气相色谱法直接进样测定饮用水中挥发性卤代烃

 利用大口径毛细管柱气相色谱/电子捕获检测器(GC/ECD)方法,直接进样测定了饮用水中的三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷、三溴甲烷等5种挥发性卤代烃。所建立的方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,并具有较好的精密度与准确度。当5种卤代烃化合物的质量浓度平均值为9.03～20.19μg/L时,CV为2.9%～7.5%,标准差为0.3～0.9μg/L。样品的加标回收率为80%～118%,标准曲线的相关系数为0.998和0.999。ECD的温度为350℃时,其最低检测限在0.1～0.7μg/L范围内,均低于文献报道值 。     

气相色谱-负化学源质谱法测定船舶压载水中4种三卤甲烷北大核心CSCD

我国每年的船舶压载水排放量巨大,压载水中含有浮游生物、病原体及其幼虫或孢子等,若处理不当,会对排放水域的生态环境造成严重影响。排放压载水前常使用电解法对其进行处理,电解产生的次氯酸钠溶液,能有效杀灭残余的微生物。但电解后会产生副产物三卤甲烷(THMs),其对人体有一定的健康风险,建立船舶压载水中三卤甲烷的测定方法具有重要意义。该研究建立了采用气相色谱-负化学源质谱(GC-NCI-MS)测定船舶压载水中4种三卤甲烷(包括三氯甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、三溴甲烷)的分析方法。船舶压载水样品经过顶空进样技术处理后,通过DB-5MS UI毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×1.0μm)分离,气相色谱-负化学源质谱仪测定,在选择离子扫描(SIM)模式下分析,采用外标法进行定量。4种三卤甲烷在0.2~50μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)≥0.995,定量限(S/N=10)为0.1~0.2μg/L,在0.2、0.5、2.0μg/L 3个加标水平下,4种THMs的平均回收率为90.3%~106.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.4%~6.2%。该方法准确、稳定、可靠,可用于测定船舶压载水中4种THMs的含量。使用建立的测定方法对36个船舶压载水进行测定,三溴甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷与三氯甲烷的检出率分别为83.3%、69.4%、22.2%和19.4%,检出值分别为34.25~221.5μg/L、3.52~41.87μg/L、1.52~8.56μg/L和0.02~5.46μg/L。     

气相色谱法测定饮用水中二氯一溴甲烷和一氯二溴甲烷

建立液液萃取气相色谱法测定饮用水中二氯一溴甲烷和一氯二溴甲烷的方法。在200 m L水样中加入26g硫酸钠,以正己烷为萃取剂,用DB–5毛细管柱进行分离,以电子捕获检测器进行检测。二氯一溴甲烷和一氯二溴甲的质量浓度在0~50μg/L范围内与色谱峰面积均呈良好的线性,线性相关系数大于0.999,检出限均为0.01μg/L。水样加标回收率在92.4%~102.5%之间,测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于3%(n=7)。该方法操作简便,灵敏度高,适用于生活饮用水中二氯一溴甲烷和一氯二溴甲烷的测定。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定灌溉水中啶氧菌酯残留量的不确定度评定

采用气相色谱串联质谱仪(GC-MS/MS)测定水中啶氧菌酯残留量,同时按照测量不确定度的程序,对方法的不确定度进行评价,分析不确定度的来源,并对各分量进行计算与合成.当水中啶氧菌酯的残留量为1.30μg/L时,其扩展不确定度为0.08μg/L.通过分析发现,影响测定的不确定度主要因素为重复性试验和方法准确度等过程.方法可为啶氧菌酯残留量的测量结果准确性和置信度提供理论依据.     

顶空气相色谱法测定水中挥发性有机物的精密度控制

试验证明在顶空采样-气相色谱法测定水中挥发性有机物时出现的分析结果重现性差的原因在于所采用HP 7694E型顶空自动进样器加热方法的设计缺陷,对此提出了改进措施。通过用水浴预加热使整批样品温度达到与检测室温度（25±2）℃接近,并选择顶空采样条件为55℃及15min。按此条件对三氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷及三溴...     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定饮用水源水中24种VOCs

建立了同时测定饮用水源水中24种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法.用75 μm CarboxenTM-Polydimethylsiloxane(CAR-PDMS)固相微萃取柱顶空萃取水样中的VOCs,VOCs用气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测,采用内标法定量.对萃取柱涂层、样品盐度、萃取温度和萃取时间等样品前处理条件进行了优化,VOCs的检出限在0.03～0.31 μg/L之间,线性相关系数r＞0.996(二氯甲烷和三氯甲烷除外).对饮用水源水实际水样0.50μg/L和1.00 μg/L两个加标浓度水平的回收率进行了测定,三氯甲烷回收率均值分别为104％和142％,其余VOCs回收率分别为90.0％～120％和88.0％～110％,除二氯甲烷和三氯甲烷外,其余VOCs测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于15.0％(n=6).该方法适用于饮用水源水中挥发性有机物的监测分析.     

联苯-联苯醚混合萃取剂分散液液微萃取测定饮用水中挥发性卤代烃

以联苯-联苯醚混合物为萃取剂,建立了分散液液微萃取-气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定饮用水中7种挥发性卤代烃的方法。此萃取剂为无卤素萃取剂,密度大于水,可通过离心分离,萃取过程可在3 min内完成。对萃取剂用量、分散剂种类及用量、萃取时间、萃取温度等条件进行了优化。5.00 m L水样用200μL萃取剂和0.30 m L分散剂(甲醇)的混合物进行萃取,室温下萃取30 s,7种挥发性卤代烃的萃取率≥90%,富集倍率为22.5~24.7。萃取液经DB-624毛细管柱分离,用电子捕获检测器定量检测,检出限为0.003~0.032μg/L。检测三氯甲烷的线性范围为0.500~100.0μg/L,三氯乙烯和三溴甲烷的线性范围为0.100~20.0μg/L,四氯化碳、四氯乙烯、二氯一溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷的线性范围为0.050~10.0μg/L。在上述线性范围内,工作曲线的相关系数≥0.998。方法的相对标准偏差在2.1%~7.6%之间,加标回收率在93.0%~102.9%之间。     

湿法氧化法测定水中总有机碳不确定度的评定

采用湿法氧化法对水中总有机碳的不确定度进行了评定.对测量重复性、标准偏差、标准溶液浓度等影响测量结果的不确定度分量进行分析和量化,当水中总有机碳测定结果为5.3 mg/L时,扩展不确定度为0.32 mg/L.     

顶空气相色谱标准加入法测定自来水中的一溴二氯甲烷和二溴一氯甲烷

用于测定水中三卤甲烷的方法主要有吹扫捕集热解吸法和液液萃取法,固相微萃取技术与顶空法相结合也被应用于测定水中的挥发性卤代烃。我国水和废水标准方法规定用静态顶空外标方法测定三卤甲烷。作者曾报道了改变相比／顶空色谱法测定水中氯仿及其分配常数的方法。本文主要研究顶空气相色谱标准加入法测定城市自来水中的一溴二氯甲烷和二溴一氯甲烷。与顶空气相色谱外标法比较,该法避免了水样基体及色谱条件对测定结果的影响。与顶空气相色谱内标法比较,该法不用另外选择内标物,操作方便。     

平衡均匀水平试验确定挥发性有机化合物测量方法的精密度

挥发性有机化合物通常使用吹扫捕集色谱法检测。在7家协作实验室进行平衡均匀水平试验,测定了水中氯乙烯、1,1-二氯乙烯、二氯甲烷、反-1,2-二氯乙烯、1,1-二氯乙烷、氯仿、1,1,1-三氯乙烷等24种挥发性有机化合物。测量结果经一致性和离群值检验后,计算得重复性标准差范围为0.085～5.350μg/L,再现性标准差范围为0.096～7.737μg/L。对标准差和平均值拟合函数关系,得到精密度最终值。     

The antioxidant-activity-integrated fingerprint: an advantageous tool for the evaluation of quality of herbal medicines

A simple, rapid, solventless method for the determination of trihalomethanes (THMs) (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform) in water samples is presented. The analytes are extracted from the headspace of the aqueous matrix into a 2 microL drop of the ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate working at 30 degrees C for 30 min. The separation and detection of the target compounds is accomplished by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry owing to the use of an interface that efficiently transfers the analytes extracted in the ionic liquid drop to the gas chromatograph while preventing the ionic liquid from entering the column. The detection limits obtained are below the values compelled by the legislation, ranging from 0.5 microg L(-1) for chloroform and bromodichloromethane to 0.9 microg L(-1) for dibromochloromethane. The use of ionic liquid in the extraction procedure avoids the use of organic solvents and leads to relative standard deviations that range from 3.1% to 4.8%.     

Rapid wide-scope screening of drugs of abuse, prescription drugs with potential for abuse and their metabolites in influent and effluent urban wastewater by ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry

In the present work, a rapid method with little sample handling has been developed for determination of 23 selected volatile organic compounds in environmental and wastewater samples. The method is based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) determination using triple quadrupole analyzer (QqQ) in electron ionization mode. The best conditions for extraction were optimised with a factorial design taking into account the interaction between different parameters and not only individual effects of variables. In the optimized procedure, 4 mL of water sample were extracted using a 10 mL vial and adding 0.4 g NaCl (final NaCl content of 10%). An SPME extraction with carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane 75 μm fiber for 30 min at 50°C (with 5 min of previous equilibration time) with magnetic stirring was applied. Chromatographic determination was carried out by GC-MS/MS working in Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) mode. For most analytes, two MS/MS transitions were acquired, although for a few compounds it was difficult to obtain characteristic abundant fragments. In those cases, a pseudo selected reaction monitoring (pseudo-SRM) with three ions was used instead. The intensity ratio between quantitation (Q) and confirmation (q) signals was used as a confirmatory parameter. The method was validated by means of recovery experiments (n=6) spiking mineral water samples at three concentration levels (0.1, 5 and 50 μg L(-1)). Recoveries between 70% and 120% were generally obtained with relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 20%. The developed method was applied to surface water and wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant and from a municipal solid-waste treatment plant. Several compounds, like chloroform, benzene, trichloroethylene, toluene, tetrachloroethylene, dibromochloromethane, xylenes and bromoform were detected and confirmed in all the samples analyzed.     

Identification of halocarbons in the Tiber and Marta rivers by static headspace and liquid–liquid extraction analysis

Volatile organochlorine compounds in the Tiber and Marta rivers have been analyzed by liquid–liquid extraction and headspace gas chromatography. Several different halogenated compounds were identified, in particular chloroform, bromoform, trichloroethane, trichloroethene, and tetrachloroethene. The concentrations of the halocarbons varied between 0.05 and 4.5 μg L^–1 with a relative standard deviation ≤4.0%. The highest concentrations were observed for chloroform, bromoform, and tetrachloroethene in the Marta and Tiber rivers. The results obtained by use of the two analytical methods were similar.     

A New Extraction Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Phenol in Water

The product of the reaction among phenol, sodium nitroprusside and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in an alkaline solution can be extracted by chloroform in the presence of cetylpyridinium bromide(CPB), on the basis of which a new extraction spectrophotometric method for the determination of phenol in water is developed. The optimum determination wavelength is 720 nm. The molar absorptivity is 1.05×105 mol-1·L·cm-1 and the detection limit is 4.0 μg/L. For 30.0 and 60.0 μg/L standard solutions, the relative standard deviations are 4.5% and 2.2%, respectively(n=6). F values of the statistical analysis show that there is no notable difference between the proposed method and 4-AAP method. The results of the standard addition method for the natural water samples are satisfactory.     

Improved analysis of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in water by purge-and-trap with gas chromatography and mass spectrometric detection

An analytical system composed of a purge-and-trap injection system coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (PTI-GC-MS) specific for the analysis of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (VCHCs) (chloroform; 1,1,1-trichloroethane; tetrachloromethane; 1,1,2-trichloroethylene; tetrachloroethylene) and trihalomethanes (THMs) (chloroform; bromodichloromethane; dibromochloromethane; bromoform) in water was optimised. Samples were purged and trapped in a cold trap (-100 degrees C) fed with liquid nitrogen (cryo-concentration). In order to make this method suitable also for only slightly contaminated waters, some modifications were made to PTI sample introduction, in order to avoid any air intake into the system. PTI, GC and MS conditions were optimised for halogenated compound analysis and limits of detection (LOD) were evaluated. The proposed method allows analysis of samples whose concentrations range from microg/L to ng/L. It is, therefore, applicable to drinking waters, in analyses required by law, and to slightly contaminated aqueous matrices, such as those found in remote areas, in environmental monitoring. Moreover, by changing cold trap temperature, even sparkling mineral waters can be analysed, thus avoiding CO2 interference during the cryo-concentration phase. Our method has been successfully used on real samples: tap water, mineral water and Antarctic snow.     

分光光度法测定萃余液中氯仿浓度

用NaOH-吡啶比色法可以测定水或某些废水中的微量CHCl3浓度,但测定N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)废水经CHCl3萃取DMF后的萃余液中CHCl3浓度时,DMF对显色的有严重的干扰。采用蒸馏预处理后,再用比色法测定蒸馏所得的馏液中CHCl3浓度的方法,可以消除废水中DMF对显色的干扰。研究了水样中DMF浓度、蒸馏汽化率等因素对比色时显色的影响,建立了蒸馏-比色法测定DMF废水萃余液中微量或大量CHCl3浓度的分析方法。对含10g/LDMF水样的测定,CHCl3的线性范围为0～0.75g/L;与顶空色谱法测定结果对比,测定CHCl3浓度为5g/L和0.16g/L水样的相对误差分别为2.1%和1.2%;对CHCl3浓度为0.575g/L的水样进行7次平行测定,相对标准偏差为6.6%。对含DMF<15g/L水样的分析,结果令人满意。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定空气中铬含量的不确定度评定

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定空气中铬含量,评定了测定过程的不确定度,把不确定度分解为标准溶液及配制引入的不确定度、标准曲线拟合引入的不确定度和样品重复测定引入的不确定度等七个因素,系统分析并计算各不确定度分量和扩展不确定度.结果表明,其中采集样品引入的不确定度是主要影响因素,空气中铬含量为3.88 μg/m3时,扩展不确定度为0.12 μg/m3.     

锅炉水总碱度测量不确定度的评估

对锅炉水中总碱度测量不确定度的来源进行分析,评定了总碱度测定过程中测量重复性、天平、标准物质纯度、滴定管和移液管等因素对总碱度测量不确定度的影响,计算得到炉水水样总碱度为26．00mmol／L时,扩展不确定度为0．12mmol／L。在总碱度的测量过程中,滴定管和移液管的准确度是影响总碱度测量不确定度的主要因素。     

A simplified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe approach for the determination of trihalomethanes and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in soil matrices by fast gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection

A method based on simplified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction followed by large-injection volume-fast gas chromatography and mass spectrometry detection has been developed for the determination of trihalomethanes (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform) and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) in soil samples.The simplified version of QuEChERS used meets the requirements of the “green chemistry” and provides reliable results with high sample throughput, low solvent consumption, little labour and the use of materials commonly employed in laboratories. The GC device used is equipped with a programmable temperature vaporizer (PTV), with a liner packed with Tenax-TA^®. Using the solvent-vent mode, the PTV allows the injection of large volumes of sample, affording an improvement in the sensitivity of the method. The chromatographic conditions used here allowed the separation of the compounds in less than 5.50 min. Good linearity was obtained for all the target compounds, with highly satisfactory repeatability and reproducibility values. The limits of detection were in the 0.2 to 15 μg kg⁻¹ range. The method was validated by the analysis of two certified reference materials.