Effect of material spatial dispersion in the degree of polarization of thermal radiation emitted by a spherical source

The influence of material spatial dispersion in the degree of polarization emitted by a metallic sphere is studied by means of fluctuational electrodynamics. The corresponding cross-spectral correlation functions of the electric field are calculated on a basis of a non-local scattering T-matrix for a spherical scatterer and for non-local dielectric functions for the metal such as those provided by the hydrodynamic model and the Lindhard theory. It is shown that the main effect of the material spatial dispersion is a blue shift of the spectra of the degree of polarization which, however, diminishes as the sphere size increases. Also, at the bulk plasma frequency, a local maximum of the degree of polarization emerges as a result of the excitation of bulk plasmons which is not evident when a local dielectric function is assumed.     

Equilibrium ensembles of electromagnetic thermal radiation in layered media

This paper describes equilibrium ensembles of thermally excited electromagnetic fields in layered media. The obtained results complement Planck's law of thermal radiation that determines the spectrum of the radiation but supplies little information about the ensemble of eigenfields (normal modes) excited in the medium. The developments regarding these ensembles presented in this paper make it possible to apply perturbation techniques for the analysis of the ensembles of radiated fields in layered media with a steady heat flux.     

Steady state ensembles of thermal radiation in a layered media with a constant heat flux

This paper describes steady‐state ensembles of thermally excited electromagnetic radiation in nano‐scale layered media with a constant non‐vanishing heat flux across the layers. It is shown that Planck's law of thermal radiation, the principle of equivalence, and the laws of wave propagation in layered media, imply that in order for the ensemble of thermally excited electromagnetic fields to exist in a medium consisting of a stack of layers between two half‐space, the net heat flux across the layers must exceed a certain threshold that is determined by the temperatures of the half spaces and by the reflective properties of the entire structure. The obtained results provide a way for estimating the radiative heat transfer coefficient of nano‐scale layered structures.     

Effect of sheath potential on electromagnetic radiation emitted from the rear surface of a metallic foil target

In ultra-intense laser--matter interactions, intense electric fields formed at the rear surface of a foil target may have strong influences on the motion of energetic electrons, and thereby affect the electromagnetic emissions from the rear surface, usually ascribed to transition radiation. Due to the electric fields, transition radiation occurs twice and bremsstrahlung radiation also happens because the electrons will cross the rear surface twice and have large accelerations. In the optic region, transition radiation is dominant. The radiation spectrum depends on the electric field only when the electrons are monochromatic, and becomes independent of the electric field when the electrons have a broadband momentum distribution. Therefore, in an actual experiment, the electric field at the rear surface of a foil could not be studied just with the measurement of optic emissions. In the terahertz region, both bremsstrahlung and transition radiations should be taken into account, and the radiation power could be enhanced in comparison with that without the inclusion of bremsstrahlung radiation. The frequency at which the maximum terahertz radiation appears depends on the electric field.     

Extension of Planck's law of thermal radiation to systems with a steady heat flux

Planck's law of thermal radiation is limited to equilibrium systems that have a definite temperature and do not carry any heat flux. Here we extend it to steady‐state systems with a constant heat flux. The obtained formulas explicitly describe the spectrum of thermal radiation in every direction and provide a sound basis for the self‐consistent analysis of radiative heat transport across interfaces, gaps, layered and other important structures.     

城市典型地物的热辐射特性研究

运用热红外技术监测地表温度已获得成熟的发展,城市化进程的加快使得城市热岛效应日益显现,有关城市典型地物热辐射特性的研究对于分析城市热岛现象的成因和分布具有重要意义。本文通过对保定市地面实测数据的研究发现,地物类型、观测时间和墙面朝向是影响城市典型地物热辐射亮度温度的主要因素。结果显示,地物类型的不同显著影响其亮度温度,但仍存在同谱异物现象;不同时间观测到的地物热辐射强度不同,且在很大程度上影响其在各通道上的亮温差异;不同朝向墙面的亮温也有差异,且这种差异随观测时间而改变。对城市典型地物热辐射特性的研究具有理论和实践意义,为热红外遥感监测城市热岛效应提供了依据。     

热辐射研究综合实验平台的设计

设计了一个测量热辐射多个基本特性的综合实验平台,定量研究了辐射反平方定律、斯特藩-玻尔兹曼辐射定律、兰贝特余弦定律,且得到的数据与理论符合得较好,同时利用该平台还定性研究了基尔霍夫定律,揭示了物体的辐射能力与吸收能力的正相关性.该平台具有功能多、成本低、操作简便等优点,可引入大学物理实验教学中.     

地表反射太阳辐射的参数化计算方法

从能量守恒定律出发,建立了朗伯地表对下行辐射的反射作用引起天空亮度变化的解析计算模型。利用射线追踪原理,提出了地表与大气之间多次反射作用的理论模型。引入了一个多次散射的影响因子,并对附加的天空亮度进行了修正。利用混合修正的d-Eddington近似和互易性原理计算了大气的透射率、反照率以及半球平均反照率。最后计算了地表反照率分别为0.15,0.25和0.35情形下的天空亮度增量,实验测量数据证实了这些结果。结果表明：当地表的反照率不为0时,存在“临边增亮”效应,并且随着地表反照率的增大,这种效应更加明显。     

Similarity solutions for boundary layer flow and heat transfer of a FENE-P fluid with thermal radiation

This Letter presents a numerical study of the flow and heat transfer of an incompressible FENE-P fluid over a non-isothermal surface. The governing partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations by a similarity transformation. The effects of the thermal radiation are considered in the energy equation, and the variations of dimensionless surface temperature and dimensionless surface temperature gradient, as well as the heat transfer characteristics with various physical parameters are graphed and tabulated. Two cases are studied, namely, (i) the sheet with prescribed surface temperature (PST case) and (ii) the sheet with prescribed heat flux (PHF case). Moreover, the mechanical characteristics of the corresponding flow are also presented.     

囚禁粒子在热库型驻波场中的量子相干特性

研究囚禁粒子与热库型(热辐射)驻波场的相互作用,通过外加驱动场,分析置于热库型驻波场中的囚禁粒子约化密度算符非对角元的时间演化,得到囚禁粒子在热库型驻波场中的相干特性.当外加驱动场的时间演化满足一定条件时,可保持囚禁粒子的相干性.     

Numerical synthesis of metallic nanostructures for enhancing the emission of a dipole through surface plasmon coupling

In this study, we numerically synthesize a two-dimensional metallic nanostructure consisting of a Au half-space and two separate Ag elliptical cylinders by the simulated annealing (SA) method. The simulated nanostructure is so designed that the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) and the localized surface plasmon (LSP) are simultaneously excited at their common resonant wavelength (535 nm), leading to the enhancement of emission of a nearby dipole source. This enhancement effect is more significant than that of the case where only one of the SPP and LSP is excited. In numerically synthesizing a metallic nanostructure, we try to maximize both the downward emission (in the direction away from the metallic structure) and the emission efficiency. A cost function is defined as some combination of the downward emission and the emission efficiency. We adjust the simulated structure by SA to minimize the cost function at a designated resonant wavelength, and calculate and analyze the spectra of downward emission and emission efficiency for the optimal structure. Other structures are also investigated for comparison. From numerical simulations, it is demonstrated that the enhancement of dipole emission is better for optimization at wavelength 535 nm than at other wavelengths. Note that the downward emission and the emission efficiency can reach maxima almost simultaneously when the SPP and the LSP couple effectively at a common resonant wavelength. This implies that the lighting efficiency of green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be increased by the coupling effect at a common resonant wavelength of SPP and LSP.     

Effects of viscous dissipation and radiation on the thermal boundary layer over a nonlinearly stretching sheet

This Letter endeavours to complete an earlier numerical analysis for flow and heat transfer in a viscous fluid over a sheet nonlinearly stretched by extending the investigation in two directions. On one side, the effects of thermal radiation are included in the energy equation, and, on the other hand, the prescribed wall heat flux case (PHF case) is also analyzed. The governing partial differential equations are converted into nonlinear ordinary differential equations by a similarity transformation. The variations of dimensionless surface temperature as well as flow and heat-transfer characteristics with the governing dimensionless parameters of the problem, which include a nonlinearly stretching sheet, thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and power-law index of the wall temperature parameters, are graphed and tabulated.     

黑体辐射公式的多种推导及其在近代物理构建中的意义(Ⅰ)

黑体辐射是近代物理史上一只会下金蛋的鹅,是近代物理的摇篮。黑体辐射研究的意义还在于这是唯一一个涉及c,k,h三个普适常数的物理情景。黑体辐射谱抗测量误差的特性带来了辐射标准和绝对温度参照,谱分布公式对模型的不敏感则使得黑体辐射成为独特的物理研究母题。黑体辐射谱分布公式,普朗克多角度推导过,德拜推导过,艾伦菲斯特推导过,劳厄推导过,洛伦兹和庞加莱深入讨论过,泡利推导过,玻色推导过,爱因斯坦在20多年的时间里多角度推导过且产出最为丰硕,近代还有从相对论角度的推导,每一个角度的推导都带来了物理学的新内容,这包括量子力学、固体量子论、受激辐射、量子统计、相对论统计,等等。认真回顾黑体辐射研究的历史细节,考察其中的思想概念演化,不啻于体验一次教科书式的学(做)物理之旅,比如也可以尝试给出能量局域分立化的简单新证明。     

强激光与固体靶作用产生的表面电子加速和辐射研究

利用单电子在固体靶表面准静态电磁场中运动的模型和非线性汤姆孙散射理论,研究了以大角度斜入射的强激光照射在固体靶表面产生的沿靶面方向发射的高能超热电子的运动及其产生的电磁辐射脉冲. 数值模拟表明,靶表面的电子在靶面附近的准静态电磁场和反射的激光场中作振荡. 当电子振荡频率接近激光频率时,电子被有效加速,被加速的电子主要沿靶面方向运动并产生向前的阿秒脉冲辐射. 讨论了电子在加速前的不同初始速度分布对辐射脉冲的时间和空间特性的影响,模拟了不同初始状态的多电子相干辐射脉冲的频谱特性. 关键词： 表面准静态电磁场 超热电子 阿秒脉冲 相干辐射     

Application of the method of equivalent edge currents to composite scattering from the cone-cylinder above a dielectric rough sea surface

Compared with scattering from a rough surface only, composite scattering from a target above a rough surface has become so practical that it is a subject of great interest. At present, this problem has been solved by some numerical methods which will produce an enormous calculation amount. In order to overcome this shortcoming, the reciprocity theorem (RT) and the method of equivalent edge currents (MEC) are used in this paper. Due to the advantage of RT, the difficulty in computing the secondary scattered fields is reduced. Simultaneously, MEC, a high-frequency method with edge diffraction considered, is used to calculate the scattered field from the cone-cylinder target with a high accuracy and efficiency. The backscattered field and the polarization currents of the rough sea surface are evaluated by the Kirchhoff approximation (KA) method and physical optics (PO) method, respectively. The effects of the backscattering radar cross section (RCS) and the Doppler spectrum on the size of the target and the windspeed of the sea surface for different incident angles are analysed in detail.     

产生于介质箔组的渡越辐射微分谱的理论计算

在产生于单一介质箔渡越辐射的基础上,利用辐射场相加和辐射强度相加的方法导出了产生于介质箔组的相干和非相干渡越辐射量子微分谱公式,利用非相干渡辐射微分谱公式,对54MeV的电子分别穿越铍箔组(18片箔),镁箔组(12片箔)和铝箔组(12片箔)时产生的渡越辐射微分谱做了计算,计算结果与实验相符合.     

Statistical study of the radiation losses due to surface roughness for a dilectric slab deposited on a metal substrate

This paper presents an original method of analyzing radiation loss from dielectric slab with random wall imperfections. The method is based on Maxwell’s equations under their covariant form written in a non-orthogonal coordinate system. The solution is found by using a perturbation method applied to the smooth surface problem. The statistical characteristics of the radiation intensity, the average value and the probability density function, are analytically determined.     

A hybrid model for the acoustic response of a two-dimensional rough surface to an impulse incident from a refracting medium

A numerical model to calculate the impulse response of a two-dimensional, impenetrable, rough surface directly in the time domain has been recently introduced [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. (2000) 107, 27]. This model is based on wedge diffraction theory and assumes that the half-space containing the source and receiver is homogeneous. In this work, the model is extended to handle media where the index of refraction varies with the distance to the surface by merging the scattering model with a ray-based propagation model. The resulting hybrid model is tested against a Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method for the problem of backscattering from a corrugated surface in the presence of a refractive layer. This new model can be applied, for example, to calculate acoustic reverberation from the sea surface in cases where the water mass is inhomogeneous and in the presence of a subsurface bubble layer at low frequencies where dispersion is negligible. It can also be used for atmospheric propagation problems where there is a sound speed gradient overlying rough terrain.     

高效半解析方法分析周期正交加筋板的振动-声辐射特性

为了对水下无穷大双周期正交加筋板结构模型在简谐面力激励下的振动响应及声辐射特性进行更为合理的理论预测与分析,建立了加筋板结构的数学模型。结合傅里叶变换、泊松迭加公式及空间波数法,将周期加筋板的振动响应及辐射声压表达为关于结构位移谐波分量的函数方程,对加筋板模型提出了高效分析求解方法并进行了谐波分量截断求解。验证了方法的正确性,并分析了结构的振动特性以及加强筋周期间距和扭矩对辐射声压的影响。结果表明,加强筋的扭转作用影响加筋板结构的振动模态频率,对于较高精度要求的工程应用,加强筋的扭转作用不能忽略。通过调节加强筋周期间距及横截面尺寸,可以降低薄板在较低频域区间的远场辐射声压。     

Methods for calculating the desorption rate of an isolated molecule from a surface: Water on MgO(0 0 1)

We present two types of Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation for calculating the desorption rate of molecules from a surface. In the first, the molecules move freely between two surfaces, and the desorption rate is obtained either by counting the number of desorption events in a given time, or by looking at the average density of the molecules as a function of distance from the surface and then applying transition state theory (TST). In the second, the potential of mean force (PMF) for a molecule is determined as a function of distance from the surface and the desorption rate is obtained by means of TST. The methods are applied to water on the MgO(0 0 1) surface at low coverage. Classical potentials are used so that long simulations can be performed, to minimise statistical errors. The two sets of MD simulations agree well at high temperatures. The PMF method reproduces the 0 K adsorption energy of the molecule to within 5 meV, and finds that the well depth of the PMF is not linear with temperature. This implies the prefactor frequency f in the Polanyi-Wigner equation is a function of temperature, increasing at lower temperatures due to the reduction of the available configuration space associated with an adsorbed molecule compared with a free molecule.