The assignment of the second-order bands is discussed on the basis of the appliable selection rules. The role of phonons of high symmetry points different from Γ in second-order spectra is also taken into account. Work partially supported by M.P.I.     

Raman scattering by hot and thermal polaritons in crystal quartz

Summary Nonlinear mixing of IR and visible radiation,i.e. coherent Raman scattering by polaritons driven by a CO₂ laser, has been used to obtain the dispersion curve and its width inq-space of the polariton associated to theE-phonon at 1065 cm⁻¹ in crystal quartz. It is shown in this paper that a direct method to determine indipendently, with high precision, the refractive index and absorbance of a crystal can be obtained in this way. The results are compared with accurate data obtained from Raman scattering by polaritions in thermal equilibrium and very good agreement is found between the two measurements. It is finally shown that nonlinear-mixing techniques turn out to be completely consistent with the simple picture of scattering of light by hot polaritons. This work was supported by the Italian Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche del Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione.     

The atmosphere of Titan and the Huygens atmospheric structure instrument

Summary The Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI) is a multisensor package which has been designed to measure the physical quantities characterizing the atmosphere of Titan. After a short summary of the available information on Titan's atmosphere, the HASI is described as well as its capabilities to improve our knowledge of the larger Saturnian satellite. Paper presented at the V Cosmic Physics National Conference, S. Miniato, November 27–30, 1990.     

Edge linking and image segmentation by combining optical and digital methods

We present a hybrid method for segmentation of intensity images, which combines an optical contouring technique and digital algorithms for linking edge points or image segmentation. In a first stage, the digital image to be processed is displayed in a twisted-nematic liquid-crystal display (LCD), which is placed between a polarizer–analyzer pair at 45 deg (instead of 90 deg as occurs in standard LCDs). It is not difficult to demonstrate that the proposed setup produces a resultant image with very pronounced dark contours at middle intensity. After the optical preprocessing, two different digital algorithms are applied: an edge linking algorithm (modified chain code) and a simple thresholding technique for image segmentation. The proposed procedure works well with monochromatic and color images. The method could be useful as a robust technique for segmentation of large images in real-time, which presents potential applications in medical and biological imaging.     

Then and now: James Clerk Maxwell and colour

A survey of the researches of James Clerk Maxwell into the production and perception of colour is presented, and links to a selection of present day applications of colour science are indicated. Although false colour photography was not known in Maxwell's time, aspects of his work, suitably interpreted, have a bearing on the wide applicability of the technique. An outline is given of one application of false colour to visualising and analysing data on fluid motion.     

Raman scattering studies of sodalite for crystal structure and coloration mechanism

Summary Group-theoretical study of the vibrational modes of chlorosodalite [Na₄Al₃(SiO₄)₃]₂ has been carried out for theT _d ¹ space group. The Raman-active modes are evaluated and comparison is made with the experimental results on sodalite. It is shown that the experimental Raman spectrum does not support the structure of sodalite to beT _d ¹ but confirms it to beT _d ¹ . Raman scattering studies were performed on X-ray irradiated As-grown single crystal of chloro-sodalite to identify the coloration mechanism. Enhancement of oxygen twisting and stretching mode intensities on X-ray irradiation indicates the formation of neutral sodium colloidal aggregate during the coloration process. The authors of this paper have agreed to not receive the proofs for correction.     

冰浆储存与融化及流动换热特性研究现状及展望

冰浆具有良好的流动性、传输性以及传热性能,在电力削峰填谷上有着很大的应用前景。文中主要对冰浆制取方式的优劣性进行对比,着重介绍了国内外冰浆储存与融化的研究进展,对冰浆流动换热的动态特性进行分析,并根据研究现状对下一步研究工作进行了展望。     

ROSETTA and FIRST: Two cornerstone missions of ESA long-term space science programme

Summary The paper reviews the objectives and status of definition of ROSETTA (Comet Nucleus Sample Return) and FIRST (Far Infrared Space Telescope), which are two cornerstone missions of the ESA long-term scientific programme. ROSETTA is a joint ESA/NASA programme and it will address problems centered on the origin of planetary material and the pre-biotic evolution of organic matter. The ROSETTA spacecraft will be launched in 2001; it will land into the nucleus of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko, take about 10 kg of cometary samples (ice, dust, organics) and will return the Earth in 2008. FIRST will explore the 10 μm to 1 mm region of the electromagnetic spectrum, where a large number of very important atomic and molecular spectral lines are hosted. The major scientific objectives are the physics of the interstellar medium of the star formation and cosmological studies. The mission is based on a 4.5 to 8 m telescope equipped with imaging spectrometers and operating as a near-real-time observatory from a high elliptical orbit of 24 h period. Low operating temperatures for the payload will be achieved by using a combination of mechanical coolers and a liquid helium cryostat. To speed up publication, the proofs were not sent to the authors and were supervised by the Scientific Committee.     

Broken relativistic symmetry groups,toroidal moments and superconductivity in magnetoelectric crystals

Summary A connection between the creation of toroidal moments and the breaking of the relativistic crystalline group associated to a given crystal is presented in this paper. Indeed, if magnetoelectric effects exist, the interaction between electrons and elementary magnetic cells appears in such a way that the resulting local polarization and magnetization break the local relativistic crystalline symmetry. Therefore, a Goldstone boson responsible for the production of toroidal moments is created and, consequently toroidal phases arise in the crystal. The list of the Shubnikov groups compatible with this kind of phases is given and possible consequences in superconductor theory in magnetoelectric crystals are examined.     

FEL gain in the pulsed regime: a comparison between numerical and analytical results

Summary In this paper we present simple and general formulae for the FEL gain in the pulsed regime including both the longitudinal mode coupling and the lethargy effect. Such relations, obtained from a numerical integration of the pulse propagation equations, are then compared to similar expressions obtained analitycally in the limiting case of the long bunch approximation and the agreement is shown to be excellent.

---

Riassunto In questo lavoro vengono derivate formule semplici e generali relative al guadagno FEL in regime impulsato. Tali formule tengono conto dell'accoppiamento tra i modi longitudinali e dell'effetto di letargia. Le relazioni di cui sopra sono ottenute nell'ambito di una trattazione numerica delle equazioni di propagazione degli impulsi e sono poi comparate ad analoghe espressioni ottenute per via analitica nel caso limite di pacchetto di elettroni lungo. Si dimostra come l'accordo sia particolarmente buono.

---

Резюме В зтой статье мы приводим простые и общие формулы для усиления для лазера на свободных злектронах в импульсном режиме, учитывая связь продольных мод и зффект летаргии. Зти соотношения, полченные с помощью численного интегрирования уравнений распространения импульса, затем сравниваются с аналогичными выражениями, полученными аналитически в предельном случае приближения длинного сгустка, и получается хорошее согласие.

     

基于数字与模拟采集同步测控技术的研究

当前数字化闭环控制航天伺服系统测试时采用一种基于1553B总线控制和A/D模拟采集的测控系统设备,当进行动态特性测试时,1553B与A/D间的启动延迟导致测试结果的精度不准确。为了消除数模混合控制系统下启动零点误差对伺服系统动态特性的影响,对启动零点误差来源进行了分析,在伺服系统1553B总线架构数字化闭环控制的基础上,采用基于PXI硬件平台的数字与模拟采集启动零点同步技术,解决了由于启动同步时间差导致伺服系统动态特性数据处理结果跳变的问题,大大提高了伺服测控系统的测试精度。     

Cooperation between scientists and the government in the US: benefits and problems

This paper discusses the importance of maintaining close working relations between scientists and their government. Several examples of this cooperation in the U.S. are presented to illustrate the benefits, as well as problems, that result from such cooperation, or lack thereof. These examples include government support of scientific research, as well as contributions by science to help governments understand both the possibilities and the limitations of science as they formulate national policy.     

In Situ Spectrodensitometric Determination of Methyl and Propyl Parabens,Benzoic and Sorbic Acids in Bulk Powder,Foods, and Pharmaceutical Formulations

ATLC spectrodensitometric procedure was developed for the determination of methyl paraben, propyl paraben, sorbic acid and benzoic acid as bulk powders or in pharmaceutical dosage forms and foods. The procedure was used for the determination of the two parabens singly or together and also was used for the determination of benzoic and sorbic acids singly because they were found singly in some commercial food and pharmaceutical products. The cited compounds were separated on silica gel with fluorescent indicator in systems, acetone-ethanol-aqueous ammonia 28%-ethyl acetate (84:3:9:9) for the determination of benzoic and sorbic acids and n-hexane-ethyl acetate-acetic acid (80:5:20) for the determination of the two parabens. Absorbance measurement (detection of reflectance) of separated compounds was carried out in situ, at 254 nm for the two parabens, sorbic acid, and at 228 nm for benzoic acid using multilevel calibration curves in the concentration ranges of 0.2—2.5 μg/spot, 0.5—3 μg/spot, and 2.5—12.5 μg/spot for sorbic acid, the two parabens, and benzoic acid, respectively. The results were evaluated by linear regression analysis. The mean % accuracies were found to be, mean ±C.V.(%), 99.65 ±0.963, 99.45±1.02, 99.60±0.825 and 99.34±0.969 for benzoic acid, sorbic acid, methyl paraben and propyl paraben in bulk powders, respectively. While in case of benzoic and sorbic acids in foods the mean % accuracies were found to be: 97.72±1.231 and 98.81±1.296, respectively. The mean % accuracies of methyl paraben, propyl paraben, sorbic acid in pharmaceutical dosage forms were found to be: 98.19±0.874, 97.830±0.799 and 98.36±0.572, respectively.     

Production of ion and electron streams by pulsed-laser ablation of Ta and Cu

A Nd:YAG laser with 10⁹ W/cm ² pulse intensity, operating at 532 nm wavelength, is used to ablate Ta and Cu targets placed in vacuum. The ablation process generates a plasma in front of the target surface, which expands along the normal to target surface. The ion and electron emissions from the plasma were measured by Faraday cups placed at different angles with respect to the normal to target surface. In the range of laser intensities from 10⁷ to 10⁹ W/cm², the fast electron yield is lower than the ion yield and it increases at higher laser intensities. The ablation threshold, the emission yield, the ion and electron average energies and the plasma ion and electron temperatures were measured for ion and fast electron streams.     

Heat flux and temperature and density profiles in a gas

Summary Starting from Boltzmann's equation, a method is developed for calculating temperature and density profiles and heat flux in a neutral gas in the presence of a temperature gradient and an external force. A generalized barometric law is obtained. The influence of different cross-section models is also investigated. This work was supported in part by MPI (60%) grants of the Italian Ministry of Education.     

Preparation and Raman spectroscopy of Zn x Cd1−x In2S4 mixed cation layered compounds

Summary We report on the growth and the structural and dynamical analysis of the layered phases which are formed in Zn _x Cd_1−x In₂S₄ quaternary mixed compounds. The experiments show that two polytypic phases are formed. Paper presented at the ?V International Conference on Ternary and Multinary Compounds?, held in Cagliari, September 14–16, 1982.     

正、负电性纳米银吸附阴、阳离子型分子的SERS比较

使用表面带负电的胶态纳米银,分别进行阴,阳离子型分子的SERS效应研究,并与表面带正电的胶态纳米银比较,当阳离子型分子盐酸副玫瑰苯胺吸附在正,负电性纳米银表面上时,后者SERS较强,当阴离子型分子吲哚丁酸分别吸附在这两种胶态纳米银上时,后者无SERS效应。