Standard enthalpies of formation of some N-spiranes

The heats of combustion of three compounds, members of a new series of N-spiranes were measured by combustion calorimetry. The molecules of the title compounds comprise condensed and N-spirofused heterocycles as well as nitroxy groups that are both NO-donors and explosophores. The enthalpies of formation and the heats of explosive transformation of these compounds are calculated. Two compounds belong to explosives with low heat of explosive transformation, whereas the third compound is inert.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Energetic Salts of the (C4N122–) Dianion

3, 6‐Bis(tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐1, 2, 4, 5‐tetrazine is a nitrogen‐rich energetic compound readily prepared and a strong dibasic acid. By the reaction with energetic bases such including hydroxylamine, triaminoguanidine, hydrazine, and diaminourea, multiple ionic energetic materials were prepared and characterized for the first time. Both chemical (multinuclear NMR, Infrared, Raman, MS, etc) as well as explosive (Impact, Friction, Static sensitivities) properties are reported. The materials prepared, with the exception of the silver salt, which is a primary explosive, fall into the classification of low‐sensitivity energetic materials due to desensitizing hydration waters. Calculated explosive performances using the EXPLO5 computer code are also reported.     

六硝基六氮杂三环十二烷二酮的密度泛函理论研究

对迄今为止爆速最高的高能化合物六硝基六氮杂三环十二烷二酮(HHTDD)的结构和性质实现了DFT-B3LYP/CEP-31G水平的计算研究。其全优化几何构型中六员氮杂环可取椅式和船式2种构象,并以船式构象更稳定。基于集居数、自然键轨道(NBO)、分子总能量和前线轨道能量等电子结构参数对该化合物若干性质进行了探讨。尤其揭示了分子中NNO2键所表现出的最大活性。在振动分析的基础上求得273～800 K温度范围内体系的热力学性质。从理论上预测的爆速与实测值相吻合。     

1,9—二叠氮基—2,2,8,8—四硝基—4,6—二氧杂壬烷的合成及性能

１，９－二叠氮基－２，２，８，８－四硝基－４，６－二氧杂壬烷的合成及性能阎红＊管晓培（北京工业大学化学与环境工程学系北京１０００２２）（北京理工大学化工与材料学院北京）关键词叠氮化合物，含能增塑剂，合成，离去基团，性能评价１９９６－０９－２３收稿，１...     

Bimodal Functionality in a Porous Covalent Triazine Framework by Rational Integration of an Electron‐Rich and ‐Deficient Pore Surface

A porous covalent triazine framework (CTF) consisting of both an electron‐deficient central triazine core and electron‐rich aromatic building blocks is reported. Taking advantage of the dual nature of the pore surface, bimodal functionality has been achieved. The electron deficiency in the central core has been utilized to address one of the pertinent problems in chemical industries, namely separation of benzene from its cyclic saturated congener, that is, cyclohexane. Also, by virtue of the electron‐rich aromatic rings with Lewis basic sites, aqueous‐phase chemical sensing of a nitroaromatic compound of highly explosive nature (2,4,6‐trinitrophenol; TNP) has been achieved. The present compound supersedes the performance of previously reported COFs in both the aspects. Notably, this reports the first example of pore‐surface engineering leading to bimodal functionality in CTFs.     

Synthesis and Properties of Tetraamminebis(1-methyl-5-aminotetrazole-N3,N4)cobalt(III) Perchlorate

Physicochemical and explosive properties of tetraamminebis(1-methyl-5-aminotetrazole-N ³,N ⁴) cobalt(III) perchlorate were studied. The possibility of using this compound as priming charge was demonstrated.     

Synthesis of cycloalkanone-fused cyclopropanes by Au(I)-catalyzed oxidative ene-yne cyclizations

Au(I)-catalyzed oxidative cyclizations that successfully convert 1,5-ene-ynes and a 1,6-ene-yne to the corresponding cycloalkanone-fused cyclopropanes are described. This Au(I)-catalyzed oxidative cyclization can be effectively applied to various substrates and is an alternative to the previously used intramolecular cyclopropanation that required potentially explosive diazo compound.     

Synthesis and Investigation of Advanced Energetic Materials Based on Bispyrazolylmethanes

Herein we present the preparation and characterization of three new bispyrazolyl‐based energetic compounds with great potential as explosive materials. The reaction of sodium 4‐amino‐3,5‐dinitropyrazolate ( 5 ) with dimethyl iodide yielded bis(4‐amino‐3,5‐dinitropyrazolyl)methane ( 6 ), which is a secondary explosive with high heat resistance (T_dec=310 °C). The oxidation of this compound afforded bis(3,4,5‐trinitropyrazolyl)methane ( 7 ), which is a combined nitrogen‐ and oxygen‐rich secondary explosive with very high theoretical and estimated experimental detonation performance (V_det (theor)=9304 m s^?1 versus V_det(exp)=9910 m s^?1) in the range of that of CL‐20. Also, the thermal stability (T_dec=205 °C) and sensitivities of 7 are auspicious. The reaction of 6 with in situ generated nitrous acid yielded the primary explosive bis(4‐diazo‐5‐nitro‐3‐oxopyrazolyl)methane ( 8 ), which showed superior properties to those of currently used diazodinitrophenol (DDNP).     

杂环化合物氮氧化反应研究的新进展

杂环化合物的N-氧化物是一类重要的有机中间体, 也可以直接用作催化剂、炸药等. 综述了杂环化合物N-氧化反应的最新进展, 包括单氮、双氮和多氮杂环化合物的N-氧化反应, 以及在形成N→O基团的同时合成目标产物的反应, 并重点讨论了具有复杂结构的杂环化合物N-氧化反应.     

Synthesis and properties of potassium 5,5'-azobis (1-nitraminotetrazolate): A green primary explosive with superior initiation power

Potassium 5,5'-azobis(1-nitraminotetrazolate), (K₂ABNAT), a new green primary explosive, was synthesized via a safe and convenient synthetic procedure based on methylcarbazate and cyanogen azide. The compound was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). With the calculated (CBS-4M) heat of formation (617.0 kJ/mol) and the room temperature X-ray density (2.11 g/cm³), impressive values for the detonation parameters such as detonation velocity (8367 m/s) and pressure (31.5 GPa) were computed using the EXPLO5 program. The superior calculated energetic performance show it could serve as a green replacement for the widely used primary explosive, lead(II) azide, which contains toxic ingredient.     

新型高能量密度化合物3,6-双(3,5-二硝基-1,2,4-三唑-1)-1,2,4,5-四嗪-1,4-二氧化物的性能预估及合成路线设计

采用C++自编译程序及组合原理,设计并筛选出一种未见报道的新型富氮类高能量密度化合物-3,6-双(3,5.二硝基.1,2,4-三唑.1)-1,2,4,5-四嗪-1,4-二氧化物,用B3LYP法,在6-31G**基组水平上得到该化合物全优化构型;在振动分析的基础上求得体系的振动频率、IR谱;通过键级分析得到热解引发键的键离解能(BDE);采用Monte-Carlo 方法预估了密度;设计等键等电子反应计算了生成焓;运用Kamlet-Jacobs公式预测爆速、爆压和爆热;运用Keshavarz 等推导的预估撞击感度H50的公式预测了撞击感度性能;并利用逆合成分析法设计其合成路线.结果表明:该化合物存在8个强吸收峰,校正后的热解引发键的BDE为264KJ·mol-1,稳定性较优;密度1.955 g·cm-3、生成焓901.72 kJ·mol-1、爆速9191.48 m·s-1、爆压39.32 GPa、爆热6705.15 j·g-1;撞击感度H50为55.85cm,低于黑索金(RDX)和奥克托今(HMx);以上性能均达到了高能量密度化合物的标准,且该化合物设计合成路线步骤较少、原料易得,有望得到广泛应用.     

环脲硝胺化合物的性能和电子结构之间的关系——Ⅳ.热分解研究

主要用气相色谱(GC)、辅以差热-热重(DTA-TG)和红外(IR)分析法实测了环脲硝胺系列化合物的热解过程和产物。在H_2和N_2气氛中的热解初始及最高温度基本一致,气相分解产物也主要均为N_2O、NO_2、CO_2和H_2O等。用全略微分重叠(CNDO/2)分子轨道法计算了它们的电子结构,发现各基态分子中均以N-NO_2键的键级最小,支持了该键将优先断裂的热解引发机理。     

Nitrogen-rich compounds of the actinoids: dioxouranium(VI) 5,5'-azobis[tetrazolide] pentahydrate and its unusually small uranyl angle

Uranyl(VI) 5,5'-azobis[tetrazolide] pentahydrate was synthesized and characterized using X-ray crystallography, elemental analysis, UV/vis, MIR, FIR, and Raman spectroscopy. It is the second-most nitrogen rich compound of uranium (26.72 wt % N) and only the second structurally characterized uranium complex with a tetrazole ligand described in the literature. The compound's structure is characterized by an exceptionally small uranyl angle of 172.4(1)°, which provides information on the coordination properties of tetrazole ligands as they affect the donor's environment by strong steric and perhaps electrostatic repulsion. The compound showed luminescence under excitation with a near UV laser. The mean lifetime of its excited state was shorter than in the case of UO(2)(NO(3))(2)·6H(2)O, indicating quenching by the ligand. Despite its high nitrogen content (and thus potentially explosive character), the title compound proved to be stable even under neutron radiation causing induced fission processes.     

Analysis of CL-20 in environmental matrices: water and soil

Analytical techniques for the detection of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazatetracyclo(5.5.0.05,9.03,11)dodecane (CL-20) in water and soil are developed by adapting methods traditionally used for the analysis of nitroaromatics. CL-20 (a new explosives compound) is thermally labile, exhibits high polarity, and has low solubility in water. These constraints make the use of specialized sample handling, preparation, extraction, and analysis necessary. The ability to determine the concentrations of this new explosive compound in environmental matrices is helpful in understanding the environmental fate and effects of CL-20; understanding the physical, chemical, and biological fate of CL-20; and can be used in developing remediation technologies and determining their efficiency. The toxicity and mobility of new explosives in soil and groundwater are also of interest, and analytical techniques for quantitating CL-20 and its degradation products in soil and natural waters make these investigations possible.     

Selective and Sensitive Aqueous‐Phase Detection of 2,4,6‐Trinitrophenol (TNP) by an Amine‐Functionalized Metal–Organic Framework

Highly selective and sensitive aqueous‐phase detection of nitro explosive 2,4,6‐trinitrophenol (TNP) by a hydrolytically stable 3D luminescent metal–organic framework is reported. The compound senses TNP exclusively even in the presence of other nitro‐compounds, with an unprecedented sensitivity in the MOF regime by means of strategic deployment of its free amine groups. Such an accurate sensing of TNP, widely recognized as a harmful environmental contaminant in water media, establishes this new strategic approach as one of the frontiers to tackle present‐day security and health concerns in a real‐time scenario.     

(H_2+CO+CH_4+Air)多元爆炸性混合气体爆炸形态与波形的区划

对H2,CO,CH4多元体系支链爆炸的爆炸特性与形态进行了系统的研究.探索了浓度爆炸极限、爆炸形态与波形及其影响因素;测定了爆炸危险度、火焰蔓延极限、最小点火能等爆炸特性参数;根据爆炸形态与波形的不同,提出了爆炸形态与波形的新区划理念,在爆炸极限内,可进一步区划为上下限冷焰区、上下限爆燃区、爆轰区、下爆燃向爆轰转化区等6个爆炸形态区,并探讨了不同爆炸形态压力波的发展机制,对进一步研究相关的多元支链爆炸体系,促进多元支链爆炸理论的发展,具有一定的理论价值.实验测得的爆炸危险度、火焰蔓延极限、最小点火能等特性参数,与引进‘关键组分'的概念,对预防混合气体支链爆炸事故的发生,指导防爆电气设备与阻火器设计,修订相关工业的安全指标,指导支链燃烧与支链爆炸的实践,具有积极的现实意义.     

盐酸考尼伐坦关键中间体N-甲苯磺酰基苯并氮杂卓-5-酮合成工艺的改进

以对甲苯磺酰氯和邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯为原料,通过酰胺化、酰亚胺和卤代烃的缩合、克曼环化及水解脱羧等反应,合成盐酸考尼伐坦关键中间体N-甲苯磺酰基苯并氮杂卓-5-酮。 在合成过程中,分别减少了有毒溶剂吡啶的用量,用叔丁醇钾代替怕水易爆的氢化钠,用容易购买回收的2-甲基四氢呋喃代替丁酮为溶剂,目标化合物的总收率由55%提高至63%,纯度达到99%以上。 所得化合物经熔点、核磁共振氢谱等得到确认。 该工艺显著地提高了中间体的产量及质量,因而提高了盐酸考尼伐坦的产率。     

改性硝酸铵自敏化结构特征

对经复合表面活性剂处理的改性硝酸铵及普通硝酸铵晶体进行电镜扫描,孔径孔容分布,粒径分布,比表面积测定,抗吸湿结块性,差示量热分析以及爆炸性能的实验研究,结果表明,与普通硝酸铵相比,改性硝酸铵的晶形歧化,比表面积大,富含气孔,大部分的有效孔径座落在介孔范围,有较好的粒度级配,晶变热降低,且晶变点后移,具备自敏化结构特征,并且有良好的抗吸湿结块性,用它代替普通硝酸铵所制得的粉状工业炸药具有良好的物理性能和爆炸性能。     

Thermal decomposition properties and compatibility of CL-20, NTO with silicone rubber

The new polycyclic nitramine 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) has been focused as a considerable amount of research recently on investigating its polymorphs, relative stability, and respective reaction chemistry. It is known as CL-20 popularly, CL-20 is a very high-energy and relatively high oxygen balance value crystalline compound whose method of synthesis and detailed performance data are still classified. 5-oxo-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (NTO, or nitrotriazolone) was an insensitive molecule comparison general explosives, and the NTO based polymer bonded explosives (PBX) was a low vulnerability explosive. Both energetic materials are all very important high explosives, which is used in a variety of military formulations widely owing to the properties of high energy and desensitization of PBX, many researchers have demonstrated the usefulness of above two energetic materials in explosive component. In this work, the thermal decomposition characteristics of explosives CL-20 and NTO were studied using thermal analytical techniques (TG, DSC), then the compatibility of above two explosives with silicone rubber, and the decomposition kinetic parameters such as activation energies of decomposition, the frequency factor of the decompose reaction are also evaluated by non-isothermal DSC techniques.     

Laser-based standoff detection of explosives: a critical review

A review of standoff detection technologies for explosives has been made. The review is focused on trace detection methods (methods aiming to detect traces from handling explosives or the vapours surrounding an explosive charge due to the vapour pressure of the explosive) rather than bulk detection methods (methods aiming to detect the bulk explosive charge). The requirements for standoff detection technologies are discussed. The technologies discussed are mostly laser-based trace detection technologies, such as laser-induced-breakdown spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, laser-induced-fluorescence spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy but the bulk detection technologies millimetre wave imaging and terahertz spectroscopy are also discussed as a complement to the laser-based methods. The review includes novel techniques, not yet tested in realistic environments, more mature technologies which have been tested outdoors in realistic environments as well as the most mature millimetre wave imaging technique. Figure Standoff detection and identification is one of the most wanted capabilities