Continuous-wave pumping in the anomalous- and normal-dispersion regimes of nonlinear fibers for supercontinuum generation

Supercontinuum (SC) growth in highly nonlinear fibers is compared for cw pumping in the anomalous- and normal-dispersion regimes. For anomalous-dispersion pumping, the combined effects of modulation instability (MI) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) contribute to spectral broadening. Furthermore, breakup of the cw light into ultrashort pulses by MI leads to the formation of a Raman pulse that evolves into a soliton, as evidenced by the observation of soliton self-frequency shift. Blueshifted, nonsolitonic radiation associated with the fission of higher-order solitons is also present in the SC spectra. For normal-dispersion pumping, SRS seeds the SC growth by generating several cascaded Stokes orders. When the Stokes orders are shifted into the anomalous-dispersion regime at higher launch powers, MI again causes soliton formation. Broadband continua are generated when the laser is positioned as far away as 191 nm from the zero-dispersion wavelength in normal dispersion.     

New trend for optical signal-to-noise ratio of disturbed Raman fiber amplifier

In a distributed Raman fiber amplifier (DRFA), Raman amplification allows a lower signal launch powers to transverse the span above the noise floor while still increasing the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR). It improves the noise figure and reduces the nonlinear penalty of fiber systems. In this paper, we demonstrate a new trend of OSNR at different pump configurations: forward, backward and bidirectional pumping for DRFAs as a function of fiber length. We also present the variation of OSNR with both input pump power and input signal power. It is found that forward pumping provides the highest OSNR, reaching its maximum value of 37 dB. However, backward pumping provides the smallest OSNR that has its maximum of 22 dB and the bidirectional pumping provides the moderate OSNR between the others having its peak of 26 dB.     

Peak-power limits on fiber amplifiers imposed by self-focusing

We have numerically investigated the behavior of the fundamental mode of a step-index, multimode (MM) fiber as the optical power approaches the self-focusing limit (P(crit)). The analysis includes the effects of gain and bending (applicable to coiled fiber amplifiers). We find power-dependent, stationary solutions that propagate essentially without change at beam powers approaching P(crit) in straight and bent fibers. We show that in a MM fiber amplifier seeded with its fundamental eigenmode at powers 相似文献   

Fiber laser using a microsphere resonator as a feedback element

We show that a glass microsphere resonator can be used as a wavelength-selective mirror in fiber lasers. Due to their high quality factor (Q approximately 10(8)), microsphere resonators possess a narrow reflection bandwidth. This feature enables construction of single-frequency fiber lasers even when the laser cavity is long. Nonlinear effects (such as stimulated Raman lasing) were also observed in our setup at relatively low pump powers.     

An effective numerical method for gain profile optimizations of multi pumped fiber Raman amplifiers

In this paper, we have solved propagation equations of multi-pump fiber Raman amplifier using Runge–Kutta (RK 4th order) numerical method and pump power evolutions along with the fiber length. They are used to calculate the net gain and gain ripple by varying the input signals powers for different fiber lengths. The pump powers are optimized by genetic algorithm and resulting net gain and gain ripple are reported graphically as well as in tabular form. The optimum minimum gain ripple is 0.26 dB for 1 mW input signal powers for 50 km fiber length. By increasing the fiber length gain ripple increases to 0.5 dB for 0.1 mW input signal power. In comparison to other methods reported in the literature, our method is simple to implement and efficient for numerical design of Raman amplification in optical communication systems.     

Gain ripple minimization in fiber Raman amplifiers based on variational method

In this paper, the variational method is employed for minimizing the gain ripple of multi-wavelength fiber Raman amplifiers. The variance of gain spectrum of the fiber Raman amplifier is regarded as the cost function, restriction on total pump power and average gain is given as the constraints of the minimization problem. It is shown that the minimization problem with any necessary constraints on the pump powers, average gain and signal to noise ratio, is reduced to a two-point boundary value problem. The method gives the entire possible local and global solutions. The method is applied to different examples of fiber Raman amplifiers with different lengths from 25 km to 100 km and different numbers of pumps from 4 to 20 to determine the pump powers and wavelengths for minimum gain ripple. It was obtained for a 100 km fiber Raman amplifier the gain ripple can be about 0.1 dB with on-off gain more than 20 dB.     

Raman continuum generation at 1.0–1.3 μm in passively mode-locked fiber laser based on nonlinear polarization rotation

We experimentally demonstrate cascaded Raman scattering continuum generation at 1.0–1.3 μm with pulse energy of 47 nJ by utilizing a commercially available all-normal-dispersion single-mode fiber (SMF) with a low threshold pump power. We achieve passively mode-locked all-fiber lasing by nonlinear polarization rotation technique. Continuous Raman gain is obtained by the same SMF in every roundtrip because of the ring-cavity configuration, which makes it possible to achieve high-order Raman Stokes waves by a short fiber length. Limited by the pump power, the maximum output average power and peak power are 87.4 and 339 mW, but it has great potential to be improved. These make it an ideal continuum source for many applications, such as optical coherence tomography.     

Pulsed and continuous-wave supercontinuum generation in highly nonlinear, dispersion-shifted fibers

Supercontinuum generation in a highly nonlinear, dispersion-shifted fiber at 1550 nm is discussed. Spectrum generation under both pulsed and continuous-wave conditions is considered. With a few meters of highly nonlinear, dispersion-shifted fiber and a femtosecond erbium fiber laser, an octave-spanning supercontinuum is demonstrated. Kilometer lengths of nonlinear fiber pumped by a continuous-wave Raman fiber laser are shown to generate a continuum with a bandwidth greater than 247 nm. A nonlinear Schrödinger-equation model is used to investigate the effect of varying the dispersion on the pulsed continuum and noise effects in the continuous-wave continuum. PACS 42.81.Dp; 42.65.Wi; 42.55.Wd     

The moment method for fiber Raman amplifier gain ripple minimization

We aim to propose a novel fiber Raman amplifier modeling based on the moment method, which is previously introduced for modeling the inhomogeneous Erbium doped fiber amplifiers and recently employed to analyze the fiber Raman amplifier with continuous pump spectrum. In this model, the number of governing equations is independent of the number of signals and according to the degree of accuracy it is proportional to the number of pumps. This method is employed to analyze the Raman fiber amplifiers with an arbitrary input signal line shape and to minimize the gain ripple of the fiber Raman amplifier with respect to the pump powers and pump frequencies.     

输出功率稳定的二级喇曼光纤激光器特性

提出一种输出功率稳定的二级喇曼光纤激光器,从理论分析角度探讨了它的特性.结果表明：由于在抽运光的二级斯托克斯光频附近的自发辐射光的钳制作用,激光器的一级和二级输出功率几乎都不受抽运功率波动的影响,从而降低了抽运光低频相对强度噪音转移|激光器输出的一级和二级斯托克斯光功率都很稳定,并且通过调节激光器结构中的可变衰减器,可以有效控制一级、二级激光的输出功率以及它们的比值.这些特性表明该喇曼光纤激光器很适合于作为喇曼光纤放大器的抽运源.     

多泵浦光纤喇曼放大器的模拟分析

通过使用综合理论模型对不同配置条件下的多泵浦分布式光纤喇曼放大器的增益谱进行了数值模拟研究,该理论模型包含了瑞利散射、放大自发辐射和不同交互效应,包括泵浦与泵浦、泵浦与信号和信号与信号之间的交互与能量转移.模拟研究了泵浦源功率、泵浦源波长间隔及光纤损耗对喇曼增益谱的影响,结果表明设计多泵浦光纤喇曼放大器需要对泵浦源功率、泵浦源波长间隔光纤损耗谱进行综合考虑,需对泵浦源功率、泵浦源波长间隔进行合理配置.在本文的泵浦源波长设定条件下,考虑实际光纤的损耗谱特性,为了获得大的增益带宽和小的增益不平坦度,短波长泵浦源和最长波长的泵浦源需要更高的泵浦功率,中间波长泵浦源的功率应较低.     

Spectral broadening in Raman fiber lasers

We present an analytical theory based on wave kinetic equations that describes a Raman fiber laser (RFL) generation spectrum. It is shown both theoretically and experimentally that the quasi-degenerate four-wave mixing between different longitudinal modes is the main broadening mechanism in the one-stage RFL at high powers. The shape and power dependence of the intracavity Stokes wave spectrum are in excellent quantitative agreement with predictions of the theory.     

Copropagating and counterpropagating pumps in second-order- pumped discrete fiber Raman amplifiers

The gains and noise figures of discrete second-order-pumped fiber Raman amplifiers utilizing copropagating and counterpropagating pump configurations were experimentally obtained, and the gain results were compared with computer simulations. It was found that the additional gain that is due to second-order Raman pumping is larger for the copropagating pumps than for the counterpropagating pumps, in agreement with simulations. In contrast to distributed second-order-pumped fiber Raman amplifiers, a slight increase in noise figure, by as much as ~1 dB was observed relative to the single-pump scheme. However, the advantages of second-order pumping in discrete amplifiers include greater flexibility in design of the gain distribution along the fiber and the ability to spectrally distribute the pump powers to avoid undesired nonlinear effects.     

光子晶体光纤中调制不稳定现象与超连续光谱的产生

研究了光子晶体光纤中调制不稳定性效应.从非线性薛定谔方程出发，计算和分析了光子晶体光纤中反常色散区以及正常色散区内的调制不稳定性现象，详细讨论了超短脉冲的脉宽、峰值功率、高阶色散和高阶非线性效应（如脉冲内喇曼散射、自陡峭效应）对调制不稳定性产生的影响.结果表明：二阶色散对调制不稳定性的影响要远大于三阶色散，同时也发现随着初始脉冲宽度的减小，调制不稳定性旁瓣增大但是强度有所降低.另外还发现高阶非线效应如自陡峭和喇曼效应会在不同程度上抑制调制不稳定性.     

LD泵浦光纤激光放大器实现13 kW高光束质量输出

光纤耦合半导体激光器（LD）泵浦的光纤激光放大器具有体积小、功质比高、稳定性好等优点,在工业加工和军事国防等诸多领域都有着广泛且重要的应用。然而,受限于器件制作工艺水平及光纤中的受激拉曼效应和模式不稳定效应,LD泵浦的光纤激光放大器难以同时实现高功率及高亮度激光输出。为实现更高功率、更高亮度的光纤激光输出,需要结合现有的器件工艺水平并同时实现对放大器中的受激拉曼散射效应和模式不稳定效应的有效抑制。报道了基于单位自研大模场增益光纤成功实现13 kW功率、高光束质量激光输出。激光器采用主振荡功率放大结构,放大级采用单后向981 nm泵浦自研大模场增益光纤,在总泵浦功率为15 kW时,输出功率达到12.94 kW,光束质量M2因子约为2.85。通过进一步优化器件性能及光纤模式控制,有望实现更高功率、更高亮度的光纤激光输出。     

Simultaneous Double-Color Continuous Wave Raman Fiber Laser at 1239 nm and 1484 nm Using Phosphosilicate Fiber

Simultaneous double-color high-power continuous wave (CW) Raman fiber laser at 1239 nm and 1484 nm is demonstrated which uses CW 8.4 W Yb-doped double-clad fiber laser at 1064 nm as a pump, 1 km phosphosilicate fiber, and cascaded cavities consisting of two pairs of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) mirrors. Maximum output powers are 0.65 W at 1239 nm and 0.97 W at 1484 nm with a 50%/50% output mirror reflectivity pair, and 0.37 W at 1239 nm and 1.06 W at 1484 nm with a 75.5%/50% pair. The output characteristics of this laser for different FBG mirror reflectivities are reported.     

Black-light continuum generation in a silica-core photonic crystal fiber

We report the observation of a broadband continuum spanning from 350 to 470 nm in the black-light region of the electromagnetic spectrum as a result of picosecond pumping a solid-core silica photonic crystal fiber at 355 nm. This was achieved despite strong absorption and a large normal dispersion of silica glass in the UV. Further investigations reveal that the continuum generation results from the interplay of intermodally phase-matched four-wave mixing and cascaded Raman scattering. We also discuss the main limitations in terms of bandwidth and power due to temporal walk-off, fiber absorption, and the photo darkening effect, and we suggest simple solutions.     

Dual-order Raman fiber laser with suppressed low-frequency pump-to-stokes RIN transfer

By employing an output-power clamping technique, a dual-order Raman fiber laser (RFL) is theoretically presented with suppressed low-frequency relative-intensity-noise (RIN) transfer from pump sources to both first- and second-order Stokes output. Their powers can be easily tuned in a large dynamic range. Furthermore, the second-order output power can be individually controlled, which makes it flexible to adjust the ratio of the first- to second-order output power. In addition, the stabilization of low-power second-order output is also accomplished in the RFL setup. These properties fit the proposed RFL for use as dual-order pump sources in Raman fiber amplifiers.     

Dual-source distributed optical fiber sensor for simultaneous temperature and strain measurements

A dual-source distributed optical fiber sensor system with combined Raman and Brillouin scatterings is designed for simultaneous temperature and strain measurements. The optimal Raman and Brillouin signals can be separately obtained by adjusting the powers of the two sources using an optical switch. The temperature and strain can be determined by processing the optimal Raman and Brillouin signals. The experimental result shows that 1.7 ?C temperature resolution and 60-με strain resolution can be achieved at a 24.7-km distance.     

级联掺磷光纤喇曼激光器的解析优化

讨论了二级级联喇曼光纤激光器的解析解和优化设计.通过引入几何平均功率、增益因子和归一化光纤有效长度,将描述泵浦光和斯托克斯光沿喇曼增益光纤分布的微分方程组简化成代数方程组,在对泵浦光采用线性传播近似后,获得了二级级联喇曼激光器的解析解.所获得的解析解同数值模拟结果吻合得很好.利用该解析解可方便和快速地讨论级联喇曼激光器的优化设计,计算不同泵浦功率下的最佳光纤长度、输出光纤光栅反射率和转换效率.泵谱功率越大,最佳光纤长度越短,最佳输出光纤光栅反射率越小.