基于现代加速器的惯性约束聚变物理研究现状及发展

能源与环境是人类社会与经济发展的基础。传统的化石能源与现代的核裂变能源往往造成严重的环境污染,其原料也终将枯竭、难以持续;受控热核聚变能以用之不竭的海水作为原料,环境友好,将是未来彻底解决能源与环境问题的主要希望所在。强激光或重离子束驱动的惯性约束核聚变是实现受控热核聚变的重要途径。当前,美国激光聚变装置已经实现聚变能增益;我国的“神光”系列激光聚变研究采取循序渐进的思路,也已进入攻坚阶段。与此同时,国内外大型重离子加速装置项目相继启动,相关的现代加速器技术飞速发展,以高功率重离子束为驱动源、以现代加速器为先进工具的惯性约束聚变物理研究,条件日益成熟,亟待大力发展和推动。文章主要介绍基于现代加速器的惯性约束聚变物理领域若干前沿课题的研究现状和新进展。     

Pellet-injection-based technologies for fusion reactors

An analysis is made of results obtained in the development of various technologies based on injecting pellets into tokamak and stellarator plasmas. Pellet injection is now used for fuel injection, plasma diagnostics, burn control, mode switching, and conditioning of the first wall. Physical and engineering problems encountered in the development of these technologies and results of recent applications are discussed. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 63–67 (September 1999)     

Adiabatic beam buncher for plasma accelerators

An adiabatic free-electron laser wiggler for electron beam bunching is described. A free-electron laser naturally bunches an electron beam. When the beam is trapped adiabatically, the emittance of the bunched beam is decreased significantly compared with abrupt trapping. For a 57-period two-meter buncher having poleface magnetic field of 2 T and 10 GW of 100 μm radiation, adiabatic trapping reduces the final emittance by a factor of three     

Radiative losses in plasma accelerators

We investigate the dynamics of a relativistic electron in a strongly nonlinear plasma wave in terms of classical mechanics by taking into account the action of the radiative reaction force. The two limiting cases are considered. In the first case where the energy of the accelerated electrons is low, the electron makes many betatron oscillations during the acceleration. In the second case where the energy of the accelerated electrons is high, the betatron oscillation period is longer than the electron residence time in the accelerating phase. We show that the force of radiative friction can severely limit the rate of electron acceleration in a plasma accelerator.     

核聚变中的核物理问题

采用标准的量子力学方位阱加库伦位垒,计算了氘-氘聚变截面。给出了0．2～280keY能区内的截面数据。与实验符合得很好。此模型说明了不可用Breit-Wigner公式来讨论轻核聚变反应。将此模型运用于束缚态带电粒子之间的核反应。可以解释一系列“异常现象”。并展现了开发不带强放射性的聚变能的前景。     

Searching for effects of neutrino magnetic moments at reactors and accelerators

The sensitivity of the νe elastic scattering experiments to possible effects of nonzero neutrino magnetic moment (μ) is analyzed and the optimal experimental condition under which such effects are relatively enhanced are found. New, somewhat more restrictive than the previously derived bounds on μ, are obtained on the basis of existing data by the use of selfconsistent statistical analyses: μ_νe < 1.52 × 10^?10e/2m_e and μ_νμ < 1.19 × 10^?9e/2m_e. These bounds are expected to be improved approximately by an order of magnitude in experiments planned to be performed in the near future.     

Reactor physics experimental data for VVER type reactors

An international research program was carried out between 1972 and 1990 into the physics of VVER type reactors. The present paper gives a summary on the second item, i.e. the reactor physics experimental data. The neutron economy is discussed in practical neutron chain reactions.     

Atomic physics with ion accelerators — Beam-foil spectroscopy

A survey is given of research in atomic spectroscopy with accelerated, excited ions (beam-foil spectroscopy). After a short experimental section recent studies of atomic energy levels (particularly multiply excited configurations), radiative transition probabilities, a auto-ionization mechanisms, fine- and hyperfine-structure effects and radiative corrections are summarized.     

Particle beam optics and the physics of accelerators

This paper discusses the search for neutrino oscillations as a probe for the possibility of small neutrino masses. None of the experiments provides definitive evidence for neutrino mass, but there is a strong indication of a mass from the study of neutrinos from the Sun. If non-zero neutrino masses are definitely confirmed, it would have important implications for particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology.     

Introduction to the overall physics design of CSNS accelerators

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is an accelerator-based facility. The     

Introduction to the overall physics design of CSNS accelerators

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is an accelerator-based facility. The accelerator of CSNS consists of a low energy linac, a Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) and two beam transport lines. The overall physics design of CSNS accelerator is described, including the design principle, the choice of the main parameters and design of each part of accelerators. The key problems of the physics design, such as beam loss and control, are also discussed. The interface between the different parts of accelerator, as well as between accelerator and target, are introduced.     

Energy spectra of electrons in plasma accelerators

The acceleration of electrons in the fast (relativistic) plasma wave, generated, e.g., by intense laser pulse in an underdense plasma, is studied theoretically and numerically. The analytical method, developed to describe the energy spectrum of electrons accelerated in one-dimensional (1-D) plasma wave of an arbitrary form, predicts the “bunching” of electrons in the energy space for linear (harmonic) plasma wave in contrast to the nonlinear one. The results of one- and two-dimensional (2-D) numerical simulations of the resonant and nonresonant electron bunch acceleration are presented and discussed     

The physics of accelerator driven sub-critical reactors

In recent years, there has been an increasing worldwide interest in accelerator driven systems (ADS) due to their perceived superior safety characteristics and their potential for burning actinides and long-lived fission products. Indian interest in ADS has an additional dimension, which is related to our planned large-scale thorium utilization for future nuclear energy generation. The physics of ADS is quite different from that of critical reactors. As such, physics studies on ADS reactors are necessary for gaining an understanding of these systems. Development of theoretical tools and experimental facilities for studying the physics of ADS reactors constitute important aspect of the ADS development program at BARC. This includes computer codes for burnup studies based on transport theory and Monte Carlo methods, codes for studying the kinetics of ADS and sub-critical facilities driven by 14 MeV neutron generators for ADS experiments and development of sub-criticality measurement methods. The paper discusses the physics issues specific to ADS reactors and presents the status of the reactor physics program and some of the ADS concepts under study.      

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In order to improve the computational accuracy of fusion reactor deep penetration shielding problems with complex streaming gaps, MC-SN coupling method is developed. Based on the Theta Weighted differencing scheme, the Directional Theta Weighted and Exponential Directional Weighted differencing schemes, which have adaptive features, are introduced. Biased quadrature sets are also constructed on base of Legendre-Chebyshev sets and angular refinement technique to deal with shielding calculation problems of strong fusion neutron penetration and anisotropic scattering. Through the comparative analysis with MCNP simulation results, it can be found that these methods can effectively improve the accuracy for some deep penetration shielding calculation in fusion reactors.     

聚变堆深穿透屏蔽计算方法研究

为了提高具有复杂孔道的聚变堆深穿透屏蔽问题的计算精度,研究了蒙特卡罗法和离散纵标法(MC-S_N)的耦合方法。同时,在权重差分方法的基础上引入具有自适应特性的定向权重和指数定向权重方法,并基于勒让德-切比雪夫求积组和极角细化技术研究了偏倚求积组,有效解决聚变中子穿透能力强、强各向异性散射等屏蔽计算难点。通过与MCNP程序模拟结果的比较分析发现,这些研究方法能有效提高聚变堆深穿透屏蔽计算的精度。     

Scaling laws of design parameters for plasma wakefield accelerators

Simple scaling laws for the design parameters of plasma wakefield accelerators were obtained using a theoretical model, which were confirmed via particle simulation studies. It was found that the acceleration length was given by Δx=0.804λp/(1−βg), where λp is the plasma wavelength and βgc the propagation velocity of the ion cavity. The acceleration energy can also be given by ΔE=(γm−1)mc²=2.645mc²/(1−βg), where m is the electron rest mass. As expected, the acceleration length and energy increase drastically as βg approached unity. These simple scaling laws can be very instrumental in the design of better-performing plasma wakefield accelerators.     

The physics of transmutation in critical or subcritical reactors

The physics of transmutation is presented with application to critical and subcritical reactors. The concept of the ‘neutron economy’ is used to indicate the most promising approaches. The impact of transmutation on the reduction of the radioactive waste radiotoxicity is underlined in the framework of different strategies for the implementation of transmutation in reactors. The need of experimental validation, in particular in the fields of nuclear data, of the physics of accelerator driven subcritical systems and of fuels dedicated to transmutation, is also mentioned. To cite this article: M. Salvatores, C. R. Physique 3 (2002) 999–1012.