炸药爆炸作用下液体破碎后颗粒尺寸分布的研究

 对液体抛撒的液滴尺寸进行研究在军事和民用上是很重要的,国内刚开始使用激光散射仪开展此项研究工作。利用R. A. Dobbins等人的液体颗粒测量技术,研制了一套既简单又实用的测量液体抛撒过程中液滴尺寸的实验装置——激光散射仪。对于激光与液体微粒的相互作用,当微粒的反射与折射和吸收效应可被忽略时,可导出液体微粒对激光散射的光强公式。只要测量激光被微粒散射的光强,就可推算出微粒的Sauter平均直径。在使用激光散射仪测量液体抛撒液滴尺寸的实验中,用水代替爆炸抛撒液体,测量结果表明：液体抛撒二次破碎中,在固定位置测量到的云雾区液滴Sauter平均直径随测量时间的增加呈现出减小的趋势;而云雾区的宽度则随着与抛撒中心距离的增大而呈现出增加的趋势;云雾区前沿的液滴Sauter平均直径随着与抛撒中心距离的增加而呈现出先逐渐增大然后迅速减小的趋势。为便于比较,对燃料抛撒二次破碎进行了回收法测量和数值模拟计算,其测量与计算结果与用激光散射仪测量的结果有较好的一致性。     

基于图像透光率的粉尘浓度测量算法研究

为了实时在线监测颗粒物料在装卸和运输过程中所产生粉尘的浓度,提高粉尘浓度测量结果的精确性与可靠性,提出了一种基于图像透光率特征值计算的粉尘浓度测量算法。通过搭建粉尘浓度视觉测量实验平台,采集粉尘图像,再提取粉尘图像的透光率特征,以暗通道理论为基础,结合图像饱和度与亮度信息对粉尘图像透光率值进行计算,并采用多项式拟合的方式建立了粉尘浓度与图像透光率之间的映射关系,实现了粉尘浓度的高效率、高精度测量。研究结果表明：该算法不仅能有效地测量出粉尘浓度,且平均相对误差仅为7.77%,精确度得到有效提高,测量范围更大。     

基于机器视觉的西林瓶尺寸检测

在西林瓶生产过程中,尺寸是一项重要的产品质量判断标准,与传统的西林瓶尺寸人工检测方法相比,基于机器视觉的自动检测具有巨大优越性。为实现西林瓶尺寸的检测,提出了一种基于机器视觉的西林瓶尺寸检测方案,设计了系统的图像采集和背光源照明方案,通过中值滤波对图像进行去噪,利用对图像像素点的运算算法,对图像的灰度进行了校正变换,增强图像的对比度,采用Canny算子成功提取西林瓶边缘,在HALCON平台下实现了西林瓶尺寸测量。设定系统标定方法并选取15个2mL样品西林瓶进行测试,结果表明,该方法对西林瓶尺寸检测快速准确,边缘量化精度达到了亚像素级别,检测精度为0.02mm,满足西林瓶生产的参数测量精度要求,为工业生产产品尺寸的自动检测提供了一种有效的新途径。     

黏滞液体表面张力系数的悬滴法测量

开展了悬滴法测量黏滞液体表面张力的实验技术探究。通过微量进样控制技术，结合动态过程的连续图像采集方法，获得了不同液体量时的液滴形态变化。利用液滴表面张力与重力平衡时的临界状态图像，计算得到硅油的表面张力系数。与标准值相比较，测量数据的相对误差为4%左右。     

中心体喷嘴自由水射流的波动与能量分布特性

在15 MPa射流压力条件下,对一中心体喷嘴进行自由水射流实验.用高速数码摄像技术捕捉喷嘴出口附近的瞬态流束界面波动特征;用相位多普勒粒子分析技术(PDPA)测量充分发展的射流场中的平均速度、均方根速度及液滴粒径分布.研究表明,中心体喷嘴射流流束的界面波动明显,远离喷嘴出口,流束界面波动频率降低,但波动幅值增大;射流轴...     

基于嵌入式机器视觉的羊体体征测量系统

针对现有牧场牲畜测量的工作量极大及人工测量的局限性难题,提出了一种基于机器视觉的草原牧场羊体体征的非接触式测量构建方法;考虑到牧场养殖环境,采用在便携式嵌入式Linux实时操作系统平台上,通过广角摄像头获取羊的彩色图像,并调用开源计算机视觉库OpenCV对图像进行实时处理,寻找体征特征点并计算羊的体高、体长等体征数据;图像处理过程:背景差分、图像去噪、二值化、轮廓提取和特征点识别;经实验验证表明:此测量方法有一定误差,但平均相对误差不超过3%,因此该测量方法具有较好的实用价值。     

全场彩虹技术测量喷雾浓度及粒径分布

喷雾颗粒的浓度、粒径等多参数的同时测量是研究喷雾的关键. 对应用全场彩虹技术测量双组分液滴的浓度及粒径分布进行了研究. 基于改进的Nussenzweig理论,对液滴折射率和粒径分布采用无分布函数算法进行最优化求解, 然后通过折射率与浓度的关系反推液滴浓度.用模拟全场彩虹信号对该算法进行了验证, 该算法可准确反演具有单峰分布、双峰分布粒径特征的液滴群的折射率与粒径分布. 并对体积分数从0%到100%的乙醇溶液喷雾进行了实验测量, 结果表明,所测得折射率与理论值符合,粒径分布稳定.该技术在喷雾浓度测量方面具有广阔的应用前景. 关键词： 全场彩虹技术 折射率 粒径 组分     

基于经验模态分解的彩虹法测量研究

基于彩虹Airy理论分析了一阶彩虹强度分布的折射率和直径的灵敏度,并利用经验模态分解法对彩虹信号进行分解与重构,提出了一种有效分离彩虹强度中Airy信号和高频Ripple分量的方法。根据液滴的一阶彩虹分布,设计了液滴折射率和直径同步测量的彩虹?经验模态反演算法,该算法有很强的抗噪声特征。实验中测量了水滴和不同浓度乙醇液滴的一阶彩虹分布,研究结果表明,彩虹?经验模态法对液滴的折射率和直径测量精度分别为10?4和1%。     

离焦成像对面积测量的影响及误差修正

针对机器视觉中存在的离焦现象,采用理论与实验相结合的方法分析了离焦成像对面积测量的影响.实验表明,当离焦量(物面偏离对准平面的距离)为10 mm时,面积相对误差达31.3%.根据图像最大梯度值与离焦量之间的关系提出了一种误差修正的方法.首先标定图像最大梯度值与离焦量之间的关系,然后求待测图像的最大梯度值,由最大梯度值求出离焦量,最后根据离焦量对图像面积进行修正.结果表明,当离焦量小于10 mm时,经修正后图像面积相对误差小于3.8%.     

离焦成像对面积测量的影响及误差修正

针对机器视觉中存在的离焦现象,采用理论与实验相结合的方法分析了离焦成像对面积测量的影响.实验表明,当离焦量（物面偏离对准平面的距离）为10 mm时,面积相对误差达31.3%.根据图像最大梯度值与离焦量之间的关系提出了一种误差修正的方法.首先标定图像最大梯度值与离焦量之间的关系,然后求待测图像的最大梯度值,由最大梯度值求出离焦量,最后根据离焦量对图像面积进行修正.结果表明,当离焦量小于10 mm时,经修正后图像面积相对误差小于3.8%.     

Global Rainbow Thermometry for Mean Temperature and Size Measurement of Spray Droplets

Global rainbow thermometry is a new technique for measuring the average size and temperature of spray droplets. For data inversion a global rainbow pattern is employed, which is formed by constructive interference of laser light scattered by an ensemble of spherical droplets. The non‐spherical droplets and liquid ligaments provide a uniform background and hence do not influence the interference pattern from which average size and temperature are derived. This is a large improvement with respect to standard rainbow thermometry, investigated since 1988, which is strongly influenced by particle shape. Moreover, the technique is applicable to smaller droplets than the standard technique because the global pattern is not spoiled by a ripple structure. Data inversion schemes based on inflection points, minima and maxima are discussed with respect to spray dispersion and droplet flux. The temperature derivation from inflection points appears to be independent of spray dispersion. Preliminary measurements in a heated water spray are reported. The mean diameter obtained from the rainbow pattern is smaller than the arithmetic mean diameter measured by phase‐Doppler anemometry. The accuracy of the temperature measurement by global rainbow thermometry is shown to be a few degrees Celsius.     

Spectral characterization of diffusion with chemical shift resolution: Highly concentrated water-in-oil emulsion

We present a modulated gradient spin-echo method, which uses a train of sinusoidally shaped gradient pulses separated by 180° radio-frequency (RF) pulses. The RF pulses efficiently refocus chemical shifts and de-phasing due to susceptibility differences, resulting in undistorted, high-resolution diffusion weighted spectra. This allows for the simultaneous spectral characterization of the diffusion of several molecular species with different chemical shifts. The technique is robust against susceptibility artifacts, field inhomogeneity and imperfections in the gradient generating equipment. The feasibility of the technique is demonstrated by measuring the diffusion of water, oil, and water-soluble salt in a highly concentrated water-in-oil emulsion. The diffusion of water and salt reveal precise information about the droplet size distribution below the μm-range. Common droplet size distribution explains both the data for water with finite long-range diffusion and the data for salt with negligible long-range diffusion. The results of water diffusion show that the technique is efficient in deconvolving the effects of molecular exchange between droplets and restricted diffusion within droplets. The effects of water exchange suggest that droplets of different sizes are uniformly distributed within the sample.     

A Numerical Calibration Approach to Obtain Cutting Fluid Droplet Sizes in a Turning Process via an Imaging System

Airborne inhalable particulate in the workplace can represent a significant health hazard, and one of the primary sources of particles is mist produced through the application of cutting fluids in machining operations. The atomization process is one of the principal mechanisms associated with cutting fluid mist formation and generates droplets from fifty to a few thousand micrometers in size. These particles subsequently undergo vaporization and settling effects resulting in an aerosol to which workers may be exposed. While a variety of equipment is available to characterize the fine particulate in the breathing zone, standard equipment to measure the size of the atomized droplets is not available. In this paper, an imaging system is employed to characterize the large droplets produced by atomization in turning. One of the drawbacks of such a system is the time‐consuming experimental calibration procedure that is required to improve the accuracy of the droplet size measurements and extend the depth of field of the imaging system. With this in mind, an approach is introduced to predict droplet diameter based on measurement data without physical system calibration. The relationship between the actual diameter and the measured diameter is established based on an imaging system simulation model that includes a three dimensional point spread function and an image formation relationship grounded in the principles of geometric optics. These two components are combined using convolution integral theory to derive an image intensity profile. The introduction of halo width into the simulation greatly extends the image depth of field, which is a critical factor in capturing more droplets in one image and also minimizing particle size distribution bias towards larger droplets. The model predicts droplet diameter as a function of measured diameter and halo width. Model behavior of predicted diameters from the simulation compares well with those from a physical calibration of the system. The numerical calibration model is then used in the study of cutting fluid atomization in a turning process, and the measured droplet size distribution compares favorably with droplet sizes predicted by a mechanistic atomization model.     

Influence of water mist on propagation and suppression of laminar premixed flame

The combustion of premixed gas mixtures containing micro droplets of water was studied using one-dimensional approximation. The dependencies of the burning velocity and flammability limits on the initial conditions and on the properties of liquid droplets were analyzed. Effects of droplet size and concentration of added liquid were studied. It was demonstrated that the droplets with smaller diameters are more effective in reducing the flame velocity. For droplets vaporizing in the reaction zone, the burning velocity is independent of droplet size, and it depends only on the concentration of added liquid. With further increase of the droplet diameter the droplets are passing through the reaction zone with completion of vaporization in the combustion products. It was demonstrated that for droplets above a certain size there are two stable stationary modes of flame propagation with transition of hysteresis type. The critical conditions of the transition are due to the appearance of the temperature maximum at the flame front and the temperature gradient with heat losses from the reaction zone to the products, as a result of droplet vaporization passing through the reaction zone. The critical conditions are similar to the critical conditions of the classical flammability limits of flame with the thermal mechanism of flame propagation. The maximum decrease in the burning velocity and decrease in the combustion temperature at the critical turning point corresponds to predictions of the classical theories of flammability limits of Zel'dovich and Spalding. The stability analysis of stationary modes of flame propagation in the presence of water mist showed the lack of oscillatory processes in the frames of the assumed model.     

Estimation of the droplet size spread with the laser induced fluorescence/Mie technique

The laser measurement technique based on the ratio between the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and the scattered light (Mie) intensities of droplets is presently limited to the evaluation of the Sauter mean diameter of the droplets. The important measurement of the droplet size spread is currently missing. An extension of the LIF/Mie technique for the measurement of droplet size spread is proposed here and is evaluated numerically. The method is based on the imperfect relationships between the scattered light intensity and the droplet surface area or the fluorescent light intensity and the droplet volume, which convey additional information that can be used to evaluate the droplet size spread.     

Attenuation of solar radiation by a water mist from the ultraviolet to the infrared range

A model is developed for the hemispherical transmittance of direct and scattered solar radiation from a cloudless atmosphere by a mist layer of water droplets in order to investigate the potential of water misting systems to serve as a protection from solar irradiation with particular emphasis on harmful UV radiation. The proposed model is based on published spectral experimental data for solar irradiation, Mie theory for interaction of the radiation with single spherical droplets, and radiative transfer theory. Known limiting solutions are employed to simplify the Mie calculations. The modified two-flux approximation is used to account for both direct and diffuse irradiation in lieu of a numerical solution for the full radiative transfer equation in anisotropically scattering media. The role of the governing parameters of a disperse water curtain of water droplets, water content, and droplet size for sample conditions is studied in some detail, particularly in the near-ultraviolet part of the spectrum where radiation can result in human tissue damage.     

Numerical investigation of the effects of polydisperse water sprays on extinction conditions of counterflow methane non-premixed flames

Water, sprayed in the form of tiny droplets, has emerged as a potential fire suppressant after the halon compounds such as trifluorobromomethane (CF₃Br, Halon 1301) were banned by the Montreal protocol. The size distribution of the water droplet plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of the water spray in fire suppression. A numerical investigation of the influence of size distribution of a polydisperse water spray on extinction of counterflow diffusion flames is presented in this paper. This study uses laminar finite rate model with reduced CHEMKIN chemistry for numerical simulations. The discrete phase, namely the water spray, is simulated using Lagrangian Discrete Phase Modelling approach. In this work, the polydispersity of water spray is taken into account in the numerical simulation by a suitable Rosin–Rammler distribution. Results obtained from numerical simulation are validated with the experimental results reported in the literature. This study demonstrates that the representation of the polydisperse spray by a monodisperse spray (with droplet diameter same as the SMD of the polydisperse spray) in numerical simulations is not always justified and it leads to deviation from the experimental results. The effects of number mean diameter and spread parameter on the efficacy of flame suppression are investigated for polydisperse sprays. A comprehensive comparison is done between the effectiveness of monodisperse and polydisperse water sprays. An optimum droplet diameter is obtained for monodisperse sprays for which the effectiveness of the spray is maximum. The effects of evaporation Damköhler number and Stokes number of water droplets on flame suppression have also been explained.     

Impact of process parameters in the generation of novel aspirin nanoemulsions – Comparative studies between ultrasound cavitation and microfluidizer

In the present investigation, the operating efficiency of a bench-top air-driven microfluidizer has been compared to that of a bench-top high power ultrasound horn in the production of pharmaceutical grade nanoemulsions using aspirin as a model drug. The influence of important process variables as well as the pre-homogenization and drug loading on the resultant mean droplet diameter and size distribution of emulsion droplets was studied in an oil-in-water nanoemulsion incorporated with a model drug aspirin. Results obtained show that both the emulsification methods were capable of producing very fine nanoemulsions containing aspirin with the minimum droplet size ranging from 150 to 170 nm. In case of using the microfluidizer, it has been observed that the size of the emulsion droplets obtained was almost independent of the applied microfluidization pressure (200–600 bar) and the number of passes (up to 10 passes) while the pre-homogenization and drug loading had a marginal effect in increasing the droplet size. Whereas, in the case of ultrasound emulsification, the droplet size was generally decreased with an increase in sonication amplitude (50–70%) and period of sonication but the resultant emulsion was found to be dependent on the pre-homogenization and drug loading. The STEM microscopic observations illustrated that the optimized formulations obtained using ultrasound cavitation technique are comparable to microfluidized emulsions. These comparative results demonstrated that ultrasound cavitation is a relatively energy-efficient yet promising method of pharmaceutical nanoemulsions as compared to microfluidizer although the means used to generate the nanoemulsions are different.     

Evaporation of liquid droplets from a surface of anodized aluminum

The results of study of evaporation of water droplets and NaCl salt solution from a solid substrate made of anodized aluminum are presented in this paper. The experiment provides the parameters describing the droplet profile: contact spot diameter, contact angle, and droplet height. The specific rate of evaporation was calculated from the experimental data. The water droplets or brine droplets with concentration up to 9.1 % demonstrate evaporation with the pinning mode for the contact line. When the salt concentration in the brine is taken up to 16.7 %, the droplet spreading mode was observed. Two stages of droplet evaporation are distinguished as a function of phase transition rate.     

A Method for Increasing the Sensitivity of Phase Doppler Interferometry to seed particles in liquid spray flows

A method has been developed to increase the sensitivity of phase Doppler interferometry-based particle sizing systems to small particles in the presence of a spray containing large and small droplets; an important consideration when using seed particles to track the gas-phase velocity in multi-phase flows. The method, applicable to PDPA systems configured to operate in first and higher order refraction mode, involves doping the sprayed liquid with a dye that is strongly absorbing at the incident laser wavelengths. This results in greatly diminished scattered intensity from larger droplets, thus allowing the photomultiplier gain to be set to a level sufficient to easily detect small particles without saturation. Tests conducted indicate that, at a collection angle of 30° and droplet absorptivity of γ = 0.014/μm, the PDPA can accurately size absorbing droplets up to approximately 200 μm. This upper limit can be extended by changing selection angle. Tests performed with an actual spray demonstrated that the method allowed detection of 1 μm to 235 μm droplets; more than four times the instrument's usual range of 50: 1. A data correction scheme to determine the effective probe volume radius for each particle size class has been developed for absorbing particles, as standard correction schemes derived for non-absorbing droplets excessively weigh distributions toward smaller particles.