Revealing pion and kaon structure via generalised parton distributions

Clear windows onto emergent hadron mass(EHM)and modulations thereof by Higgs boson interactions are provided by observable measures of pion and kaon structure,many of which are accessible via generalised parton distributions(GPDs).Beginning with algebraic GPD Ans?tze,constrained entirely by hadron-scaleπand K valence-parton distribution functions(DFs),in whose forms both EHM and Higgs boson influences are manifest,numerous illustrations are provided.They include the properties of electromagnetic form factors,impact parameter space GPDs,gravitational form factors and associated pressure profiles,and the character and consequences of allorders evolution.The analyses predict that mass-squared gravitational form factors are stiffer than electromagnetic form factors;reveal that K pressure profiles are tighter than profiles,with both mesons sustaining near-core pressures at magnitudes similar to that expected at the core of neutron stars;deliver parameter-free predictions for and K valence,glue,and sea GPDs at the resolving scale l=2GeV;and predict that at this scale the fraction of meson mass-squared carried by glue and sea combined matches that lodged with the valence degrees-of-freedom,with a similar statement holding for mass-squared radii.     

Phase relations in the ZnO-V2O5-K2O system

The subsolidus phase relations of a ZnO-V 2 O 5-K 2 O system are investigated by X-ray powder diffraction.There is 1 ternary compound,11 binary compounds and 14 three-phase regions in this system.The phase diagrams of V 2 O 5 K 2 O with the K 2 O content ranging from 0 to 71 mol% and pseudo-binary system of ZnO-K 2 ZnV 2 O 7 are also studied by X-ray powder diffraction and differential thermal analysis methods.     

Lax pair and vector semi-rational nonautonomous rogue waves for a coupled time-dependent coefficient fourth-order nonlinear Schrodinger system in an inhomogeneous optical fiber

Optical fibers are seen in the optical sensing and optical fiber communication. Simultaneous propagation of optical pulses in an inhomogeneous optical fiber is described by a coupled time-dependent coefficient fourth-order nonlinear Schr?dinger system, which is discussed in this paper. For such a system, we work out the Lax pair, Darboux transformation, and corresponding vector semi-rational nonautonomous rogue wave solutions. When the group velocity dispersion(GVD) and fourth-order dispersion(FOD) coefficients are the constants, we exhibit the first-and second-order vector semirational rogue waves which are composed of the four-petalled rogue waves and eye-shaped breathers. Both the width of the rogue wave along the time axis and temporal separation between the adjacent peaks of the breather decrease with the GVD coefficient or FOD coefficient. With the GVD and FOD coefficients as the linear, cosine, and exponential functions, we respectively present the first-and second-order periodic vector semi-rational rogue waves, first-and second-order asymmetry vector semi-rational rogue waves, and interactions between the eye-shaped breathers and the composite rogue waves.     

Gravitational collapse with standard and dark energy in the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity

A perfect fluid with self-similarity of the second kind is studied within the framework of the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity(TEGR).A spacetime which is not asymptotically flat is derived.The energy conditions of this spacetime are studied.It is shown that after some time the strong energy condition is not enough to satisfy showing a transition from standard matter to dark energy.The singularities of this solution are discussed.     

Breakdown voltage model and structure realization of a thin silicon layer with linear variable doping on a silicon on insulator high voltage device with multiple step field plates

Based on the theoretical and experimental investigation of a thin silicon layer(TSL) with linear variable doping(LVD) and further research on the TSL LVD with a multiple step field plate(MSFP),a breakdown voltage(BV) model is proposed and experimentally verified in this paper.With the two-dimensional Poisson equation of the silicon on insulator(SOI) device,the lateral electric field in drift region of the thin silicon layer is assumed to be constant.For the SOI device with LVD in the thin silicon layer,the dependence of the BV on impurity concentration under the drain is investigated by an enhanced dielectric layer field(ENDIF),from which the reduced surface field(RESURF) condition is deduced.The drain in the centre of the device has a good self-isolation effect,but the problem of the high voltage interconnection(HVI) line will become serious.The two step field plates including the source field plate and gate field plate can be adopted to shield the HVI adverse effect on the device.Based on this model,the TSL LVD SOI n-channel lateral double-diffused MOSFET(nLDMOS) with MSFP is realized.The experimental breakdown voltage(BV) and specific on-resistance(R on,sp) of the TSL LVD SOI device are 694 V and 21.3 ·mm 2 with a drift region length of 60 μm,buried oxide layer of 3 μm,and silicon layer of 0.15 μm,respectively.     

Phase properties of odd and even circular states

Phase properties of the even and odd circular states are studied within the Hermitian phase formalism of Pegg and Barnett. Exact analytical formulas for the distribution function and the variance of the phase operator are obtained and used to examine whether or not the even and odd circular states exhibit photon-number squeezing and phase squeezing.     

A new complex variable element-free Galerkin method for two-dimensional potential problems

In this paper, based on the element-free Galerkin (EFG) method and the improved complex variable moving least- square (ICVMLS) approximation, a new meshless method, which is the improved complex variable element-free Galerkin (ICVEFG) method for two-dimensional potential problems, is presented. In the method, the integral weak form of control equations is employed, and the Lagrange multiplier is used to apply the essential boundary conditions. Then the corresponding formulas of the ICVEFG method for two-dimensional potential problems are obtained. Compared with the complex variable moving least-square (CVMLS) approximation proposed by Cheng, the functional in the ICVMLS approximation has an explicit physical meaning. Furthermore, the ICVEFG method has greater computational precision and efficiency. Three numerical examples are given to show the validity of the proposed method.     

Neutron star cooling and GW170817 constraint within quark-meson coupling models

In the present work,we used five different versions of the quark-meson coupling(QMC)model to compute astrophysical quantities related to the GW170817 event and the neutron star cooling process.Two of the models are based on the original bag potential structure and three versions consider a harmonic oscillator potential to confine quarks.The bag-like models also incorporate the pasta phase used to describe the inner crust of neutron stars.With a simple method studied in the present work,we show that the pasta phase does not play a significant role.Moreover,the QMC model that satisfies the GW170817 constraints with the lowest slope of the symmetry energy exhibits a cooling profile compatible with observational data.     

Decoy-state method for quantum-key-distribution-based quantum private query

The quantum private query(QPQ)is a quantum solution for the symmetrically private information retrieval problem.We study the security of quantum-key-distribution-based QPQ with weak coherent pulses.The result shows that multiphoton pulses have posed a serious threat to the participant’s privacy in QPQ protocols.Then we propose a decoy-state method that can help the honest participant detect the attack by exploiting multiphoton pulses and improving the key distillation process to defend against such attack.The analysis demonstrates that our decoy-state method significantly improves the security of the QPQ with weak coherent pulses,which solves a major obstacle in the practical application of the QPQ.     

Contributions of qqqq components to nucleon spin structure

The spin structure of nucleons is presented in the framework of an extended quark model which in addition to the conventional qqq structure also takes into account qqqq admixtures in the nucleon wave functions, where the qqqq components are in colored quark cluster configurations. The axial vector weak coupling constant and spin distributions for polarized nucleons as well as spin content are obtained for the lowest positive parity qqqq configurations in flavor-spin dependent interaction. In particular, the contributions of the down and strange quarks to the proton spin and the sum rule for polarized neutron are negative, in agreement with recent experiments.     

Far-infrared conductivity of CuS nanoparticles measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy

This paper reports that terahertz time-domain spectroscopy is used to measure the optical properties of CuS nanoparticles in composite samples. The complex conductivity of pure CuS nanoparticles is extracted by applying the Bruggeman effective medium theory. The experimental data are consistent with the Drude--Smith model of conductivity in the range of 0.2--1.5~THz. The results demonstrate that carriers become localized with a backscattering behaviour in small-size nanostructures. In addition, the time constant for the carrier scattering is obtained and is only 64.3~{fs} due to increased electron interaction with interfaces and grain boundaries.     

A novel method to measure dielectric properties of materials in terahertz spectroscopy

We present a simple method to obtain the optical and dielectric properties of samples without reference measurement in the reflection-type terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The dielectric properties of the samples of silicon and gallium arsenide were examined. The optical and dielectric properties of the samples were measured through only simple configuration, without the misplacement error. The obtained dielectric functions of the samples in reflection geometry are in good agreement with that predicated by the theory. The main advantage of this method over other methods is its simplicity and accuracy and ease for application of the reflection systems with different incident angle.     

聚合物及其混合物的太赫兹介电性质测定与分析方法

聚合物材料因其对太赫兹波的高透过率以及良好的塑形能力在太赫兹研究中扮演了重要的角色,由于材料的介电特性直接关系着折射率、极化率等重要性质,不同的应用场合通常需要材料呈现出特殊的太赫兹介电响应,一方面可以选取不同的聚合物材料,另一方面可以通过多种聚合物的混合实现材料介电性质的调制。聚合物材料合理的选取和设计建立在材料太赫兹介电精确表征之上,然而利用太赫兹时域光谱系统(THz-TDS)对聚合物材料进行透射式太赫兹介电表征时,材料内部空气孔隙的存在会影响表征结果的复现性,同时也会影响共混聚合物介电性质的分析和预测。因此以Landau, Lifshitz, Looyenga(LLL)模型为基础提出了考虑空气影响的介电分析模型,并选取了在太赫兹研究中广泛使用的聚合物材料聚乙烯(PE)和聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)对模型的有效性和稳定性加以验证,展开了两种材料单质和混合物两方面的介电分析。在太赫兹波透射样品之后的相位变化信息中提取出样品的介电常数,同一种物质制备的样片间太赫兹介电谱存在明显差异,使用包含气隙影响的LLL模型处理实验数据后,样品介电常数中空气的介电影响被移除,从而得到了两种材料的本征介电常数,在此基础上,使用测得的本征介电常数和混合物样品中两种材料的体积占比信息代入包含气隙影响的LLL模型计算得到了不同配比混合物的太赫兹介电常数的模拟值,并与THz-TDS实验获取的实验值进行了对比。利用所提出的有效介质模型,聚乙烯和聚四氟乙烯在10～40 cm-1波段内移除空气影响后的平均介电常数为2.315±0.003（±0.13%）和2.109±0.003（±0.14%）,在不同重量、不同厚度的单组份样品间模型测定的聚合物介电常数保持了良好的重复性,在对混合物的太赫兹介电性质测定与分析中,利用模型计算的混合物介电常数模拟值与THz-TDS测定的介电常数实验值保持了高度线性相关,其相关系数为0.964 3,全局相对误差为1.08%,体现了模型的可靠性。提出的介电分析模型可以扩展到更多的高分子材料单质及其混合物的太赫兹介电性质表征中,对太赫兹波段的共混聚合物材料设计具有参考价值。     

Electrodynamic properties of nanoporous silicon in the range from terahertz to infrared frequencies

The dielectric response (conductivity and permittivity) spectra of a series of nanoporous silicon samples prepared by anodization of low-resistivity single-crystal silicon are measured, for the first time, using terahertz and IR spectroscopy in the frequency range 7–4000 cm^?1 at room temperature. The spectra obtained are analyzed in terms of the effective medium theory with a size-dependent dielectric response function of nanoinclusions and averaged dielectric characteristics of the surrounding medium. The geometric and dielectric characteristics of silicon nanoinclusions are determined. The dielectric properties of inclusions are found to be affected by nanosize effects, namely, carrier scattering at crystallite boundaries and a broadening of the band gap due to quantum confinement. The spectra of the samples prepared by adding iodine to the electrolyte exhibit a resonance at frequencies of 150–300 cm^?1. The nature of the resonance can be associated with the presence of chemisorbed iodine on the surface of porous silicon. Possible mechanisms responsible for the changes in broadband conductivity and permittivity spectra of single-crystal silicon upon transformation into a nanoporous structure are discussed.     

Dielectric response in ferroelectric BaTiO3

The far-infrared optical and dielectric properties of ferroelectric perovskite titanate powder BaTiO₃ are reported. The terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) measurement reveals that the low frequency dielectric response of BaTiO₃ is closely related to the lowest pair of transverse optical (TO) and longitudinal optical (LO) modes near at 180 cm⁻¹, which is verified by Raman spectroscopy. This result provides a better understanding of the relation of low-frequency dielectric function with the optical phonon mode for ferroelectric materials. Combining terahertz TDS with Raman spectra, the overall low frequency optical phonon response of BaTiO₃ is presented in an extended spectral range from 6.7 to 1200 cm⁻¹.     

SiO2 nanoparticles doped nematic liquid crystal system: An experimental investigation on optical and dielectric properties

The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of silica (SiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) on optical and dielectric properties of BBEA nematic liquid crystal (NLC). For optical analysis the photoluminescence (PL) and UV-absorbance experiments have been performed. The doped system is showing enhancement in the intensity of photoluminescence with varying concentration of nanoparticles. A red shift is observed in the emission spectra of NLC doped with silica nanoparticles. The PL emission peak of NLC is observed at 377.3 nm which is shifted to 379.7 nm in the presence of silica nanoparticles. We have also observed the enhancement in the value of UV absorption for silica doped systems in comparison to the pure system. Energy band gap of pure and doped systems has been calculated and it is found that the energy band gap is decreasing with concentration which is a promising result of this study. The dielectric parameters of the pure and doped NLC systems were carried out as a function of frequency and temperature. Different dielectric parameters such as relative permittivity, loss factor and dielectric conductivity have been measured. The pure and silica nanoparticles doped systems has shown decreased value of dielectric permittivity and loss factor at lower frequency region and at higher frequency regions these values became constant. The value of relative permittivity also decreases with concentration. The increased value of a.c. conductivity for doped systems can be utilized in device designing. Moreover, the temperature dependence of the birefringence (Δn) was determined from the transmitted intensity of light for pure and doped systems and the improvement in its value for both composites has been observed. Improved value of birefringence has pronounced applications in optical devices.     

Non-perturbative multiphoton excitation studies in an excitonic coupled quantum well system using high-intensity THz laser fields

Multiphoton excitations and nonlinear optical properties of exciton states in GaAs/Al_xGa_(1-x)As coupled quantum well structure have been theoretically investigated under the influence of a time-varying high-intensity terahertz(THz) laser field. Non-perturbative Floquet theory is employed to solve the time-dependent equation of motion for the laser-driven excitonic quantum well system. The response to the field parameters, such as intensity and frequency of the laser electric field on the state populations, can be used in various optical semiconductor device applications, such as photodetectors,sensors, all-optical switches, and terahertz emitters.     

One-pot facile synthesis of CuS/graphene composite as anode materials for lithium ion batteries

CuS/graphene composite has been synthesized by the one-pot hydrothermal method using thiourea as the sulfur source and reducing agent. The formation of CuS nanoparticles and the reduction of graphene oxide occur simultaneously during the hydrothermal process, which enables a uniform dispersion of CuS nanoparticles on the graphene nanosheets. The electrochemical performance of CuS/graphene composite was studied as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. The obtained CuS/graphene composite exhibits a relative high reversible capacity and good cycling stability. The good electrochemical performance of CuS/graphene composite can be attributed to graphene, which improves the electronic conductivity of composite and enhances the interfacial stability of electrode and electrolyte.     

Low-frequency and temperature-dependent dielectric spectroscopy investigations on polypyrrole nanoparticles

Polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles have been synthesized by chemical oxidation method in the presence of anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate). The prepared nanoparticles have a diameter of ~28 nm. The low-frequency and temperature-dependent dielectric properties of these nanoparticles have been studied in the temperature range of 77–350 K. Due to absence of the saturated loss peaks, modulus approach has been used for the further insight on the dielectric properties of prepared nanoparticles. The behaviour of the dielectric modulus suggests the Debye-type behaviour of the prepared nanoparticles, where the measured ac conductivity follows the classical hopping conduction mechanism.     

From silver nanoparticles to thin films: Evolution of microstructure and electrical conduction on glass substrates

Silver nanoparticles embedded in a dielectric matrix are investigated for their potential as broadband-absorbing optical sensor materials. This contribution focuses on the electrical properties of silver nanoparticles on glass substrates at various morphological stages. The electrical current through thin films, consisting of silver nanoparticles, was characterized as a function of film thickness. Three distinct conductivity zones were observed. Two relatively flat zones (“dielectric” for very thin films and “metallic” for films thicker than 300-400 Å) are separated by a sharp transition zone where percolation dominates. The dielectric zone is characterized by isolated particle islands with the electrical conduction dominated by a thermally activated tunneling process. The transition zone is dominated by interconnected silver nanoclusters—a small increase of the film thickness results in a large increase of the electrical conductivity. The metallic conductivity zone dominates for thicknesses above 300-400 Å.