微通道内近临界流体瞬态混合与换热研究

近年来,微尺度条件下功能性流体换热与流动已经成为极具潜力和挑战性的课题,在化工、医药、传热与能源利用等系统中获得广泛应用。超临界CO_2流体作为一种天然替代性环保工质,在相关细微尺度下已证明具有良好的热力学性能。本研究采用了数值计算的方法对近临界CO_2流体在微通道内流动稳定性和换热特性进行了系列的探索。研究发现,在靠近临界点的相对较宽泛的区域内,流体具有强膨胀特性和低热扩散特性,从而在微尺度条件下产生局部旋涡流动,大大促进了微尺度的混合和对流换热效率。进一步,研究针对这种微尺度局部涡动进行了机理分析,获得了微通道内近临界流体瞬态换热和超临界热膨胀效应特性。     

流量分配对逆流微通道内流动沸腾影响的研究

微通道内的沸腾两相流动是解决高热流密度下微电子设备散热最有潜力的手段之一。本文基于逆流式微通道热沉设计,实验研究了不同流量调配下逆流式微通道内的流动沸腾特性。讨论了流量分配对微通道内流动沸腾过程中传热特性、压降分布和壁面温度演化规律的影响。实验结果表明：当逆流式通道两侧的质量流量相同时,壁面呈现较好的温度均匀性,且两侧流动压降基本保持一致。两侧流量相差越大,其对应最大两相压降偏差越大。逆流式微通道的壁面温度分布和局部热点的位置可以通过改变两侧质量流量的大小实现有效控制。同时,微通道内流体的演化周期同样可以根据两侧质量流量的高低实现调控。     

粗糙度与气体稀薄性对微尺度流动特性的影响

对氮气和氦气在粗糙微通道以及光滑微通道内流动进行了阻力特性实验研究。实验结果表明,即使在较小的相对粗糙度高度下,由于微通道中的粗糙度分布密集,会极大地增加流动阻力,这是导致文献中微通道流动阻力系数实验值相互偏差的主要原因之一;而对于滑移区的气体流动,气体稀薄性使流动阻力明显减小而导致流量增加。     

带凹槽的微通道中液滴运动数值模拟

运用改进的耗散粒子动力学方法模拟了液滴在由凹槽所构成的粗糙表面微通道内的运动行为.改进的耗散粒子动力学方法采用新近提出的一种短程排斥、长程吸引相互作用势能函数,从而可以模拟带有自由面的流体,如液滴等.模拟了新势能函数下液滴与固体壁面的静态接触角,并用2次多项式拟合了"接触角-a_wf/a_f"变化曲线.研究了液滴在带凹槽的微通道中运动时,微通道壁面浸润性、外场力、液滴温度对液滴流动特性的影响.研究表明壁面浸润性和外场力对液滴流动特性的影响较大,液滴温度对液滴流动特性的影响较小.研究结果对运用耗散粒子动力学方法模拟并分析微流体在复杂微通道的流动有一定的参考价值.     

体内红细胞流变性的显微高速摄影记录和分析

微循环是人体血液循环的基本功能单位,人体所需的氧和排出的二氧化碳是红细胞在毛细血管内流动及变形条件下完成的,红细胞的流变性对于维持正常的血液灌流,营养物质代谢起着重要作用。因此,定量的研究活体动物毛细血管内红细胞的流变性对于血液灌流,红细胞力学性质,细胞微观流变学,微循环规律与疾病的发生发展等的研究都有重大意义。     

压缩性和稀薄性对微通道气体流动换热的影响

本文对于微通道内稀薄气体二维可压缩滑移流动建立了数学模型,采用连续介质流动控制方程与壁面速度滑移和温度跳跃边界条件相组合描述该问题,并利用SIMPLE算法求解,所得结果与文献进行了对比,在相同条件下得到了较高的一致性.文中利用该计算模型的计算结果分析了气体的压缩性和稀薄性对微通道气体流动的影响,结果表明在所计算工况下稀薄性的影响更大。     

微通道内不混溶气液两相二氧化碳界面动力学行为的格子Boltzmann研究

将高精度的二氧化碳状态方程与气液两相流格子Boltzmann方法中的伪势模型耦合,研究微通道内二氧化碳气液两相流动的界面动力学行为,包括二氧化碳气泡和液滴的分裂、合并、变形,以及气液两相二氧化碳在演化过程中的质量交换.研究发现：当分裂和合并行为达到平衡,并且两相之间不发生质量交换时流动达到稳态.稳态时的流型主要依赖于表面张力,惯性力,管道的润湿性,以及初始体积分数.当表面张力较大时,微通道内形成的二氧化碳气泡或液滴会收缩成圆形,此时二氧化碳气泡或液滴会堵塞微通道,形成段塞流;随着表面张力的减小,形成的气泡或液滴不容易收缩,在微通道内更容易发生变形,出现泡状流或环状流.当壁面润湿性为强疏水性时,二氧化碳在微通道中的流动为环状流,其它润湿性下,流型为段塞流.体积分数较小时,二氧化碳两相流动的流型为段塞流,体积分数较大时,流型为环状流.     

扩缩型微通道内流体流动及传热特性数值分析

微通道内扩缩结构的布置,有利于诱发二次涡流,提高传热性能。基于单侧矩形肋微通道(MC-OSRR),提出了单侧矩形肋和空腔(MC-RR.RC)、单侧矩形肋和扰流柱(MC-RR.RPF)两种组合结构微通道优化模型。在验证数值方法有效性的基础上,以去离子水为流动介质,运用Fluent软件模拟研究了不同体积流量、壁面温度、进口温度条件下扩缩型微通道的流动与传热特性。结果表明,空腔和扰流柱结构的引入,能进一步诱发二次流,促进流动混合,低体积流量下有利于增强单侧矩形肋微通道整体性能;相比空腔结构,布置于通道中央的扰流柱结构对主流体的扰动更为剧烈,高体积流量下无法在控制阻力增加幅度的基础上强化单侧矩形肋微通道传热。     

微通道内超临界二氧化碳的压降与传热特性

进行了微通道内超临界CO2的局部和平均传热与压降特性实验研究。结果表明,临界点附近物性参数的剧烈变 化使压降增大,但传热被大大强化。同时也发现,系统压力、质量流速及CO2温度对流动与传热特性有重要影响。在大 量实验数据的基础上,得出了冷却条件下水平微通道内超临界CO2强制对流换热关联式。     

硅基内肋阵列微通道内的流动和换热特性

制作了四种带有圆柱形内肋阵列的硅基微通道,以去离子水为工质对其内部流动和换热特性进行了实验研究,并与平直微通道进行了对比,分析了内肋阵列微通道中流动阻力提升和强化换热的机理。研究表明;内肋阵列带来较大阻力的同时也极大地改善了换热;流体流经内肋阵列微通道时,其阻力在低Re数下主要来自壁面效应产生的摩擦阻力,高Re数下则受绕肋产生尾涡的影响较大;不同内肋布置方式对流体流动和换热影响显著,叉排布置比顺排布置的内肋阵列微通道具有更大的摩擦因子和换热系数,且增大垂直于流动方向内肋密度更有利于增强换热;内肋排列最为紧密的微通道#2综合换热性能最好,相同泵功下,其换热热阻相对于平直微通道降低了53.4%。     

Cell deformation and increase of cytotoxicity of anticancer drugsdue to low-intensity transient electromagnetic pulses

In this paper, cell deformation induced by low-intensity electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) is presented. A broad-band transverse electromagnetic wave cell (BTEM cell) was used in the experimental system to simulate the free space transmission condition. The biological samples were exposed to the EMP field in the BTEM cell. After the chick's erythrocytes were exposed to EMP field, pores on their membranes were observed by a scanning electron microscope. Cell fusion was also found between the chick's erythrocytes as well as between the rabbit's. In other experiments, it is found that the EMP field can increase the cytotoxicity of some anticancer drugs. The results suggest that the membrane deformation is a secondary effect of electromagnetic fields     

pH协同血清白蛋白对单个活态人红细胞作用的拉曼光谱研究

红细胞是维持生命最重要的细胞之一,pH是影响其结构功能的重要因素。 结合人血液中存在血清白蛋白,且可能会对红细胞起作用的特点,在模拟人体内血液中血清白蛋白与血红蛋白摩尔比值的条件下,研究pH协同血清白蛋白对单个活态人红细胞的形态,细胞膜变形能力及胞内血红蛋白结构变化的影响。 结果显示,不同pH下,红细胞的表面形态、 膜变形能力的变化规律与其胞内血红蛋白结构的变化有关：在pH 4.14,4.76,10.18时,红细胞胞内血红蛋白螺旋结构的减少、 疏水性氨基酸的暴露,血红素珠蛋白结合状态的改变,影响了血红蛋白结构的稳定性,从而导致红细胞的结构发生变化,其形态、 膜变形能力与正常值相比,变化结果显著。 而在pH 6.51和7.80下,血红蛋白的拉曼谱结果并未发现有上述变化情况,胞内血红蛋白的结构没有发生改变,红细胞的形态、 膜变形能力也接近于正常值。 在pH 5.49和8.76下,红细胞的表面形态和膜变形能力都有不同程度的变差,但其胞内血红蛋白的结构并没有改变,提示红细胞的形态和变形能力的改变可能是可逆的。 结果表明,pH协同血清白蛋白的作用下,血清白蛋白能对红细胞起保护作用,增强红细胞调节、 缓冲环境pH变化的能力。 研究结果全面地揭示了在模拟人体内血液中血清白蛋白与血红蛋白摩尔比值的情况下,红细胞结构功能的变化情况,不仅有助于阐明红细胞在有关生理、 病理状态下的结构与功能的变化,而且对其临床表现与有关防治对策都有重要的指导意义。     

Optical tweezers technique for the study of red blood cells deformation ability

The presented here technique is developed for in vitro estimation of the influence of external conditions on the deformation ability of human red blood cells. The method is based on the use of single-beam laser trap for capturing of erythrocytes fixed to the bottom of the liquid cell by the adhesion force. The approach is suitable for evaluation of the properties of individual cells as well as for real-time acquisition of the data on ensemble of erythrocytes large enough for subsequent statistical analysis. It is shown that both a change in the saline solution concentration and presence of certain stabilizing agents lead to measurable shift of the maximum of the cells distribution by their deformability.     

Signatures of deterministic chaos in dyslipidemic erythrocytes under shear stress

The erythrocytes deformation under shear stress, the viscoelastic properties and the effects observed on healthy donors and on dyslipidemic patients are investigated from the point of view of nonlinear dynamics. Finally it is suggested that the different results obtained could be useful with regard to pathophysiological disturbances and their treatment.     

Membrane deformation of unfixed erythrocytes in air with time lapse investigated by tapping mode atomic force microscopy

Estimation of the time of death is one of the most important problems for forensic medicine and law. Physical and chemical postmortem changes are evaluated together while estimating the time of death. The pattern analysis of antemortem and postmortem bloodstains is one of the important parameters for forensic science, and cellular changes of blood cells can be useful for the quantitative assessment of the time of death. In this study, by successively investigating erythrocytes exposed in air on mica for 5 days using tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM), we observed deformation of whole cell and membrane surface of unfixed erythrocytes with time lapse. We found that the time-dependent cellular changes occurred after exposure of erythrocytes in air for several days. At 0.5 days of exposure, fissures and cell shrinkage were observed. At 2.5 days of exposure, the emergence of nanometer-scale protuberances were observed and these protuberances increased in number with increasing time. The changes of cell shape and cell membrane surface ultrastructure can be used to estimate the time of death. Futhermore, smear-induced abnormal erythrocytes and immunostained erythrocytes were observed here. The need for more precise research is indicated, such as the correlation of membrane changes to intervals of less than 0.5 day of air exposure, and use of various substrates in addition to mica, including glass, metals, fabrics, among others, on which the bloodstains appear in crime scenes. The results of this research demonstrate the efficacy of AFM as a potentially powerful analytical tool in forensic science.     

Pressure-induced hemolysis of in vivo aged human erythrocytes is enhanced by inhibition of water transport via aquaporin-1

Human erythrocytes are fractionated into young, intermediate, and old cells according to their densities. Pressure-induced hemolysis reflects sensitively membrane perturbations. Therefore, the hemolysis of erythrocytes at 200 MPa was examined using fractionated cells. Pressure-induced hemolysis of old (or in vivo aged) erythrocytes was enhanced, compared with those of young and intermediate cells which showed the same hemolytic values. Flow cytometric analysis showed less fragmentation of old erythrocytes under pressure. Moreover, the water transport through the membrane was suppressed in old erythrocytes than intermediate ones. The low permeability of water in old erythrocytes was confirmed by osmotic hemolysis using a hypotonic buffer. These results suggest that water transport via aquaporin-1 (AQP1) is inhibited in old erythrocytes. As the number of AQP1 molecules remained constant in old erythrocytes, the function of AQP1 may be reduced.     

喇曼光镊分析血红细胞的携氧能力

应用喇曼光镊系统结合气体循环供给装置,收集了不同氧合状态的单个红细胞的喇曼光谱,分析了激光功率对氧合状态分析的影响.选择氧合态和去氧态的对比及区分指标,并运用该指标分析了不同保存时间、不同健康状态红细胞的携氧能力.结果发现：较强功率的激光照射细胞会导致其亚铁血红素凝集特征峰1 248、1 371 cm－1升高|I1 638/I1 547比值是区分氧合态与去氧态的良好标志|经较长时间保存的红细胞氧合能力增强,但去氧能力没有显著变化|而α-地中海贫血HbH-CS患者的红细胞氧合能力比正常对照的强,但其去氧能力较差.从而表明喇曼光镊可以快速灵敏地分析红细胞的氧合能力,评价其携氧功能.     

美兰光化学法对红细胞损伤的NMR研究

运用³¹P NMR研究红细胞中高能磷酸化合物的代谢变化,探讨美兰光化学法对红细胞的损伤. 采用MSL-300 MHz型超导核磁共振仪分别测量健康成人红细胞对照组、经美兰（亚甲基蓝）光化学处理组及预先加入L-组氨酸组的高能磷酸化合物,通过分析比较红细胞中2,3-二磷酸甘油酸（2,3-DPG）、三磷酸腺苷（ATP）及磷酸化糖（SP）相对含量,了解美兰光化学法对红细胞代谢的影响. 经亚美兰光化学法处理的红细胞,葡萄糖进入戊糖磷酸途径的分量增加,使红细胞中2,3-DPG和ATP含量显著减少,而SP含量大幅上升,在某种程度上影响红细胞的理化性质和功能指标;L-组氨酸对此有一定的保护作用.     

pH值对多类人地贫红细胞作用的拉曼光谱研究

地中海贫血是一种发病率高,影响大的血液疾病。以往对地中海贫血的检测方法繁琐,耗时较长。通过对酸、碱pH环境下不同种类地贫红细胞和正常红细胞拉曼光谱的对照,发现在酸性条件下,α-地贫和β-地贫的拉曼谱具有不同的特征：表征氧合血红蛋白的特征峰谱带在β-地贫下强度升高甚至完全取代脱氧血红蛋白的特征峰;β-地贫红细胞膜的链间侧向相互作用序参数较正常红细胞膜的小,且其S_lat值与正常相比减小的比例随贫血程度的不同而不同,而α-地贫的S_lat值与正常红细胞膜的值相当。结果显示,可以基于pH作用的拉曼光谱测定方法,用于协助对地中海贫血的快速诊断。     

Photothermal biological effects of monomeric erythrocyte using optical tweezers

The changes of mechanical properties and biological activities of monomeric erythrocytes are studied using optical tweezers micromanipulation technology. Firstly, the mechanical properties of irradiated erythrocyte membranes are obtained. Weaker power laser irradiation can delay the decay of the mechanical properties of erythrocytes and promote the biological activity of erythrocytes, while higher power laser irradiation damages erythrocytes. The stronger the laser irradiation is, the more obvious and rapid the damage will be. The temperature of the cell surface will be changed by regulating the laser power and irradiation time, so the biological functions of erythrocyte can be controlled. Secondly, the finite element simulation of the temperature change on the cell surface under the condition of laser irradiation is carried out using simulation software, and the precise temperature of the cell surface irradiated cumulatively by a laser with different powers is obtained. Finally, the processes of abscission, unfolding, and denaturation of hemoglobins in erythrocytes at different temperatures due to the photothermal effect are analyzed using the model. The mechanism of laser irradiation on the elasticity of erythrocyte membranes is also obtained.