Modes of particle combustion in iron dust flames

The so-called argon/helium test is proposed to identify the combustion mode of particles in iron dust flames. Iron powders of different particle sizes varying from 3 to 34 μm were dispersed in simulated air compositions where nitrogen was replaced by argon and helium. Due to the independence of the particle burning rate on the oxygen diffusivity in the kinetic mode, the ratio between the flame speeds in helium and argon mixtures is expected to be smaller if the particle burning rate is controlled by reaction kinetics rather than oxygen diffusion. Experiments were performed in a reduced-gravity environment on a parabolic flight aircraft to prevent particle settling and buoyancy-driven disruption of the flame. Uniform suspensions of the iron powders were produced inside glass tubes and a flame was initiated at the open end of the tube. Quenching plate assemblies of various channel widths were installed inside the tube and pass or quench events were used to measure the quenching distance. Flame propagation was recorded by a high-speed digital camera and spectral measurements were used to determine the temperature of the condensed emitters in the flame. The measured flame speeds and quenching distances were in good agreement with previously developed one-dimensional, dust flame model where the particles are assumed to burn in a diffusive mode and heat losses are described on a volumetric basis. However, a significant drop of the ratio of flame speeds in helium and argon mixtures was observed for finer 3 μm particles and was attributed to a transition from the combustion controlled by diffusion for larger particles to kinetically controlled burning of micron-size particles. In helium mixtures, the lower flame temperatures measured in suspensions of fine particles in comparison to larger particles reinforces this assumption.     

室内可吸入颗粒物运动特性的格子 Boltzmann方法模拟

为探究室内可吸入颗粒物的运动特性,使用格子Boltzmann方法,在颗粒物运动概率模型的基础上考虑布朗力对颗粒物的作用,利用改良的LB-CA（Lattice Boltzmann-cellular automata）模型,模拟了Re数分别为400、1 000和2 000时粒径为0.01 μm、0.1 μm和1 μm的颗粒物在上送上回和上送侧回两种回风形式中的运动特性.结果显示：颗粒物的空间分布范围随着Re数的增大而增大,小粒径的颗粒物受到气流湍动和扩散作用的影响更明显;颗粒物的均方位移（mean square displacement,MSD）与Re数、颗粒物粒径的大小成反比,而同样的Re数下,颗粒物在上送侧回的回风形式中其MSD较大.总体上看上送侧回的回风形式具有较低的悬浮颗粒数和更高的室内空气品质.     

冲击波作用下微米尺度金属颗粒群的动力学行为

基于平面化爆驱动飞片高压加载技术和激光测速技术,研究了冲击波加载不同粒径锡颗粒群的微喷射行为以及在空气中的减速规律.实验结果表明,锡颗粒的最快喷射速度随粒径增大而显著增大.通过对微喷射形成过程的三维光滑粒子流体动力学方法数值模拟发现,大粒径锡颗粒之间存在较大的空隙结构,冲击波与空隙结构的相互作用诱导产生高速汇聚射流,空隙结构越大对应的喷射速度也越高.此外,通过研究不同粒径颗粒在复杂流场中的减速规律,进一步深化了对微喷射破碎后的颗粒尺度状态以及混合输运特性的认识.研究结果对于预测和分析冲击波加载微米颗粒群的微喷混合特性具有一定价值.     

Lasers based on electrodynamically dispersed media

We demonstrate the possibility of creating a suspension of active-media particles in a discharge tube by using an electrodynamic dispersing system. An electric discharge in an electrodynamically dispersed system of 30-μm Cu particles was studied. The velocity of Cu (30 μm), Al (30 μm), and W (6-μm flakes) particles was measured at atmospheric pressure using a laser Doppler velocimeter. The velocities were found to be in the 0.1−5-m/s range. The electric field strength required to levitate Cu, Al, and W particles was studied as a function of buffer gas (air) pressure in the range from 2 × 10⁻² Torr to 1 atm. It is shown that powders can be suspended with the help of electrodynamic dispersing system at air pressure below 0.1 Torr or above 100 Torr.     

Visible Infra-red Double Extinction Measurements in Densely Laden Media,New Progress

This paper describes new progress obtained with an optical technique called V.I.D.E. (Visible Infra-red Double Extinction) which simultaneously measures mean particle size in the range of 10–120 μm and mean number density in densely laden media (up to 0.1% volume fraction). The underlying theory, taking account of multiple light scattering, is recalled. Simultaneous size and concentration measurements are obtained by simultaneously recording transmittances of the medium at two well chosen wavelengths. Experimental results for suspensions of glass particles in air, are described and discussed. The size of particles given by the technique agrees with that given by optical microscopy and Malvern diffractometry. The V.I.D.E. technique is shown to be very suitable to investigate dense media whose optical thickness is up to nine and for which other techniques fail.     

Observation of particles manipulated by ultrasound in close proximity to a cone-shaped infrared spectroscopy probe

The presented investigations aimed to enhance surface sensitive infrared spectroscopy for chemical analysis by ultrasonic particle manipulation. The combination of these techniques has the potential for new measurement concepts for use in the chemical analysis of suspensions. Local increases of particle concentration brought about by ultrasound could facilitate measurements of molecular-specific infrared spectra of the suspending phase and particles independently. By changing the frequency of an ultrasonic standing wave around 2 MHz it was possible to control the position of particles in respect to the optically sensitive region of the infrared spectroscope.Results obtained with a set-up that enabled us to explore the application of an ultrasonic standing wave to push suspended particles at or into μm distances of the sensing element of an in-line fiber optic probe and subsequently retract them from there are presented. Light micrographs suggested, that the task was successfully accomplished with polystyrene beads suspended in methanol, aggregates were manipulated to and from the cut surface of the truncated, cone-shaped fibre probe tip by changes of the ultrasonic frequency between 1.85 and 1.87 MHz. Feasibility was confirmed by infrared absorption spectra recorded when PTFE particles suspended in tetrahydrofuran were used.     

Simultaneous Measurement of Particle Size and Particle Velocity by the Spatial Filtering Technique

The objective of this study was to compare the measuring results of a fiber‐optical probe based on a modified spatial filtering technique with given size distributions of different test powders and also with particle velocity values of laser Doppler measurements. Fiber‐optical spatial filtering velocimetry was modified by fiber‐optical spot scanning in order to determine simultaneously the size and the velocity of particles. The fiber‐optical probe system can be used as an in‐line measuring device for sizing of particles in different technical applications. Spherical test particles were narrow‐sized glass beads in the range 30–100 μm and irregularly shaped test particles were limestone particles in the range 10–600 μm. Particles were dispersed by a brush disperser and the measurements were carried out at a fixed position in a free particle‐laden air stream. Owing to the measurement of chord lengths and to the influence of diffraction and divergent angle, the probe results show differences from the given test particle sizes. Owing to the particle‐probe collisions, the mean velocity determined by the probe is smaller than the laser Doppler mean velocity.     

The Measurement of the Separation of Fine Solid Particles in Multiwir Packings

In this paper, a new type of packing for the separation of solid particles from gases is presented. The so called Multiwir (multiple vortex) [1, 2] packings (see Figure 1) consist of multiple adjacent layers of strips spaced uniformly. As the layers are placed oblique to each other, the incoming gas stream passes the packings in the form of a large number of smaller streams which cross each other spatially and thus induce rotational motion in each other. Under centrifugal forces and due to turbulent and electrostatic effects, the particles settle on the surfaces of the strips where they are collected. In this paper, some of the experimental results are described obtained in the investigation of Multiwir-packings, consisting of metal or plastic strips, with different limestone aerosols and feed particle size distributions with particles smaller than approximately 3 μm and 10 μm. The following results have been obtained: — the Multiwir separator should be used for the removal of fine particles. Particles smaller than 10 μm in size can only be collected if special precautions are used, — the efficiency of the separator is dominated by the gas velocity, the geometry of the packing, the material of the strips and the size distribution of the feed material, — the smaller the feed particles are, the smaller the distance between adjacent strips should be, — the reduction of the distance between adjacent strips is limited however by an increase of the pressure drop across the packing, — adhesion between particles and strip surface strongly influences the performance of the packing. The surface of the strips should therefore be wetted, for example with a thin oil film, — the collection of small particles can be further improved if the feed particles are charged electrostatically in front of the packing, — the total grade efficiency of the packings investigated lies between T₀ = 0.6 and 0.9. Extremely good results have been obtained with perforated plastic strips. Simplified mathematical models have been used to describe the phenomenon of particle deposition in Multiwir packings due to inertia effects and turbulent diffusion.     

On the Sizing Accuracy of Laser Optical Particle Counters

The performance of a narrow-angle and a wide-angle, forward scattering laser aerosol spectrometer has been studied as a function of particle size and refractive index. The results have been compared with theoretical calculations based on light scattering theory. The results indicate that for the narrow-angle instrument, the scattered-light intensity is not a monotonic function of particle size for transparent particles (a monotonic relationship is required for unambiguous particle size measurement) above 0.7 μm. The instrument is therefore limited in its useful range to size distribution measurement between 0.2 μm – its lower particle size limit – and 0.7 μm for transparent particles. In the case of the wide-angle instrument, the instrument output is a monotonic function of particle size for transparent particles, but the output is severely attenuated for light absorbing particles above 0.3 μm. The instrument, therefore, cannot be used for accurate size measurements above 0.3 μm for light absorbing particles.     

Particle Size Classification of Glass Particles Using Aerodynamic Jet Vectoring

An experimental demonstration of a new, non‐contact particle characterization technique called Aerodynamic Vectoring Particle Sorting (AVPS) is presented. AVPS uses secondary blowing and suction control flows–flows that are a fraction of the jet flow rate–to sharply change the direction of a planar, particle‐laden jet. As the jet is vectored, particles present in the flow experience a resultant drag force, dependent upon their size, that balances inertia. Since this balance determines the particle's trajectory, vectoring the flow leads to a separation of particles downstream. This simple, low‐pressure‐drop sorting technique classifies particles with less risk of damage or contamination than currently available sorting devices. Particles from 10–40 μm and 2.5 times the density of water have been sorted to an accuracy of 1.5 μm. Sorting of heavy particles such as these is accomplished at very low speeds, reducing the tendency of damage to the particles. Lighter particles are sorted at higher speeds. Particles from 5–40 μm and 0.6 times the density of water were sorted to an accuracy of 6.6 μm. AVPS is also shown to be capable of concentrating aerosols. Our measurements indicate that an air sample containing water‐like particles can be concentrated by a factor of 10 using AVPS.     

Electrostatic Charge Measurement and Charge Neutralization of Fine Aerosol Particles during the Generation Process

An aerosol charge analyzer has been constructed to measure the charge distribution of NaCl particles generated in the laboratory. A radioactive electrostatic charge neutralizer utilizing Po‐210 was used to neutralize the electrostatic charge of the particles. The atomization technique was used to generate NaCl particles with diameters of 0.2 to 0.8 μm, while the evaporation and condensation method was adopted to generate particles of 0.01 to 0.2 μm in diameter. The experimental data demonstrates that the absolute average particle charge depends on the particle diameter, and is higher than that calculated by the Boltzmann charge equilibrium for particles within the range of 0.2 to 0.8 μm. The charge increases with decreasing NaCl concentration. When these particles are neutralized using the Po‐210 neutralizer, it is found that the electrostatic charge reaches the Boltzmann charge equilibrium. For 0.01 to 0.2 μm NaCl particles generated using the evaporation and condensation method, test results show that the absolute average particle charge is higher than that calculated by the Boltzmann charge equilibrium for particles larger than 0.03 to 0.05 μm in diameter, while it is lower than that predicted by the Fuchs theory [1], for particles smaller than 0.03 to 0.05 μm. However, after charge neutralization, particles with diameter above 0.05 μm reach the Boltzmann charge equilibrium condition, and the charges for particles with diameters of 0.010 to 0.05 μm, agree well with Fuchs' theory.     

作用于水云粒子的太阳辐射压力

根据球形粒子的Mie散射理论和平行平面大气中的辐射传输理论分析了作用于水云粒子的太阳辐射压力。结果表明,一般情况下当云滴半径不大于10μm时,太阳辐射压力可达云滴重力的百分之几;云滴半径在0.3μm附近时,太阳辐射压力达到极大值,约为云滴重力的百分之几十。因此在云物理研究中应考虑作用于云粒子的太阳辐射压力。     

Experimental study of a tribo-aero-electrostatic separator for finely-grinded matter

The aim of this work is to evaluate the effects of several factors that affect the selective sorting of fine particles in a two-rotating-disks-type tribo-aero-electrostatic separator. The experiments are carried out on a synthetic mixture composed of 50% Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and 50% Polystyrene (PS) particles of size 500 to 1000 μm. The six factors under study are: the high voltage, the rotation speed of the disks, the duration of the tribo-charging process, the duration of the separation, the fluidisation air flow rate, and the initial mass of the granular mixture to be processed. The performance of the separator is evaluated by setting up a measurement system that enables the continuous and simultaneous recording of the charges and the masses of the separated products. The conclusions of this study will serve at the optimum design of an industrial electrostatic separator for the recycling of micronized plastics from waste electric and electronic equipment.     

The Measurement of Particles Suspended in a stirred vessel using microphotography and digital image analysis

A novel technique to determine the size of particles suspended in a stirred vessel is investigated. The method uses microphotography to obtain a still image of the particles in situ. The equivalent circular diameter of the particles is obtained from the photographs using digital image analysis. The particles used for the test were certified particle size standards of a very small tolerance in diameter deviation. The size comparison was determined as a percent error between the measured particle diameter (equivalent circular diameter) and the diameter established by the particle manufacturer. To determine the limiting ranges of particle size and concentrations, spherical particles in a size range of approximately 1 to 10.0 μm (microns) in diameter were employed in the test. Concentrations varied from 0.00005% to 0.1% (mass basis). For each particle size, an aqueous solution of the particles was prepared at the desired concentration and placed in a stirred vessel. Photographs of the solutions were made at 25.5x, 40x, 60x and 80x magnification. For all sizes of particles, the entire range of concentration was examined. The results indicate a minimum size resolution of approximately 3μm, in a corresponding concentration range of 0.0001% to 0.05%. Similar limits on concentration were found for the larger diameter particles, although a true upper limit for the largest particle sizes was not established. The functional concentration range appears to shift towards higher mass concentrations with increasing particle size. For 2.92 μm diameter particles, the error in size measurement was found to be below 10% for a concentration range of 0.0005% to 0.05%. Additionally, a relationship between turbidity and the error was seen at low particle concentration levels where decreasing levels of turbidity generated increasing levels of error.     

Design and Performance Evaluation of Low‐Volume PM2.5 Inlet for Analyzing Chemical Composition

A new PM_2.5 inlet, based on the particle cup impactor configuration, was designed for sampling fine particles smaller than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter and for operating at a flow rate of 5 l/min, as the devices, which are used to analyze the chemical composition of the particles, have good efficiency only at low‐volume flow rates. The performance of the inlet was evaluated in a test chamber, and the optimum dimensions of the particle cup impactor were determined by varying the nozzle‐to‐cup distance. Additional experiments covering flow rates between 3 and 10 l/min with particle sizes between 0.8 and 5.0 μm were carried out in the test chamber. The performance indicated that a nozzle‐to‐cup distance of 1.1 mm would yield a sharp size cutoff. The results from the tests showed that the inlet had a cutoff size of 2.55 μm in aerodynamic diameter at a flow rate of 5 l/min.     

Lattice-Boltzmann Simulation of Particle Suspensions in Shear Flow

Inclusion of short-range particle–particle interactions for increased numerical stability in a lattice-Boltzmann code for particle-fluid suspensions, and handling of the particle phase for an effective implementation of the code for parallel computing, are discussed and formulated. In order to better understand the origin of the shear-thickening behavior observed in real suspensions, two simplified cases are considered with the code thus developed. A chain-like cluster of suspended particles is shown to increase the momentum transfer in a shear flow between channel walls, and thereby the effective viscosity of the suspension in comparison with random configurations of particles. A single suspended particle is also shown to increase the effective viscosity under shear flow of this simple suspension for particle Reynolds numbers above unity, due to inertial effects that change the flow configuration around the particle. These mechanisms are expected to carry over to large-scale particle-fluid suspensions.     

Investigation of the influence of humidity on the ultrasonic agglomeration of submicron particles in diesel exhausts

Removing very fine particles in the 0.01-1 micro m range generated in diesel combustion is important for air pollution abatement because of the impact such particles have on the environment. By forming larger particles, acoustic agglomeration of submicron particles is presented as a promising process for enhancing the efficiency of the current filtration systems for particle removal. Nevertheless, some authors have pointed out that acoustic agglomeration is much more efficient for larger particles than for smaller particles. This paper studies the effect of humidity on the acoustic agglomeration of diesel exhausts particles in the nanometer size range at 21 kHz. For the agglomeration tests, the experimental facility basically consists of a pilot scale plant with a diesel engine, an ultrasonic agglomeration chamber a dilution system, a nozzle atomizer, and an aerosol sampling and measuring station. The effect of the ultrasonic treatment, generated by a linear array of four high-power stepped-plate transducers on fumes at flow rates of 900 Nm(3)/h, was a small reduction in the number concentration of particles at the outlet of the chamber. However, the presence of humidity raised the agglomeration rate by decreasing the number particle concentration by up to 56%. A numerical study of the agglomeration process as a linear combination of the orthokinetic and hydrodynamic agglomeration coefficients resulting from mutual radiation pressure also found that acoustic agglomeration was enhanced by humidity. Both results confirm the benefit of using high-power ultrasound together with humidity to enhance the agglomeration of particles much smaller than 1 micro m.     

Investigation of electrostatic charge distribution within the reactor wall fouling and bulk regions of a gas–solid fluidized bed

The distribution of charge within the wall fouling region and bulk of a fluidized bed reactor was investigated. Experiments were conducted in a 0.1 m in diameter carbon steel fluidization column under atmospheric conditions. Polyethylene particles were fluidized with extra dry air at 1.5 the minimum fluidization velocity (bubbling flow regime) for 1 h. Using an online Faraday cup measurement technique, the net charge-to-mass ratio (q/m), as well as the size distribution of all particles adhered to the column wall and those in the bulk of the bed was determined. The wall particles were found to be predominantly negatively charged while those which did not adhere to the wall were predominantly positively charged. The charge distribution within each region was then investigated by a custom made charged particle separator that separated the particles according to their charge magnitude and polarity. It was determined that although the net charge of the wall layer particles was negative, a significant amount of positively charged particles existed within each sample and therefore the entire wall particle layer. This suggests that the wall layer was formed through layering between positively and negatively charged particles. Particles in the bulk of the bed also consisted of bipolarly charged particles.     

散射对煤粉太赫兹光谱定量分析的应用研究

在利用太赫兹光谱系统对煤质进行定量分析的过程中,样品压片内部煤粉颗粒和高密度聚乙烯颗粒之间的空气孔隙使太赫兹波产生散射进而导致所测煤样本征吸收光谱产生误差。针对样品压片中煤粉颗粒和空气孔隙存在形式的不同建立了压片等效结构,采用Foldy-Twersky EFA理论和迭代Waterman-Truell EFA理论在2~3.5 THz频率区间内对压片内部的散射情况进行了数值研究,建立了煤样本征吸收谱提取模型,并利用该模型分别对六种不同粒径范围的煤粉-高密度聚乙烯颗粒混合物压片样品进行了太赫兹域消光光谱的散射校正处理。实验结果表明当煤粉颗粒直径小于38.5 μm时,高密度聚乙烯颗粒间空气孔隙对所测样品消光光谱的影响处于主导地位,当煤粉颗粒粒径处于38.5~55 μm时,煤粉颗粒散射与空气孔隙散射导致的消光在数值上较为接近,随着颗粒直径进一步增加,煤粉自身散射对吸收光谱的影响也逐步增强并处于主导地位。散射校正前后煤样吸收谱的相关系数和均方根误差表明文中所述模型能够有效减小105 μm以下粒径范围内散射对煤粉-高密度聚乙烯混合物压片样品太赫兹吸收光谱的影响,为太赫兹域煤质吸收光谱的定量分析提供了理论基础。     

颗粒帘换热器中气粒两相换热特性实验研究

根据某1 t/h燃煤工业锅炉空气预热器的热力参数,设计并搭建了一套颗粒帘空气预热器模拟实验系统,研究了不同进气温度Tg0(150~300℃)、进气速度Vg0(0.9~1.5m/s)、颗粒帘进口厚度b0 (60~180 mm)、颗粒粒径dp(150~212μm)以及不同颗粒质量流量ms (550~2150 g/s)工况条件下热空气与进口温度tp0=20℃的硅砂颗粒帘间的换热特性。结果表明:影响颗粒帘换热器中气粒两相换热特性因素的重要性次序为进气温度、进气速度、颗粒质量流量、颗粒粒径、颗粒帘进口厚度;换热端差最低可至4.5℃,最大可达87℃;颗粒帘及颗粒帘出口气流的温度沿颗粒下落方向在前期上升迅速(186~475℃/m)而后期上升比较缓慢(60~108℃/m),并且在0~0.5 m和0.5~1.0 m的高度范围可分别用线性和对数方程来描述。