基于时钟树机制的太赫兹人体安检采集系统研究

针对太赫兹人体安检仪对数据采集的精确性、实时性和同步性的要求,分析了采集系统的幅度非均匀误差、时钟抖动和采样触发抖动问题,提出了主动式太赫兹人体安检仪的采集系统结构.在确定采集系统时钟抖动允许范围下,设计了一种高精度可编程延时的时钟树网络结构,实现了七路同源、低抖动和相位一致的采样时钟、采样触发信号和同步时钟的输出.最...     

激光束图像记录仪中高精度像元的获得

本文提出了在滚筒式激光束图象记录仪中获得高精度象元的一种方案。避免了由于对象元几何位置精度的高要求,导致对滚筒旋转速度均匀性、正确性的苛求。 文章论述了在滚筒旋转速度均匀性较差的情况下,从装置在滚筒上的传感器取出位置信号,使象素时钟成为空间位置的函数,从而获得象元几何位置的高精度。计算表明,本文提出的方案中,象元几何位置由电子系统引起的误差仅约0.1象元(此时象元直径为25微米)而不需要对扫描电机进行精密的伺服控制。     

光A/D转换器中飞秒脉冲谱分割的Matlab仿真(英)

介绍了一种用于A/D转换的120 GS/s光采样时钟。讨论了生成这种采样时钟的方法,以及一种以其为基础的全光示波器。用Matlab实现飞秒激光脉冲谱分割以及复用的仿真,并进一步说明了用生成的光脉冲序列进行采样时需要考虑的问题。将Optisystem的仿真结果与Matlab的结果进行对比,并用Matlab计算的衰减率结果对Optisystem生成的采样光序列接行了优化。     

等幅均匀复用OTDM信号的单路和群路时钟提取

提出了针对等幅均匀复用的光时分复用信号进行全光时钟提取的一种新方案,理论上分析了该方案的可行性,并给出了各次谐波时钟频率分量大小的表达式.实验上利用该方案成功地从等幅均匀复用的8×2.5 GHz信号中提取出了2.5 GHz单路时钟和20 GHz群路时钟光脉冲.此技术可应用于高速OTDM信号的时钟提取.     

数字束流位置探测器系统的信噪比需求分析

以高能同步辐射光源（HEPS）对BPM提出的位置测量分辨率要求为出发点,介绍了BPM系统的整体架构并推导出BPM系统的信号链路中各级信号所需达到的信噪比;并根据ADC采样数据的信噪比需求,计算出ADC采样时钟的抖动需求;最后介绍了能够测量BPM信号信噪比和采样时钟抖动的BPM测试平台。各项结论可以作为判断BPM系统各部分能否达到HEPS工程要求的标准。     

数字BPM时钟锁相电路的设计与实现

为实现数字BPM时钟系统的锁相,设计了一种基于锁相环同步原理的低抖动、低相位噪声的时钟同步系统。根据锁相环电路工作原理,对数字BPM时钟同步系统的硬件及固件程序进行了设计,实现了外部输入时钟信号与系统内部产生的主工作时钟信号的锁相,并且时钟信号输出的频率及相位均可调整以满足后端ADC采样的要求。测试结果表明,设计可以完成对一定频率范围内变化的外部输入时钟信号的锁相,输出时钟信号抖动满足束流实验要求,为数字BPM后续算法研究提供了基础。     

非等幅OTDM信号的全光时钟提取

理论上推导了非等幅均匀复用的OTDM信号中时钟分量与各路脉冲幅度的关系式,并分别从频域和时域的角度给出了利用以半导体光放大器（SOA）作为调制器的锁模光纤激光器进行时钟提取的物理机制,对时钟提取的物理过程给出了形象解释.实验上通过利用锁模光纤激光器成功地从非等幅均匀复用的8×2.5 GHz OTDM信号中提取了2.5 GHz单路时钟和20 GHz群路时钟光脉冲.利用该方案提取的时钟脉冲稳定性好,对偏振态不敏感,是较理想的时钟源.此技术可用于高速OTDM信号的时钟提取.     

氧化铈抛光改善光束采样光栅衍射效率均匀性

作为强激光系统的终端组件之一,光束采样光栅是制作在熔石英基底上的浅槽光栅。利用熔石英的传统化学机械抛光技术,修正熔石英光束采样光栅的槽型轮廓,降低局部偏高的衍射效率,以提高光束采样光栅的整体效率均匀性。利用此方法已成功将430 mm430 mm的光束采样光栅的衍射效率均方根值（RMS）由30%附近降低到5%以下。实验结果显示,利用传统化学机械抛光技术可以有效提高光束采样光栅衍射效率均匀性,这是一种可行的技术方案。     

红外全景扫描跟踪成像系统设计与实现

针对红外搜索跟踪系统中全范围快速搜索和跟踪成像视场不同的问题,采用线列探测器配合高速转台和高均匀性扫描器,设计实现了一种360全方位搜索和跟踪的成像系统。实验结果表明,该系统成功实现了360全景扫描,在搜索到目标后可快速转入跟踪成像,由搜索转入跟踪成像状态的稳定时间小于1.94 s,系统性能指标达到实用要求。     

光时分复用系统中单路时钟的提取

提出利用复用信号的时候不均匀性,采用主动光纤锁模激光器,直接从复用后的信号中提取出复用前的时钟光脉冲。考虑到电的时分复用与光的时分复用在机理上的一致性,故初步复用时分复用信号进行实验,成功地从时分复用信号中得到了复用前的时钟光脉冲。此处电的时分复用所得的结论适用于光的时分复用。     

32 × 32 SOI CMOS image sensor with pinned photodiode on handle wafer

We have fabricated a 32 × 32 silicon on insulator (SOI) complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel image sensor with a pinned photodiode on a handle wafer. The structure of one pixel is a four-transistor type active pixel sensor (APS) which consists of a reset and a source follower transistor on a seed wafer, and is comprised of a photodiode, a transfer gate, and a floating diffusion on the handle wafer. The photodiode could be optimized for better quantum efficiency and low dark currents because its process on the handle wafer is independent of that of transistors on a seed wafer. Most of the wavelengths are absorbed within the visible range, because the optimized photodiode is located on the handle wafer. The image has been captured by the fabricated 32 × 32 SOI CMOS image sensor with array pixels, vertical scanner, horizontal scanner, and delta-difference sampling circuit.     

Measurement of Root Mean Square Granularity of X-ray Films Using a Commercial Film Scanner

Root mean square granularity of films are generally measured using a microdensito-meter, although it is costly and not easily available. To solve the cost problem, we tried to use an inexpensive commercial film scanner. Films with different densities were prepared and the relationship between densities by a diffuse densitometer and pixel values by a film scanner was obtained. We found that a linear relationship exists between rms granularity and a corrected standard deviation of pixel value that is available as an index granularity.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15-17, 2000 at the International Coference Center, Tokyo, Waseda University, Japan.     

Probability analysis of position errors using uncooled IR stereo camera

This paper analyzes the random phenomenon of 3D positions when tracking moving objects using the infrared (IR) stereo camera, and proposes a probability model of 3D positions. The proposed probability model integrates two random error phenomena. One is the pixel quantization error which is caused by discrete sampling pixels in estimating disparity values of stereo camera. The other is the timing jitter which results from the irregular acquisition-timing in the uncooled IR cameras. This paper derives a probability distribution function by combining jitter model with pixel quantization error. To verify the proposed probability function of 3D positions, the experiments on tracking fast moving objects are performed using IR stereo camera system. The 3D depths of moving object are estimated by stereo matching, and be compared with the ground truth obtained by laser scanner system. According to the experiments, the 3D depths of moving object are estimated within the statistically reliable range which is well derived by the proposed probability distribution. It is expected that the proposed probability model of 3D positions can be applied to various IR stereo camera systems that deal with fast moving objects.     

3D laser scanner system using high dynamic range imaging

Because of its high measuring speed, moderate accuracy, low cost and robustness in the industrial field, 3D laser scanning has been widely used in a variety of applications. However, the measurement of a 3D profile of a high dynamic range (HDR) brightness surface such as a partially highlighted object or a partial specular reflection remains one of the most challenging problems. This difficulty has limited the adoption of such scanner systems. In this paper, an optical imaging system based on a high-resolution liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) device and an image sensor (CCD or CMOS) was built to adjust the image's brightness pixel by pixel as required. The radiance value of the image captured by the image sensor is constrained to lie within the dynamic range of the sensor after an adaptive algorithm of pixel mapping between the LCoS mask plane and image plane through the HDR imaging system is added. Thus, an HDR image was reconstructed by the LCoS mask and the CCD image on this system. The significant difference between the proposed system and a traditional 3D laser scanner system is that the HDR image was used to calibrate and calculate the 3D profile coordinate. Experimental results show that HDR imaging can enhance 3D laser scanner system environmental adaptability and improve the accuracy of 3D profile measurement.     

Quantitative monitoring of relative clock wander between signal and sampling sources in asynchronous optical under-sampling system

Optical performance monitoring using asynchronous optical or electrical sampling has gained considerable attention. Relative clock wander between data signal and sampling source is a typical occurrence in such systems. A method for the quantitative monitoring of the relative clock wander in asynchronous optical undersampling system is presented. With a series of simulations, the clock wanders recovered using this method are in good agreement with the preset clock wanders of different amounts and frequencies for both RZ and NRZ signals. Hence, the reliability and robustness of the method are proven.     

色散型光谱仪采样调制传递函数及对高斯型光谱谱线的影响

光电探测器参数的选择对色散型光谱仪性能具有重要影响,有必要对光谱仪中光电探测器的离散采样过程进行深入探讨.文章从频率域的角度出发,建立了采样模型,探讨了输入余弦信号的空间频率、光电探测器采样的像元宽度及像元的初始相位对采样结果的影响.引入取整函数,给出了统一的采样调制传递函数表达式,提出并计算了平均采样调制传递函数,消去了初始相位的影响,便于实际应用.对于色散型光谱仪光学系统产生的典型高斯型光谱谱线,将高斯谱线的傅里叶变换与平均采样调制传递函数相乘,得出了光谱仪整系统的调制传递函数表达式.在频率域分析了采样过程的平均混叠误差与空间频率的关系,研究了平均混叠误差极大值与高斯光谱谱线宽度的关系,并给出了要精确恢复谱线所需谱线宽度的阈值.该阈值对于光谱仪系统的光学参数选择有重要的参考意义.     

广角镜头图像畸变校正系统的研究

介绍了一种广角镜头图像畸变的实时校正系统。通过对光学系统畸变原理的分析,采用一定的算法对像素空间的位置进行几何变换,减少了由镜头大视场带来的几何畸变。整个系统以FPGA为核心控制器件,结合数字图像编码解码芯片和SDRAM存储器,可实现视频图像的实时校正。时钟倍频器在系统中可以为SDRAM及其控制模块提供与其它时钟同相位的高频时钟。     

顾及光谱混叠的高光谱相机任意方向侧扫几何成像

以移动平台的线推扫式高光谱相机横向推扫成像不同于以卫星平台或飞机平台的竖直摄影成像方式,其属于水平方向推扫竖直方向成像,存在投影面选择、空间方位确定以及光顾混叠等问题。针对上述情况,详细推导了适合于线阵高光谱相机地面推扫的影像像素地理参考模型,可以进行任意方向的地面横向推扫成像;结合影像的地面采样间隔大小及推扫成像的区域范围,给出了地理参考后影像格网划分的一般过程;同时,考虑到在影像格网划分过程中存在的舍入误差,以及在影像校正过程中采用传统直接光谱采样可能造成的光谱掺杂问题,提出了基于地理参考后相邻像素重叠面积作为权重系数进行加权融合的改进光谱采样方法。最后进行了大量地面横向推扫成像实验,并依据上述算法进行了影像畸变校正,验证了线阵影像几何畸变校正算法的有效性及鲁棒性,同时,对校正好后的影像选用多个样本点进行了光谱数据验证,实验表明改进后的光谱采样方法明显优于直接光谱采样算法,为同类产品的地面应用提供参考。     

像元光敏宽度对干涉成像仪复原光谱幅值的影响

推导出了静态干涉成像光谱仪的探测器阵列采样空间调制干涉图的实际数学表达式,由此进一步推导出了含像元光敏宽度的复原光谱幅值的一般表达式。分析结果表明,当像元间距一定时,光敏宽度对复原光谱幅值存在影响。对于确定的光敏宽度,随着波数的变长,复原光谱幅值所受到的影响逐渐增大;对于确定的波数,随着光敏宽度的变宽,复原光谱幅值所受到的影响逐步增大。