高速气流阻塞效应对倾斜微孔端面密封动压特性的影响

以倾斜椭圆微孔端面为研究对象,考虑出口阻塞效应和入口压力损失,对高速气流润滑密封动压特性展开理论研究.采用数值方法重点分析不同密封压力、转速等操作参数和端面宽度等几何参数以及方向因子、倾斜角、孔深及面积比等微孔几何参数下,阻塞效应对开启力和泄漏量等密封特性参数的影响规律.结果表明:入口压力损失使入口处压力降低,出口阻塞效应使出口处压力抬升,导致端面开启力和泄漏量降低.随着转速和密封压力的增加,阻塞效应增强,与强制压力边界下的值相比,当密封压力为10 MPa,转速为50 000 r/min时,开启力降低可达5%以上,泄漏量可降低67%以上.当孔深取2~4μm,微孔倾斜角取20°~40°时较易获得优异的动压开启性能.     

激光加工微凹坑轴表面对唇形密封泵吸及摩擦特性的影响

为了研究轴表面形貌对径向唇形密封泵吸作用及摩擦特性的影响,利用Nd:YAG固体脉冲激光对旋转轴表面进行微凹坑织构化处理,在油封密封试验机上,针对不同转速、不同表面形貌等工况,完成了一系列对比试验,获取了试验过程中的泵吸量、摩擦力以及密封圈温升等参数.并通过扫描电镜对试验后各密封唇表面进行了分析.结果表明:三角形微凹坑顶点朝向油液侧的表面能够增强泵吸作用,且转速对泵吸率影响很大,而其他形状和参数的微凹坑表面不利于泵吸作用的产生;与未织构面相比,圆形凹坑面积占有率为7%和21%的表面具有良好的减摩效果,三角形凹坑顶点沿周向的两表面间减摩效果较好.     

高分子材料机械密封磨损特性及表面织构的影响

为提高金属/高分子材料机械密封的抗磨损性能,采用光刻-电解技术在316不锈钢表面制作微凹坑阵列形式的表面织构,与5种不同弹性模量的高分子材料组成摩擦副进行磨损试验.试验结果表明,对弹性模量最小的UHMWPE材料,表面织构起到了增磨作用,对其他四种弹性模量较高的材料,表面织构起到减磨作用,而且,随着高分子材料弹性模量的增大,表面织构表现出的减磨作用也随之增大.为解释这个现象,利用ANSYS有限元分析软件对摩擦副接触面进行了应力和变形分析,结果表明:织构化表面在接触过程中会产生应力集中和表面形变,材料的弹性模量越小,凹坑引起的变形越明显,可能产生的切削作用越显著.     

接触式机械密封端面摩擦系数影响因素分析与试验

通过理论模拟计算和试验,研究并分析工作参数和端面形貌分形参数对接触式机械密封端面摩擦系数的影响.依据接触式机械密封端面摩擦系数分形模型,并考虑端面摩擦系数与端面平均温度的相互耦合关系,通过模拟计算,对B104a-70型机械密封端面摩擦系数的影响因素进行分析.计算结果表明,端面摩擦系数随着弹簧比压的增大而增大,随着密封流体压力的增大而减小;当转速较小时,端面摩擦系数随着转速的增大而增大,当转速增大到一定数值后,端面摩擦系数则随着转速的增大而略有减小;端面摩擦系数随着软质环端面分形维数的增大和特征尺度系数的减小而增大,且端面越光滑增大的幅度越大.通过在不同的弹簧比压、密封流体压力和转速下的试验对理论计算结果进行了验证,试验密封流体为15℃清水.结果表明:随着弹簧比压、密封流体压力及转速的变化,摩擦系数理论计算值与试验值的变化规律相同;当转速和密封流体压力均较小时,最大相对误差为21.74%;而当转速达到正常工作转速2 900 r/min时,最大相对误差为5.08%.     

Internal Heating Effect and Enhancement of Drying of Ceramics by Microwave Heating with Dynamic Control

The effectiveness of internal heating for enhancing the drying of molded ceramics is evaluated by both modeling and experiments. In the theoretical analysis, three dimensional drying-induced strain–stress are modeled, and the numerical solutions show that the internal heating generates lower internal stress than continuous convective heating or intermittent convective heating. Microwave drying is examined experimentally to study the effect of internal heating on the drying behavior of a wet sample of a kaolin slab. The drying behavior is compared among three modes: microwave heating, hot air heating and radiation heating. The transient behavior of temperatures in microwave drying is quite different from conventional drying by external heating. In particular, the temperature of the slab drops once in the progress of drying. This phenomenon cannot be predicted adequately by a simple model of one-dimensional heat conduction and moisture diffusion accompanied with an internal heat generation rate given as a linear function of the moisture content. It should be noted that the temperature behavior takes place due to the combined interactions with internal evaporation of moisture by rise in internal vapor pressure and shift of impedance or interference in the applicator. Microwave heating with a constant power above 100 W results in sample breakage due to the internal vapor pressure. However, if the power is dynamically controlled so as to maintain the temperature less than the boiling point of water, the drying succeeds without any crack generation until completion with a significantly faster drying rate than drying in convective heating or in the oven.     

Drying of suspensions and solutions on inert particle surface in mechanically spouted bed dryer

To eliminate some disadvantages of the conventional spouted bed dryers the mechanically spouted bed （MSB） system was developed. This dryer type is convenient to use inert particles providing an increased surface area for drying of materials of high-moisture content and heat sensitive materials. On three different drying tasks are demonstrated the experimental optimization of process parameters to obtain products of demanded quality. The main object was at drying of AIO（OH） suspension to preserve the particle size under 2.5μm and to obtain product with a moisture content of about 0.05 kg/kg （d.b.）. For this reason a very thin particle coating and intensive abrasion had to be assured. At drying of tomato concentrates the thermoplasticity makes the process very difficult. To jump over the deliquescent and sticky state developed at the critical temperature-moisture content values a very short drying time （8-10 s） must be provided. The third task was to form powder-like product from bovine serum albumin （BSA） solution having very low solid content （2-4%）. The selected process parameters given in this paper resulted in a mean particle size of less than 20 μm while the soluble oreserved orotein content was higher than 90%.     

干湿循环效应对风化砂改良膨胀土膨胀力影响的研究

本文将0、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%的风化砂掺入膨胀土中,分别进行0、1、2、3、4、5次干湿循环,对干湿循环之后的试样进行膨胀力测试;研究了不同掺量风化砂改良膨胀土膨胀力的大小及增长时程随着干湿循环次数的变化规律,分析了干湿循环作用一定次数后,风化砂掺量对试样表面的剥落程度及裂隙发育的影响。实验结果表明:干湿循环效应对风化砂改良膨胀土的膨胀力影响较为显著,且膨胀力与干湿循环次数间的关系可以用三次方函数很好地进行描述;在风化砂掺量一定时,经过2~3次干湿循环时膨胀力降低幅度最大,且随着风化砂掺量的增加,这一降低幅度在逐渐减少,干湿循环4~5后膨胀力趋于稳定;当风化砂掺量相同时,随着干湿循环次数的增加,膨胀力达到稳定所需要的时间逐渐减少,而膨胀力的增长速度先增大后减小;干湿循环5次后,试样表面的裂隙发育已基本达到稳定,裂隙数量随着风化砂掺量的增加而逐渐减少;当风化砂掺量为30%时,试样周边基本上不存在剥落现象。     

桩-土接触效应及对桥梁结构地震反应的影响

目前有关涉及桥梁桩基础地震反应的研究大多是基于桩与桩侧土体之间无相对滑动、位移保持协调的假定。本文针对地震作用下桥梁桩基础的接触面效应及其对结构地震反应的影响问题,以某桥梁工程为背景,通过在桩-土交界面处设置接触单元来模拟桩-土间的接触非线性,建立了土-桩-桥梁结构相互作用体系的三维分析模型。利用这一模型,分析了地震作用下桩-土交界面处的动力反应形态,探讨了桩-土间的接触非线性及其对桥梁结构地震反应的影响。初步分析结果表明：在强震作用下,桩-土间会产生较强的接触非线性,在本文模型中,这种非线性主要表现为桩-土交界面处的滑移;考虑桩-土间的接触面效应将使结构的位移反应结果较基于桩-土间位移协调的情形有所增大。     

Phase Change in a Heterogeneous Medium: Comparison Between the Vaporisation of Water and Heptane in an Unsaturated Soil at Two Temperatures

A theoretical and experimental analysis of the phase change of a volatile liquid in an unsaturated soil is presented. Expression of the rate of phase change of the pore liquid is developed within the framework of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. An experiment is proposed in which the value of the phenomenological coefficient associated with this expression is measured. Two examples of results concerning the volatilisation of water and of a volatile hydrocarbon in a silty clayey sand illustrate the potentiality of the experiment. Variation of the phase change coefficient was determined at 30°C for both fluids and at 80°C for heptane, versus the liquid content of the soil.     

The Effect of Isopropyl Alcohol and Non-Ionic Surfactant Mixtures on the Wetting of Porous Coated Paper

The influence of isopropyl alcohol and non-ionic surfactant solutions on aqueous droplet wetting behaviour on porous coated paper was determined. Paper coatings provide a micro- and nano-porous surface structure, which strictly speaking cannot be described in simple roughness terms as sub-surface lateral absorption directly impacts on the apparent contact angle. It is this very deviation from an idealised system that leads to novel wetting phenomena. Isopropyl alcohol and surfactant-based systems, both of which are commonly used in the printing industry, show differences in wetting behaviour, on both short and long timescales, with changes in the relative composition of the mixtures. Small variations of 0.1?wt% in surfactant concentration have a dramatic influence on the dynamic surface tension, and thus the wetting. It was observed that the wetting kinetics for isopropyl alcohol and surfactant solutions were different in terms of both wetting area and the penetration rate, even in cases where the dynamic surface tension of the solutions was kept the same. Different stages in the wetting and following drying processes could be observed with near infrared spectral imaging. In addition, the surfactant chemistries such as their degrees of hydrophilicity and molecular weights generated comparative differences in the wetting kinetics. The dominating factor affecting the wetting was, as expected, the solid?Cliquid interfacial energy defined on the practical porous substrate, which differed from the direct comparison with dynamic surface tension, thus exemplifying the deviation from idealised surface roughness behaviour when considering porous materials. An apparent ??equivalent?? surface roughness value for the porous material was determined, and it was seen that an increase in this equivalent parameter enhanced the rate of wetting behaviour with decreasing solution surface tension, and so also affected the wetting evolution. The wetting was enhanced by cavities in the coating layer, which were enlarged by the penetrating liquids.     

刮擦线速度对TC4叶片与Ni-G封严涂层磨损行为的影响

利用高速刮擦试验机模拟了压气机叶片与封严涂层的刮擦行为,研究了TC4（钛合金）叶片材料与Ni-G（镍-石墨）封严涂层体系在线速度30~150 m/s范围内的磨损行为.通过对叶片样品端面及涂层样品磨痕的SEM-EDS、XPS分析和涂层样品磨痕表面的显微硬度测试,探讨了对摩体系的磨损机制.结果表明：随着线速度的增大,叶片样品的磨损率呈现先升后降的趋势;在低线速度下涂层样品致密化使叶片样品磨损轻微,中等线速度下叶片样品与涂层样品磨痕中高硬度转移层的刮擦造成叶片样品磨损加剧,高线速度下叶片样品端面较厚氧化膜减轻叶片材料向涂层的转移导致叶片样品磨损下降.     

Suction Induced Effects on the Fabric of a Structured Soil

This paper presents the mathematical modelling of the modification of the pore space geometry of a structured soil subjected to suction increase. Structured soil concepts are first introduced considering different fabric units, such as aggregates and fissures. The numerical modelling of the structural evolution is based on experimental test results in which the evolution of the structure of the samples subjected to different suctions is determined using the mercury intrusion porosimetry technique. From this information, the macro and micropore volume evolutions are determined. The results show that drying produces a reduction in the soil total porosity which mainly corresponds to a reduction of the macropore volume. Associated with this phenomenon, an increase in micropore volume is also observed. The proposed model divides pore size distribution into three pore classes (micropores, macropores and non-affected areas). Using the concept of a suction-influenced domain, the proposed model is able to reproduce the main observed fabric evolution between the saturated and dry states.     

水泥土细观破裂过程的实时观测试验

利用中科院武汉岩土力学研究所的岩石破裂过程细观力学实验系统,对不同水泥掺量的水泥土试件进行了单轴压缩细观实验,该试验系统可通过显微镜和数码视频装置实时观测水泥土试件的细观结构及其破坏的全过程,试验得到了水泥土破裂过程中的细观图像及其相应应力应变关系曲线.分析了不同水泥掺量的水泥土试件的细观破坏特征及其与宏观力学行为的关系,研究为水泥土细观损伤本构模型的建立提供了实验依据.     

Water Redistribution in Irrigated Soil Profiles: Invariant Solutions of the Governing Equation

Exact solutions for a class of nonlinear partial differential equations modelling soil water infiltration and redistribution in irrigation systems are studied. These solutions are invariant under two-parameter symmetry groups obtained by the group classification of the governing equation. A general procedure for constructing invariant solutions is presented in a way convenient for investigating numerous new exact solutions.     

以u—U形式方程为基础的结构—饱和土壤相互作用的固结有限元分析

提出用u-U形式方程对饱和土固结问题进行分析,对于结构则采取多重子结构技术实现向饱和土交界面上的凝聚,从而建立了结构与饱和土相互作用的固结控制方程。文中给出了方程的求解方案。文末给出了数值算例。本文的工作已在DIASS程序系统中实现。     

表面粗糙度对螺旋槽干式气体端面密封性能预测与结构优化的影响

将螺旋槽干式气体端面密封(S-DGS)的粗糙表面分成软环端表面、硬环端面开槽底面与非开槽表面3个区域,建立粗糙表面S-DGS性能的有限元分析理论模型,采用该模型研究3个区域表面粗糙度对S-DGS性能参数和端面几何结构参数优化的影响.结果表明:在相同工况和表面综合均方根差的条件下,粗糙表面S-DGS的开启力、气膜刚度和摩擦扭矩均大于光滑表面S-DGS,而泄漏量较小;在有关标准范围之内,硬环端面槽底面和软环端面的表面粗糙度对S-DGS的性能参数预测值产生较大影响,而硬环端面表面粗糙度的影响可以忽略;表面粗糙度对S-DGS端面几何结构参数的优化值没有影响.研究结果对S-DGS性能的正确预测和结构优化设计以及密封的修复工作具有重要的指导意义.     

水深对POM摩擦学性能的影响

本文中以聚甲醛(POM)作为摩擦副材料,与不锈钢(0Cr17Ni12Mo2)配对,研究了POM在0~300 m不同模拟水深(去离子水)中的摩擦磨损性能,并与大气压下干摩擦进行对比,试验目的主要是探寻水深变化引起的水环境压力变化对POM材料摩擦磨损性能的单因素影响.采用白光共焦三维轮廓仪与扫描电子显微镜对试验前后的表面形貌进行测量与分析.结果表明:模拟水深对POM磨损深度及POM/0Cr17Ni12Mo2摩擦副的摩擦系数有较大影响,且有明显规律;在0~300 m模拟水深(去离子水)范围内,随着模拟水深深度的加大,POM的磨损深度和POM/0Cr17Ni12Mo2摩擦副的摩擦系数均有所减少;模拟水深对试样摩擦后的表面粗糙度无明显影响;对主导的磨损机理无明显影响.     

Influence of leakage flow through labyrinth seals on rotordynamics: numerical calculations and experimental measurements

An extensive investigation of the influence of the leakage flow through a labyrinth seal at supply pressure of 12 bar on the rotordynamics was performed by using numerical calculations and experimental measurements. Toward this end, an experimental rotor setup was established in Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Two labyrinth seals were chosen for comparison, e.g., an interlocking seal and a stepped one. The numerical calculations based on the bulk-flow theory and the perturbation analysis were accomplished. Simultaneous acquisitions of the fluctuating static pressure at the stator wall and the displacement of the whirling rotor were made. The influence of the aerodynamic forcing on the rotor was analyzed in terms of the axial distribution of the mean static pressure, the circumferential distribution of the fluctuating pressure, the fist critical speed and the destabilization rotating speed of the rotor. The experimental results demonstrated that the sinusoidal distribution of the fluctuating static pressure on the stator wall was closely related to the whirling motion of the rotor. The first critical speed of the rotor was reduced by the aerodynamic forcing, resulting in intensified destabilization of the rotor system. Furthermore, the numerical analyses were in good agreement to the experimental measurements.     

以DIASS程序为基础的饱和土与防护结构相互作用动力分析研究

介绍了新开发的防护结构动力有限元分析程序DIASS系统。该系统装有空爆冲击波荷载数值自动生成器,并可将基础土壤模拟为饱和多孔介质模型,采取多重子结构技术进行结构与土体相互作用的动力分析。文中利用该程序系统进行数值试验,给出若干初步结论。     

Simulation of the Effect of Water Injection on Volcanic Conduit Flow

The effect on the eruption process of water or steam injection into a volcanic conduit from an adjacent water-saturated stratum is studied. Both steady-state and unsteady processes are considered. The physical characteristics of these eruptions are identified. A mathematical model of such an eruption is proposed for the first time.