微富集柱-FAAS联用测定铅的影响因素分析

研究了微富集柱与原子吸收光谱法联用测定铅的各种影响因素，实验利用自制的微型电化学富集性对金属离子的吸附效应进行预富集，再瞬间溶出直接进入原子吸收进行测定，极大地提高了测试灵敏度和降低了检出限，可使铅测定中的特征浓度和检出限降低1－2个数量级。     

海洋碳循环过程中的海水微表层泵

在海洋现场调查和实验室研究取得大量数据的基础上, 对海洋碳循环过程中诸如溶解泵/物理泵、生物泵、陆架泵等理论观点之外, 提出一种新“泵”即海水微表层(SML)泵. 由此引出三个推论: (ⅰ) “pH-深度”曲线的左-右扭转的非对称性; (ⅱ) “浓度-深度”曲线的非线性; (ⅲ) SML泵作用的影响范围的差异性. 最后讨论了中国黄海和南海是大气CO₂的“源”或“汇”的问题.     

毛细管电泳样品电堆积富集过程影响因素的数值分析

毛细管电泳样品电堆积富集是一种通过缓冲溶液浓度的差异在毛细管中形成电场强度梯度,从而对样品进行浓缩的富集技术。本文在已有数学模型的基础上,对影响毛细管电堆积富集过程的因素进行了分析。计算结果发现,样品粒子表面所带的电荷电性以及带电量会影响粒子的电泳速度,进而影响富集过程;外加电势的大小会影响样品粒子到达检测窗口的迁移时间;而样品塞的初始长度则会影响样品所能达到的最大富集浓度以及达到最佳的富集效果所需要的时间。所得到的结果对样品电堆积富集技术的进一步完善具有一定的理论指导意义。     

湟水河西宁段表层沉积物稀土元素地球化学特征及其物源分析

采样测定了湟水河西宁段表层沉积物28个样品的14种稀土元素地球化学含量,分析其含量、特征参数及配分模式,探讨其影响因素及物质来源。结果表明：湟水河西宁段表层沉积物中稀土元素总含量为89.75～217.58 mg·kg^-1,平均值为153.56 mg·kg^-1;28个样品的稀土元素含量变化较为一致,组成特征变化较小,轻稀土元素相对富集,重稀土元素相对亏损,Eu呈中等程度亏损,Ce呈无异常;沉积岩源岩及矿物组成对湟水河西宁段表层沉积物中稀土元素的组成起到控制作用,化学风化对稀土元素的组成无影响;湟水河西宁段表层沉积物的稀土元素特征参数、大陆上地壳和球粒陨石标准化配分模式与青海土壤、黄河沉积物接近,暗示了湟水河西宁段表层沉积物中稀土元素主要来源于湟水河河流侵蚀搬运物,同时其为黄河沉积物中稀土元素提供部分物源。     

海洋微藻培养液中二甲基硫与二甲基硫丙酸的同步分析

基于水体中二甲基硫(DMS)的固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用分析方法,建立了海洋微藻培养液中DMS、溶解态二甲基硫丙酸(DMSPd)和颗粒态二甲基硫丙酸(DMSPp)的同步测定方法. 结果表明: 本方法在0.01～10.0 μg/L 范围内线性良好, 方法检出限10.6 pg , 加标回收率为(93.1±1.3)%; 相对误差范围小于5%.将4种微藻培养液高速离心,上层和下层溶液分别加固体NaCl后立即测定DMS,加NaOH 溶液反应12 h后测定DMS含量, 根据其数值的差值可得到各微藻培养液中DMS与DMSP的含量.检出结果与文献报道具有相似的结论:甲藻和定鞭藻是DMS(P)的重要生产者.其中颗石藻 (Pleurochrysis carterae)单位细胞DMSPp 的检出含量为(13.8±0.9)pg/cell.     

整体柱在线固相微萃取-高效液相色谱同步富集检测水中的苯氧羧酸类除草剂

采用C18毛细管整体柱作为固相微萃取整体柱,构建在线固相微萃取-高效液相色谱联用系统,同步富集检测环境水样中的5种苯氧羧酸类除草剂。详细考察了联用系统运行条件对富集检测的影响。联用系统运行最佳参数为:固相微萃取整体柱长度20 cm,进样流速0.04 mL/min,进样13 min,洗脱流速0.02 mL/min,洗脱5 min。在最佳条件下,5种苯氧羧酸类除草剂的检出限为:9 μg/L (苯氧丙酸)、4 μg/L (2-(2-氯)-苯氧丙酸)、4 μg/L (2-(3-氯)-苯氧丙酸)、5 μg/L (2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸)、5 μg/L (2-(2,4-二氯苯氧基)丙酸)。与HPLC系统直接进样对比,联用系统对5种检测对象表现出优良的富集能力。5种苯氧羧酸类除草剂的回收率在79.0%~98.0%之间(RSD≤3.9%)。该方法成功应用于水样中5种苯氧羧酸类除草剂的检测,结果令人满意。     

微乳液毛细管电动色谱-场放大富集法灵敏分析尿液中的9种麻醉剂类药物

建立了一种微乳液毛细管电动色谱(MEEKC)-场放大富集(FASI)分析尿液中多种麻醉剂(吗啡、可待因、纳洛酮、海洛因、蒂巴因、可卡因、哌替啶、芬太尼、美沙酮)的方法。考察了微乳液组成、分离电压等因素的影响,得到的最佳微乳液组成(质量分数)为0.6%十二烷基硫酸钠、1.2%正丁醇、0.6%乙酸乙酯和97.6% 10 mmol/L硼砂缓冲液(pH 9.5);分离电压为25 kV。在上述微乳体系中,9种化合物在15 min内得到了基线分离。采用场放大在线富集技术提高了分析灵敏度,检出限(S/N=3)低至0.3 μg/L。模拟尿样样品中9种麻醉剂的加标回收率介于79.4%～119.9%之间,日内相对标准偏差小于5.5%。将该方法应用于美沙酮大鼠体外代谢样品的测定,结果令人满意。     

一种新颖的微纳流体器件制造方法与痕量富集应用

建立了一种利用光致聚合反应制备微纳流体器件的新方法,并开展了相应的痕量富集实验研究:建立描述光致聚合反应中引发剂分解、自由基消耗、聚合反应等的理论模型,利用COMSOL软件计算分析了微尺度凝胶光致聚合反应过程,获得凝胶纳米筛宽度随曝光时间和光强的变化规律;以倒置荧光显微镜为平台,通过聚焦和分光等控制手段,在微流道的特定区域实现孔密度可调的凝胶纳米筛集成,形成微纳流控芯片;以Poisson-Nernst-Planck模型为基础,对纳流体电动富集过程进行计算,确定纳孔密度与富集倍率的关系;利用制备的芯片开展纳流体电动富集实验,发现前驱液中单体丙烯酰胺与交联剂N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺质量比为9∶1时,对痕量异硫氰酸荧光素(Fluorescein isothiocyanate,FITC)小分子的富集倍率达到600倍。     

聚合反应的典型影响因素分析

为了便于认识聚合反应的一般特征,本文首先比较了不同聚合方法,分析了其多步反应特征,并主要讨论了伴随反应或副反应、聚合热力学、聚合物自身性质、溶剂、聚合物分子形态对聚合反应的影响。通过揭示聚合反应的特殊性和复杂性,有助于认识聚合反应的特征及影响因素。     

Direct determination of thickness of sea surface microlayer using a pH microelectrode at original location

The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the interface layer between seawater and atmosphere, which is a new study field developed from the intersecting and infiltration of ocean science and atmosphere science, including the SML physics, the SML chemistry, the SML biology etc. It in-volves the recip rocity of sea-air, the globe cycle and flux of substances, so it is a key item of the global cooperative research on ocean science[1,2]. It should also be an important research field of SOLAS (sur…     

Use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to characterise the physical properties of ex situ reconstructed sea surface microlayer

The objective of this work was to develop electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to characterise the physical properties of the sea surface microlayer ( ssm ). Samples from Lake Rogoznica in Croatia were extracted by n-hexane and dichloromethane (dcm) respectively and transferred to mercury electrodes. The EIS results were compared with those of a model phospholipid, dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) which forms near defect-free monolayers on a mercury surface. The ssm extracts formed inhomogeneous monolayers on the mercury surface and the dcm ssm extract monolayer showed greater surface roughness than the hexane ssm extract. The hexane ssm extract introduced defects and a greater surface roughness into mixed DOPC- ssm extract monolayers than the dcm ssm extract due to the lower compatibility of the non-polar hexane extract with the DOPC than that of the polar ssm extract. In addition, the dcm ssm component in the mixed DOPC- ssm monolayer showed an association with pyrene added to the solution.     

n-Alkanes, PAHs and surfactants in the sea surface microlayer and sea water samples of the Gerlache Inlet sea (Antarctica)

Sea surface microlayer (SML) and sea water samples (SSW) collected in the Gerlache Inlet Sea (Antarctica) were analysed for n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The SML is a potential enrichment site of hydrophobic organic compounds compared to the underlying water column. Total concentration ranges of n-alkanes and PAHs (dissolved and particulate) in subsurface water (− 0.5 m depth) were 272-553 ng l^− 1 (mean: 448 ng l^− 1) and 5.27-9.43 ng l^− 1 (mean: 7.06 ng l^− 1), respectively. In the SML, the concentration ranges of n-alkanes and PAHs were 353-968 ng l^− 1 (mean: 611 ng l^− 1) and 7.32-23.94 ng l^− 1 (mean: 13.22 ng l^− 1), respectively. To evaluate possible PAH contamination sources, specific PAH ratios were calculated. The ratios reflected a predominant petrogenic input. A characterisation of surface active substances was also performed on SML and SSW samples, both by gas bubble extraction, and by dynamic surface tension measurements. Results showed a good correlation between n-alkanes, PAHs and refractory organic matter.     

A method for characterization of sea surface microlayer based on monolayer properties in presence and absence of phospholipids

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, ac voltammetry and fractal analysis were used to characterize model compounds, compound mixtures and extracted samples of sea surface microlayer (ssm) und underlying water (ulw). The reasons for carrying out this work were to use the scientific basis of these characterizations in future on-line analytical procedures of ssm. The mercury (Hg) drop electrode uncoated and coated with a monolayer of dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) was used as an experimental basis for investigation of the major sea surface film forming material. Firstly, the interaction of the uncoated and DOPC coated Hg electrode with model water insoluble compounds of increasing polarity was investigated. The compounds studied in order of increasing polarity were: nonadecane, stearic acid, cholesterol and cardiolipin. Subsequently the electrochemical response of the system to different ssm extracts was compared to signals observed with model compounds to demonstrate method selectivity. From the electrochemical results, it is observed that both the molecular structure and polarity of the investigated compounds have a role in their interaction with the uncoated and DOPC coated electrode. In the fractal analysis the increase above 2 of fractal dimension D imparted to the DOPC layer is related to the degree of apolarity of the additive model compound. Consistent with this, the more apolar hexane extracted ssm 2 imparts a fractal dimension D value of 2.45 when incorporated in DOPC layers. The electrochemical response to the ssm and ulw follows that characteristic of sterol compounds.     

Simultaneous butyltin determinations in the microlayer,water column and sediment of a northern Chesapeake Bay marina and receiving system

Butyltins were determined in the microlayer, water column and sediment of a northern Chesapeake Bay marina and its receiving system. Concentrations of the toxicant species tributyltin (TBT) ranged from 60 to 4130 ng dm⁻³ in the microlayer, from 34 to 367 ng dm⁻³ in the water column and from <0.05 to 1.4 m̈g g⁻¹ (dry weight) in sediment. TBT concentrations in all three environmental compartments were higher in the marinas than in the receiving system. Concentrations of TBT in the microlayer and water column of the study area were potentially toxic to sensitive aquatic biota. The microlayer appears to be depleted in dibutyltin relative to tributyltin compared to both water column and sediment.     

Temperature-Dependent Surface Enrichment Effects in Binary Mixtures of Fluorinated and Non-Fluorinated Ionic Liquids

Using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS), we investigate the topmost nanometers of various binary ionic liquid (IL) mixtures at different temperatures in the liquid state. The mixtures consist of ILs with the same [PF₆]⁻ anion but two different cations, namely 3-methyl-1-(3,3,4,4,4-pentafluorobutyl)imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [PFBMIm][PF₆], and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [C₄C₁Im][PF₆], with 10, 25, 50 and 75 mol % content of [PFBMIm][PF₆]. We observe a preferential enrichment of the fluorinated chain in the topmost layer, relative to the bulk composition, which is most pronounced for the lowest content of [PFBMIm][PF₆]. Upon cooling the mixtures stepwise from 95 °C until surface charging effects in XPS indicate solidification, we observe a pronounced increase in surface enrichment of the fluorinated chain with decreasing temperature in the liquid state. In contrast to the mixtures with lower [PFBMIm][PF₆] contents, cooling the 75 mol % mixture additionally shows an abrupt decrease of the fluorinated chain signal before complete solidification occurs, which is assigned to partial precipitation effects.     

A weak acid extraction method as a tool for the metal pollution assessment in surface sediments

A simple technique has been evaluated for the initial assessment of heavy metal pollution in coastal sediments, in order to overcome many difficulties involved in routine monitoring of such analytes.The leaching of sediment samples with a cold dilute HC1, which affects only the non-residual part of the metals, gives the anthropogenic fingerprints on the bottom deposits and provides more data on the extent of heavy metal pollution relatively to the total sediment analysis.The proposed technique has been applied in most Hellenic coastal regions, both polluted and unpolluted. Comparisons between the various regions with the use of an enrichment factor have been made, which establish the gross degree to which a sediment population has been subjected to heavy metal pollution from the overlying waters.     

水中丙溴磷的富集及气相色谱分析

采用ＧＤＸ－５０１吸附剂富集水中痕量丙溴磷,然后用气相色谱法直接测定,方法简便、准确,实用。水中丙溴磷的检出限为０．４μｇ／Ｌ,低、中、高３种浓度的平均加标回收率为８８．６％－９９．３％,相对标准偏差在３．２３％－４．９６％范围内。     

糖蛋白/糖肽分离富集中的化学

糖蛋白在许多生命过程中有重要的作用.糖蛋白/糖肽在复杂生物样品中的低丰度以及糖链结构的微观不均一性使其分离富集成为糖蛋白质组学研究中的难点,本文将糖蛋白/糖肽分离富集过程中使用的化学方法根据所应用的化学反应或外源功能基团的种类分为:肼化学方法,氨化学方法,硼酸化学法, β-消除米氏加成化学法;并对各化学方法的原理和优缺点进行了描述和讨论.     

磷酸化蛋白质组学中的分离富集方法研究进展

蛋白质的磷酸化是一种可逆性的翻译后修饰,在细胞的增值、分化、信号转导以及转录与翻译调控、蛋白质复合体的形成、蛋白质降解等方面发挥着极为重要的作用.因此磷酸化蛋白的鉴定成为翻译后修饰研究的重要内容.但由于磷酸化蛋白的丰度较低, 难以用质谱直接检测.为了解决这个问题,改善质谱对磷酸肽的信号响应, 需要对磷酸化蛋白质或磷酸肽进行富集.本文系统地介绍了磷酸化蛋白组学研究中应用较为广泛和最新建立的各种分离富集方法的原理、特点、应用研究进展,包括抗体富集法、激酶特异富集法、亲和富集法、化学修饰法、多种色谱分离富集方法以及MALDI靶盘富集法.