Research on ultrasonic excitation for the removal of drilling fluid plug,paraffin deposition plug,polymer plug and inorganic scale plug for near-well ultrasonic processing technology

Near-well ultrasonic processing technology attracts more attention due to its simple operation, high adaptability, low cost and no pollution to the formation. Although this technology has been investigated in detail through laboratory experiments and field tests, systematic and intensive researches are absent for certain major aspects, such as whether ultrasonic excitation is better than chemical agent for any plugs removal; whether ultrasound-chemical combination plug removal technology has the best plugs removal effect. In this paper, the comparison of removing drilling fluid plug, paraffin deposition plug, polymer plug and inorganic scale plug using ultrasonic excitation, chemical agent and ultrasound-chemical combination plug removal technology is investigated. Results show that the initial core permeability and ultrasonic frequency play a significant role in plug removal. Ultrasonic excitation and chemical agent have different impact on different plugs. The comparison results show that the effect of removing any plugs using ultrasound-chemicals composite plug removal technology is obviously better than that using ultrasonic excitation or chemical agent alone. Such conclusion proves that ultrasonic excitation and chemical agent can cause synergetic effects.     

New technology for the design of advanced ultrasonic transducers for high-power applications

A new high-frequency ultrasonic transducer for wire bonding has been conceived, designed, prototyped and tested. In the design phase an advanced approach was used and established. The method is based on the two basic principles of modularity and iteration. The transducer is decomposed to its elementary components. For each component an initial design is obtained with finite elements method (FEM) simulations. The simulated ultrasonic modules are then built and characterized experimentally through laser-interferometry measurements and electrical resonance spectra. The comparison of simulation results with experimental data allows the parameters of FEM models to be iteratively adjusted and optimized. The achieved FEM simulations exhibit a remarkably high-predictive potential and allow full control on the vibration behavior of the ultrasonic modules and of the whole transducer. The new transducer is fixed on the wire bonder with a flange whose special geometry was calculated by means of FEM simulations. This flange allows the converter to be attached on the wire bonder not only in longitudinal nodes but also in radial nodes of the ultrasonic field excited in the horn. This leads to a nearly complete decoupling of the transducer to the wire bonder, which has not been previously obtained. The new approach to mount ultrasonic transducers on a welding-device is of major importance not only for wire bonding but also for all high-power ultrasound applications and has been patented.     

The advances and characteristics of high-power diode laser materials processing

This paper presents a review of the direct applications of high-power diode lasers for materials processing including soldering, surface modification (hardening, cladding, glazing and wetting modifications), welding, scribing, sheet metal bending, marking, engraving, paint stripping, powder sintering, synthesis, brazing and machining. The specific advantages and disadvantages of diode laser materials processing are compared with CO₂, Nd:YAG and excimer lasers. An effort is made to identify the fundamental differences in their beam/material interaction characteristics and materials behaviour. Also an appraisal of the future prospects of the high-power diode lasers for materials processing is given.     

YVO_4晶体薄片批量加工新工艺

本文介绍了一种加工ＹＶＯ４晶体薄片的新工艺。采用这一工艺,一次加工３６片ＹＶＯ４晶体薄片,成品率达到９６％。在确保晶体加工质量的前提下,明显提高了加工效率。经过二年多的实际应用,这个新工艺很适用批量加工。     

超声探头的响应特性及暂态回波模型

建立检测系统的数学模型,可以更好地理解超声检测的物理本质。分析了超声波从产生、介质中传播、缺陷耦合以及接收的全过程,将缺陷回波表示为探头响应函数与缺陷响应的时域卷积。利用空间脉冲响应和基尔霍夫近似建立了超声波与平面型缺陷的耦合模型,用大平面试块底面回波和大平面响应进行反卷积求得了探头的响应函数,并详细分析了探头在不同偏置位置时不同大小缺陷响应的特点,发现缺陷回波由直达回波和边缘回波组成,直达回波和边缘回波极性相反,且直达回波的幅值远远大于边缘回波。     

厚度模压电超声换能器无源声学材料研究进展*

厚度模压电超声换能器作为超声波发射、接收以及电信号间转换的载体,是超声成像与检测系统的核心器件,一般由压电层、匹配层和背衬层3部分组成。超声换能器的性能一定程度上决定着整体超声设备的性能,影响了其在工业、医学、军事等领域的应用。该换能器的关键性能指标(带宽、灵敏度)除了受到压电层的影响,还与匹配层、背衬层等无源声学材料的设计密切相关。该文综述了近年来厚度模压电超声换能器无源声学材料(匹配层、背衬层和声透镜)的研究进展,提出了当前该类材料面临的难题和解决途径,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。     

Modulating the in vitro digestibility of chemically modified starch ingredient by a non-thermal processing technology of ultrasonic treatment

Chemically modified starch (RS4) was commercially available as a food ingredient, however, there was a lack of knowledge on how ultrasonic treatment (non-thermal technology) modulated the enzymatic resistance of RS4. In this study, structural change of RS4 during ultrasonic treatment and its resulting digestibility was investigated. Results from scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis, chemical composition analysis, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that ultrasonic treatment remained the granule morphology, increased the apparent amylose content, reduced the particle size, destroyed the crystalline structure, decreased the helical orders, but enhanced the short-range molecular orders of ultrasonic-processed RS4. In vitro digestibility analysis showed that the total content of rapidly digestible starch and slowly digestible starch was increased, whereas the content of resistant starch was decreased. Overall, ultrasonic treatment substantially reduced the enzymatic resistance of RS4, indicating that RS4 was not stability against the non-thermal processing technology of ultrasonic treatment.     

高能超声制备碳纳米管增强AZ91D复合材料的声场模拟

建立了高能超声制备碳纳米管增强AZ91D复合材料的声场计算模型, 并采用有限元方法计算了20 kHz超声直接作用下AZ91D熔体的声场分布, 熔体声场呈辐射状分布, 距离声源越远, 声压幅值越低. 采用超声作用下单一气泡变化模型描述超声作用下AZ91D 熔体中的空化效应, 通过对Rayleigh-Plesset方程的求解, 得到了不同声压作用下气泡的变化规律, 获得了声压幅值与熔体空化效应的关系, 声压幅值越大, 气泡溃灭半径阈值越小, 熔体发生空化效应越容易. 计算了固定坩埚尺寸、不同超声探头没入熔体深度情况下的声场, 得到了超声探头最优没入深度为30 mm左右. 将声场计算结果以及AZ91D熔体中空化效应的发生规律进行综合分析, 得到了超声功率对有效空化区域的影响规律, 超声功率较大时, 有效空化区域体积随超声功率近似成线性增大. 最后, 通过甘油水溶液超声处理实验, 验证了模拟计算的准确性.     

The application of laser reflective tomography in near-field measurements of ultrasonic transducers

With Laser Reflective Tomography（LRT）,the near fields of ultrasonic transducers were measured and analyzed.The principle of LRT measurement of ultrasonic field distribution was introduced and an experimental system was set up.Acoustic pressure of a multiple element piston transducer was measured by using of a laser vibrometer.Its distribution in amplitude and phase was obtained.The acoustic pressure in the same region was measured with a needle hydrophone to validate the LRT method.Furthermore,through reconstruction of acoustic fields,it indicated that LRT method is suitable for predicting the distribution on transducers＇surface and conditions of active elements.     

Selective ultrasonic treatment of perforation zones in horizontal oil wells for water cut reduction

A technique for treatment of perforation zones of horizontal oil wells for water cut reduction based on selective ultrasonic treatment was suggested. The technique involves online geophysical studies of horizontal wells, determination of treatment intervals based on these studies, selective ultrasonic treatment of the chosen interval and subsequent pump-out using a specially designed jet pump. The technology does not involve reduction of the flow in the well. The developed innovative technique of water cut reduction using selective ultrasonic treatment is studied within this article. Theoretical estimations and computer modeling revealed that the position of the downhole ultrasonic tool near the sidewall of the well leads to more homogeneous distribution of the induced acoustical field and wider penetration of the acoustical waves. The developed method was tested on a horizontal well in Western Siberia, which was characterized by high water cut. Based on geophysical studies only zones with low water and high oil production were treated, this lead to a decrease of the water cut by 20% and an increase of oil production by 91% after treatment of the test well.     

Boundary element simulation of backscattering properties for red blood with high frequency ultrasonic transducers

High frequency ultrasonic imaging (e.g. >30 MHz) from blood is difficult due to its tenuous backscattered pressure and the interference from adjacent tissues as well. To increase the sensitivity focused transducer has to be used, thus raising the complexity of interpreting the received signals. A numerical simulation of the ultrasonic scattering property from erythrocyte and rouleaux based on boundary element method was performed with experimental results based on a modified substitution method. The results (proportional relationship between backscattered pressure and frequency and the frequency limit for Rayleigh scattering) closely coincide with experimental data for erythrocyte. Rouleaux model results also show the dependence of degree of red cell aggregation on backscattering properties. The boundary element method serves as a good means to calculate the acoustic scattering from blood cells under arbitrary incident waves.     

高精度(Δ90°≤0.5″)长方体的制造技术

高精度(Δ90°≤0.5″)长方体的制造技术主要包括了加工方法和检测方法两个方面,即长方体的前期加工阶段采用立方体(方砖)形式加工,以保证一个直角的精度;后期是采用分离器单块精抛的加工方式,以保证其平行差。加工过程中用Φ150激光平面干涉仪检测和控制面形及平行度,用LY Φ80棱镜干涉仪检测和控制直角精度。这种制造技术可以将长方体的直角精度做到Δ90°≤0 5″。     

超薄形晶体零件加工新工艺

本文介绍了厚度为０．０５ｍｍ的偏硼酸钡（ＢＢＯ）超薄形晶体零件的加工新工艺，解决了零件在加工中易碎裂、变形及平行度难以控制等各种难题。应用这种新工艺加工了近２０片超薄形晶体，应用该晶体零件获得了超短脉宽激光的要求。     

Selective generation of ultrasonic Lamb waves by electromagnetic acoustic transducers

In this paper, we describe a modal expansion approach for the analysis of the selective generation of ultrasonic Lamb waves by electromagnetic acoustic transducers(EMATs). With the modal expansion approach for waveguide excitation, an analytical expression of the Lamb wave's mode expansion coefficient is deduced, which is related to the driving frequency and the geometrical parameters of the EMAT's meander coil, and lays a theoretical foundation for exactly analyzing the selective generation of Lamb waves with EMATs. The influences of the driving frequency on the mode expansion coefficient of ultrasonic Lamb waves are analyzed when the EMAT's geometrical parameters are given. The numerical simulations and experimental examinations show that the ultrasonic Lamb wave modes can be effectively regulated(strengthened or restrained) by choosing an appropriate driving frequency of EMAT, with the geometrical parameters given. This result provides a theoretical and experimental basis for selectively generating a single and pure Lamb wave mode with EMATs.     

Detection limits for single small flaws and groups of flaws when using focussed ultrasonic transducers

The performance of ultrasonic imaging systems, using line-focussed transducers, was evaluated theoretically by employing a simple technique based on convolution. The analysis considered the response of single reflectors, which are mainly voids, and also multiple reflectors located both on a single plane and on multiple planes, which represent a porous layer or bond-line. The limits of detection for each of the above cases, in the presence of different levels of acoustic noise in the object under test were also calculated. The results presented are expressed as a function of a dimensionless flaw size, incorporating the ultrasonic frequency and beam F-number. The results can be used to identify the best match between ultrasonic equipment and a specific imaging problem. They can also serve to guide decisions regarding the most suitable detection method for use with the chosen equipment. If the inspection is properly designed, surprisingly small flaws could be reliably detected — even in objects where significant levels of incoherent acoustic noise are found. The method and results presented in this paper for line-focussed transducers fit qualitatively the case of spherically focussed transducers. The method is highly versatile and it can be extended to cover a range of problems, outside the scope of this paper, including, quantitatively, that of the spherically focussed transducer by employing a formulation which uses more computer time and memory.     

应用于微电容超声换能器的信号处理电路设计*

针对微电容超声换能器的输出信号特征及检测要求,文中设计了换能器的微弱信号处理电路,包括基于跨阻的微弱电流信号检测和多重反馈带通滤波电路。通过搭建水下测试平台,对电路性能及功能进行实际测试,并进行水下测距实验。实验结果表明,该电路可对微电容超声换能器输出的400 k Hz信号进行检测放大与滤波;电路的线性度为0.18%,滤波电路中心频率为396 k Hz,带宽为55 k Hz。该电路可用于CMUT的接收信号处理并应用于超声测距及成像的前端信号处理。     

热疗用聚焦超声换能器的研究

本文通过数值计算及实际测量,研究了凹球面声透镜聚焦换能器及凹球面自聚焦换能器产生的声场,证实此两种聚焦方式均可获得理想的聚焦效果,但自聚焦方式更适合高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)加热治疗。     

SJTU-1型医用超声诊断设备声输出测量系统的研制

本系统地研究了医用超声诊断设各声输出公布要求的国家标准GB16846—1997(idt.IEC61157—1992)中规定的主要指标的定义和测量方法，给出了相关的计算公式。介绍了为实施国标而研制的专用测量设备SJTU-1型医用超声设备声输出测量系统的工作原理、系统构成和技术性能。     

New ultrasonic assisted technology of freezing,cooling and thawing in solid food processing: A review

Solid foods include fish, shrimp, shellfish, and other aquatic products, fruits, and vegetables. These products are commonly used for food freezing, cooling, and thawing. However, traditional freezing, cooling, and thawing of solid food technologies have limitations in quality, such as protein denaturation and water loss in food. Ultrasound-assisted technology has become a useful method in solid food processing due to improved preservation quality of solid food. This paper comprehensively reviews the mechanism and application of ultrasonic in solid food processing technology. Although the application of ultrasound-assisted ultrasound in solid food processing is relatively comprehensive, the energy saving of food cold processing is essential for practical application. This paper analyzes the optimization of ultrasonic in solid food processing, including orthogonal/multi-frequency technology and the combination of ultrasonic and other technologies, which provides new ideas for freezing, cooling, and thawing of solid food processing.     

FK2玻璃特性及其加工工艺

本文介绍了ＦＫ２玻璃瓣特性与加工中需解决的问题，详细地写出了具体的加工工艺。