Singlet Oxygen Generation by Cyclometalated Complexes and Applications

While cyclometalated complexes have been extensively studied for optoelectronic applications, these compounds also represent a relatively new class of photosensitizers for the production of singlet oxygen. Thus far, singlet oxygen generation from cyclometalated Ir and Pt complexes has been studied in detail. In this review, photophysical data for singlet oxygen generation from these complexes are presented, and the mechanism of ¹O₂ generation is discussed, including evidence for singlet oxygen generation via an electron‐transfer mechanism for some of cyclometalated Ir complexes. The period from the first report of singlet oxygen generation by a cyclometalated Ir complex in 2002 through August 2013 is covered in this review. This new class of singlet oxygen photosensitizers may prove to be rather versatile due to the ease of substitution of ancillary ligands without loss of activity. Several cyclometalated complexes have been tethered to zeolites, polystyrene, or quantum dots. Applications for photooxygenation of organic molecules, including “traditional” singlet oxygen reactions (ene reaction, [4 + 2] and [2 + 2] cycloadditions) as well as oxidative coupling of amines are presented. Potential biomedical applications are also reviewed.     

Generation of Singlet Oxygen with Anionic Aluminum Phthalocyanines in Water

The dependence of the quantum yield of photogeneration of singlet oxygen with aluminum sulfophthalocyanines on the degree of their sulfonation was studied. Experiments showed that Fotosens preparation containing, on the average, about three sulfo groups in the macroring in aqueous buffer solution (pH 7.4) exists in the monomeric form and sensitizes singlet oxygen with a quantum yield 0.42±0.06. Aluminum tetra-4-sulfophthalocyanine forms dimers, and correspondingly is lower: 0.22±0.03. Sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine containing, on the average, about two sulfo groups in the macroring is aggregated to a significant extent. Addition of Triton X-100 detergent results in partial deaggregation of the dye, and increases from 0.01 to 0.15±0.02. In the series including previously unknown aluminum phthalocyanines containing residues of phosphonic acids or their esters, and also aluminum and zinc octacarboxyphthalocyanines, the influence of the dye structure on the quantum yield of generation of singlet oxygen suggests participation of axial hydroxy groups in associate formation. These associates are not manifested spectroscopically and generate singlet oxygen inefficiently. The quantum yields for the monomers and associates are 0.3 and 0.1, respectively.     

Singlet Oxygen Generation by Metallotexaphyrins

Abstract. Metallotexaphyrins have clinical applications as photo-sensitizers of photodynamic therapy (PDT). The singlet oxygen quantum yield (φ>_Δ) was determined for a series of metallotexaphyrin derivatives (Lu [III], Y [III], Cd [II], In [III] and Gd [in]) under conditions where the agents are believed to exist in monomeric form. The results show φ_Δ of metallotexaphyrins vary with the medium and the metal cation. Measurements on the Lu (III) texaphyrin led to φ_Δ= 0.38 in unbuffered 5% Tween 20 and φ_Δ= 0.58 in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer plus 1% Triton X-100 (±10%). The in vitro photodynamic efficiency calculated from φ_Δ is compared to in vivo PDT efficacy in an animal tumor model.     

Extremely Photostable Electron-Deficient Phthalocyanines that Generate High Levels of Singlet Oxygen

A robust lead-mediated synthetic procedure for the generation of phthalocyanines substituted with electron-withdrawing groups has been developed. The free-base phthalocyanine and various metal complexes were prepared without discernible degradation of the peripheral electron-withdrawing substituents. Upon irradiation with red light, some of the thus-obtained metal complexes generated high levels of singlet oxygen. In particular, a palladium complex exhibited attractive photostability upon exposure to singlet oxygen as a bleaching agent. The photostability of such complexes that may manifest concomitantly to the generation of high levels of singlet oxygen was attributed to the presence of the electron-withdrawing groups, which results in energetically low-lying highest occupied molecular orbitals.     

Supramolecular Control of Singlet Oxygen Generation

Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) is the excited state electronic isomer and a reactive form of molecular oxygen, which is most efficiently produced through the photosensitized excitation of ambient triplet oxygen. Photochemical singlet oxygen generation (SOG) has received tremendous attention historically, both for its practical application as well as for the fundamental aspects of its reactivity. Applications of singlet oxygen in medicine, wastewater treatment, microbial disinfection, and synthetic chemistry are the direct results of active past research into this reaction. Such advancements were achieved through design factors focused predominantly on the photosensitizer (PS), whose photoactivity is relegated to self-regulated structure and energetics in ground and excited states. However, the relatively new supramolecular approach of dictating molecular structure through non-bonding interactions has allowed photochemists to render otherwise inactive or less effective PSs as efficient ¹O₂ generators. This concise and first of its kind review aims to compile progress in SOG research achieved through supramolecular photochemistry in an effort to serve as a reference for future research in this direction. The aim of this review is to highlight the value in the supramolecular photochemistry approach to tapping the unexploited technological potential within this historic reaction.     

Generation of Singlet Oxygen from Ozone Catalysed by Phosphinoferrocenes

A novel chemical source of singlet oxygen based on the conversion of ozone by 1,1-bis(triphenylphosphino)ferrocene as catalyst was developed into a feasible method for a preperative scale. This is, to our best knowledge, the first application of substituted ferrocenes as oxidation catalysts.     

Generation of Singlet Oxygen from Ozone Catalysed by Phosphinoferrocenes

Summary. A novel chemical source of singlet oxygen based on the conversion of ozone by 1,1-bis(triphenylphosphino)ferrocene as catalyst was developed into a feasible method for a preperative scale. This is, to our best knowledge, the first application of substituted ferrocenes as oxidation catalysts.     

Photosensitized Generation of Singlet Oxygen from (Substituted Bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Complexes

Photophysical properties in dilute MeCN solution are reported for seven Ru^II complexes containing two 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) ligands and different third ligands, six of which contain a variety of 4,4′‐carboxamide‐disubstituted 2,2′‐bipyridines, for one complex containing no 2,2′‐bipyridine, but 2 of these different ligands, for three multinuclear Ru^II complexes containing 2 or 4 [Ru(bpy)₂] moieties and also coordinated via 4,4′‐carboxamide‐disubstituted 2,2′‐bipyridine ligands, and for the complex [(Ru(bpy)₂(L)]²⁺ where L is N,N′‐([2,2′‐bipyridine]‐4,4′‐diyl)bis[3‐methoxypropanamide]. Absorption maxima are red‐shifted with respect to [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺, as are phosphorescence maxima which vary from 622 to 656 nm. The lifetimes of the lowest excited triplet metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer states ³MLCT in de‐aerated MeCN are equal to or longer than for [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺ and vary considerably, i.e., from 0.86 to 1.71 μs. Rate constants k_q for quenching by O₂ of the ³MLCT states were measured and found to be well below diffusion‐controlled, ranging from 1.2 to 2.0⋅10⁹ dm³ mol⁻¹ s⁻¹. The efficiencies f of singlet‐oxygen formation during oxygen quenching of these ³MLCT states are relatively high, namely 0.53 – 0.89. The product of k_q and f gives the net rate constant k for quenching due to energy transfer to produce singlet oxygen, and k_q−k equals k, the net rate constant for quenching due to energy dissipation of the excited ³MLCT states without energy transfer. The quenching rate constants were both found to correlate with ΔG^CT, the free‐energy change for charge transfer from the excited Ru complex to oxygen, and the relative and absolute values of these rate constants are discussed.     

含氮芳氧基取代酞菁金属配合物光敏产生1O2

采用以2,5-二甲基呋喃(DMFU)为探针,通过气相色谱内标法测定了4种中心金属(Zn(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ))、4种取代基及α位或β位取代的28种含氮芳氧基取代酞菁金属配合物新物种光敏产生单线态氧(1O2)的速率常数。讨论了中心金属电子结构、取代基类型及取代位置对酞菁金属配合物光敏产生1O2能力的影响。结果表明,它们产生1O2的能力有很大差异:(1)相同取代基在相同位置取代情况下,中心金属为锌的酞菁配合物光敏产生1O2的能力均好于中心金属为铜、钴、镍的酞菁配合物;(2)氮杂芳氧基取代酞菁锌光敏产生1O2的速率常数显著大于相应位置氨基苯氧基取代酞菁锌的;(3)α位氮杂芳氧基取代酞菁锌光敏产生1O2的速率常数均大于相应取代基β位取代酞菁锌的。     

Improving Singlet Oxygen Resistance during Photochemical Water Oxidation by Cobalt Porphyrin Catalysts

Enabling the production of solar fuels on a global scale through artificial photosynthesis requires the development of water oxidation catalysts with significantly improved stability. The stability of photosystems is often reduced owing to attack by singlet oxygen, which is produced during light harvesting. Here, we report photochemical water oxidation by CoFPS , a fluorinated Co‐porphyrin designed to resist attack by singlet oxygen. CoFPS exhibits significantly improved stability relative to its non‐fluorinated analogue, as shown by a large increase in turnover numbers. This increased stability results from resistance of CoFPS to attack by singlet oxygen, the formation of which was monitored in situ by using 9,10‐diphenylanthracene as a chemical probe. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) confirms that CoFPS remains homogeneous, proving its stability during water oxidation catalysis.     

亚磷酸三苯酯臭氧化合物分解产生单重态氧的研究

This letter reports a study on producing gas-phase O2（a1Δ）by decomposition of triphenyl phosphite ozonide（（C6H5O）3 PO3,TPPO3）under a number of reaction conditions. For the first time,the cooperative emission at wavelengths 634 and 703 nm of O2（a1Δ）generated by TPPO3 decomposition are observed. Specifically,under the condition of catalyzed decomposition by pyridine of TPPO3 solution in CFCl3 at low temperature,the emission spectrum is the same as that from the basic hydrogen peroxide plus chlorine reaction. This shows the feasibility of developing a new source for singlet delta oxygen. However,in the experiments of spontaneous decomposition of solid TPPO3 and thermal decomposition of TPPO3 solution on a high temperature surface,the spectra have a wide emission background around the 634 and 703 nm peaks,which indicates the production of some excited species than O2（a1Δ）. Besides,there are about 2%-3% CO and 1. 5%-2% CO2 in the gaseous products together with a small amount of insoluble in acetone solid product,which imply that other than the formation of O2（a1Δ）and TPPO by unimolecular decomposition of TPPO3,more complicated reactions may take place. The study of the reaction mechanism,the optimization of the expertise of O2（a1Δ）generation by TPPO3 decomposition as well as measurement of absolute concentration of O2（a1Δ）are under way.     

Synthesis and Biological Activities of Substituted Triazolethione Schiff Base

Six novel Schiff bases have been synthesized by the condensation reaction of 4-amino-5-（4-pyridyl）-2,4-dihydro-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione with various benzaldehydes. The sfructures of the compounds have been confirmed by ^1H NMR, IR and elemental analysis. The preliminary bioassay indicated that the title compounds possessed good fungicidal activities to several vegetable pathogens.     

Synthesis and Biological Activities of Alkyl Substituted Triazolethione Schiff Base

Eight Schiff bases have been synthesized using 3‐alkyl‐4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole‐5‐thione and substituted benzaldehyde as starting materials. The structures of the compounds have been confirmed by ¹H NMR, IR and elemental analysis and their biological activities to five vegetable pathogens have been tested. The results showed that they exhibited good fungicidal activities.     

新型手性Schiff碱的合成

从手性联萘酚出发,经四步反应合成了一种水杨醛类衍生物(4); 4与(1S,2R)-(+)-2-氨基-1,2-二苯基乙醇反应合成了一种新型手性Schiff碱(6); 6经NaBH4还原制得其类似物.其结构经1H NMR和IR表征.     

Thermal Generation of Singlet Oxygen on Zeolite ZSM-5

The thermal generation of equilibrium singlet oxygen in air at T > 140°C and the effect of the nonequilibrium thermal desorption of singlet oxygen from zeolites ZSM-5 substituted by cations of alkaline (Cs) and alkaline-earth (Ca) metals are found. Possible mechanisms of singlet oxygen generation during desorption are discussed.     

Ultra-long Near-infrared Repeatable Photochemical Afterglow Mediated by Reversible Storage of Singlet Oxygen for Information Encryption

Photochemical afterglow systems have drawn considerable attention in recent years due to their regulable photophysical properties and charming application potential. However, conventional photochemical afterglow suffered from its unrepeatability due to the consumption of energy cache units as afterglow photons are emitted. Here we report a novel strategy to realize repeatable photochemical afterglow (RPA) through the reversible storage of ¹O₂ by 2-pyridones. Near-infrared afterglow with a lifetime over 10 s is achieved, and its initial intensity shows no significant reduction over 50 excitation cycles. A detailed mechanism study was conducted and confirmed the RPA is realized through the singlet oxygen-sensitized fluorescence emission. Furthermore, the generality of this strategy is demonstrated and tunable afterglow lifetimes and colors are achieved by rational design. The developed RPA is further applied for attacker-misleading information encryption, presenting a repeatable-readout.     

新型Schiff碱分子钳对中性分子的识别性能研究

采用差紫外光谱法考察了3种新型Schiff碱分子钳对一系列二苯甲酮、芳香二胺的识别性能.测定了主客体间的结合常数(Ka)和自由能变化(ΔG0).结果表明,分子钳对所考察的客体显示良好的识别作用,主客体间形成1:1型超分子配合物.讨论了识别作用的推动力与形状、大小匹配和几何互补等因素对形成主客体配合物的影响,并利用核磁氢谱与计算机模拟作为辅助手段对主要的实验结果与现象进行了解释.     

一种新型己基咔唑(还原)席夫碱的合成

N-己基咔唑单醛与三羟甲基氨基甲烷反应,合成了一种新型咔唑席夫碱(3);3在硼氢化钠存在下被还原制得己基咔唑还原席夫碱,其结构经1H NMR,ESI-MS和IR表征。     

新型含席夫碱大环化合物的合成

以乙二胺、1,2-丙二胺、乙酰丙酮和2,5-二巯基-1,3,4-噻二唑为原料, 经缩合、溴代和成环作用得到了两个新型席夫碱大环化合物6a和6b. 用元素分析, 1H NMR, IR和质谱进行表征, 同时用X射线衍射方法测定了两个中间体的晶体结构.     

Synthesis and Photoproperties of Silicon Phthalocyanines and Silicon Naphthalocyanines

Silicon phthalocyanines and silicon naphthalocyanines, which are two derivatives in the family of hematoporphyrin, have been synthesized to assess their potential as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. For these complexes the red shift of their Q-band maximum absorption tends to depend on the nature of the axial substituent. The bimolecular rate coefficients for the interacting between photosensitizer, either SiNC or SiPC, and generated singlet molecular oxygen were determined from the time-resolved emission spectrum of singlet oxygen at 1.27 μm. On the basis of these data the electron-transfer quenching mechanism is discussed in relation to the Marcus model.