Vibrational spectra and assignments of 5-amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid by ab initio Hartree-Fock and density functional methods

The Fourier transform Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectra of 5-amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid (5A2CBA) were recorded in the solid phase. Geometry opitimizations were done without any constraint and harmonic-vibrational wavenumber and several thermodynamic parameters were calculated for the minimum energy conformer at ab initio and DFT levels invoking 6-311G(d,p) basis set and the results are compared with the experimental values with the help of three specific scaling procedures, the observed vibrational wavenumbers in FTIR and FT-Raman spectra were analyzed and assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. Most of the modes have wavenumbers in the expected range, the error obtained was in general very low. The appropriate theoretical spectrograms for the FTIR spectra of the title molecule were also constructed.     

Vibrational spectra and quantum chemical calculations of 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid.

The Fourier Transform Raman and Fourier Transform infrared spectra of 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid (3,4-DABA) were recorded in the solid phase. Geometry optimizations were done without any constraint and harmonic-vibrational wave numbers and several thermodynamic parameters were calculated for the minimum energy conformer at ab initio and DFT levels invoking 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The results were compared with the experimental values with the help of specific scaling procedures, the observed vibrational wavenumbers in FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra were analyzed and assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. Most of the modes have wavenumbers in the expected range, the error obtained was in general very low. The appropriate theoretical spectrograms for the IR and Raman spectra of the title molecule were also constructed.     

FT-Raman and FTIR spectra, assignments and ab initio calculations of 2-aminobenzyl alcohol

The Fourier transform Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectra of 2-aminobenzyl alcohol (2ABA) were recorded in the solid phase. Geometry optimizations were done with out any constraint and harmonic vibrational wave numbers and several thermodynamic parameters were calculated for the minimum energy conformer at ab initio and DFT levels invoking 6-31g** and 6-311+g(2d, p) basis sets and the results were compared with the experimental values. With the help of three specific scaling procedures, the observed vibrational wavenumbers in FTIR and FT-Raman spectra were analyzed and assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. Most of the modes have wavenumbers in the expected range and the error obtained was in general very low. The appropriate theoretical spectrograms for the Raman and IR spectra of 2ABA were also constructed.     

DFT and ab initio quantum chemical studies on p-cyanobenzoic acid

The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and FT-Raman spectra of p-cyanobenzoic acid (CBA) have been recorded in the range 4000-400 and 4000-100 cm(-1), respectively. The complete vibrational assignment and analysis of the fundamental modes of the compound were carried out using the observed FTIR and FT-Raman data. The vibrational frequencies determined experimentally were compared with theoretical wavenumbers obtained from ab initio HF and DFT-B3LYP gradient calculations employing 6-31G**, 6-311++G** and cc-pVTZ basis sets for the optimised geometry of the compound. The geometry and normal modes of vibration obtained from the HF and DFT methods are in good agreement with the experimental data. The normal coordinate analysis was also carried out with ab initio force fields utilising Wilson's FG matrix method. The interactions of cyano and carboxylic acid groups with the skeletal vibrational modes were investigated.     

FT-IR, FT-Raman spectra and ab initio HF, DFT vibrational analysis of p-chlorobenzoic acid

The infrared, the Fourier transform infrared and Fourier transform Raman spectra of p-chlorobenzoic acid (p-CBA) has been recorded in the region 4000-600 cm(-1), 4000-400 cm(-1) and 4000-100 cm(-1), respectively. The optimized geometry, frequency and intensity of the vibrational bands of p-CBA were obtained by the ab initio HF and DFT (B3LYP) methods with complete relaxation in the potential energy surface using 6-311+G(d,p) basis set. The harmonic-vibrational frequencies were calculated and the scaled values have been compared with experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra. The observed and the calculated frequencies are found to be in good agreement. The experimental spectra also coincide satisfactorily with those of theoretically constructed bar type spectrograms.     

Spectroscopic and quantum chemical studies on 4-acryloyl morpholine

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and FT-Raman spectra have been recorded and an extensive spectroscopic investigations have been carried out on 4-acryloyl morpholine (4AM). Theoretical quantum chemical studies have also been performed. From the ab initio and DFT analysis using HF, B3LYP and B3PW91 methods with 6-31G(d,p) and 6-311G++(d,p) basis sets the energies, structural, thermodynamical and vibrational characteristics of the compound were determined. The energy difference between the chair equatorial and chair axial conformers of 4AM have been calculated by density functional theory (DFT) method. The optimized geometrical parameters, theoretical wavenumbers and thermodynamic properties of the molecule are compared with the experimental values. The effect of acryloyl group on the characteristic frequencies of the morpholine ring has been analysed. The mixing of the fundamental modes with the help of potential energy distribution (PED) through normal co-ordinate analysis has been discussed.     

A combined experimental and theoretical quantum chemical studies on 4-morpholinecarboxaldehyde

Extensive spectroscopic investigations have been carried out by recording the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and FT-Raman spectra and carrying out the theoretical quantum chemical studies on 4-morpholinecarboxaldehyde (4MC). From the ab initio and DFT analysis using HF, B3LYP and B3PW91 methods with 6-31G(d,p) and 6-311G++(d,p) basis sets the energies, structural, thermodynamical and vibrational characteristics of the compound were determined. The energy difference between the chair equatorial and chair axial conformers of 4MC have been calculated by density functional theory (DFT) method. The optimised geometrical parameters, theoretical wavenumbers and thermodynamic properties of the molecule were compared with the experimental values. The effect of carbonyl group on the characteristic frequencies of the morpholine ring has been analysed. The mixing of the fundamental modes with the help of potential energy distribution (PED) through normal co-ordinate analysis has been discussed.     

Vibrational spectroscopic, first-order hyperpolarizability and HOMO, LUMO studies of 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene based on Hartree-Fock and DFT calculations

The Fourier-transform infrared spectrum of 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB) was recorded in the region 4000-400cm(-1). The Fourier-transform Raman spectrum of DCNB was also recorded in the region 3500-50cm(-1). Quantum chemical calculations of energies, geometrical structure and vibrational wavenumbers of DCNB were carried out by ab initio HF and density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-31+G(d,p) basis set. The difference between the observed and scaled wavenumber values of most of the fundamentals is very small. The values of the total dipole moment (μ) and the first-order hyperpolarizability (β) of the investigated compound were computed using ab initio quantum mechanical calculations. The calculated results also show that the DCNB might have microscopic nonlinear optical (NLO) behavior with non-zero values. A detailed interpretation of the infrared and Raman spectra of DCNB is also reported based on total energy distribution (TED). The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies shows that charge transfer occur within the molecule. The theoretical FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra for the title compound have also been constructed.     

FTIR and FT-Raman spectra, assignments, ab initio HF and DFT analysis of xanthine

The molecular vibrations of xanthine were investigated in polycrystalline sample, at room temperature by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and FT-Raman spectroscopies. The spectra of the molecule have been recorded in the regions 4000-50 cm(-1) and 3500-100 cm(-1), respectively. Theoretical information on the optimized geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared and Raman intensities were obtained by means of ab initio Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) gradient calculations with complete relaxation in the potential energy surface using 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The vibrational frequencies which were determined experimentally from the spectral data are compared with those obtained theoretically from ab initio and DFT calculations. A close agreement was achieved between the observed and calculated frequencies by refinement of the scale factors. The infrared and Raman spectra were also predicted from the calculated intensities. Thermodynamic properties like entropy, heat capacity, zero point energy have been calculated for the molecule. Unambiguous vibrational assignment of all the fundamentals was made using the potential energy distribution (PED).     

Molecular structure, spectroscopic studies and first-order molecular hyperpolarizabilities of ferulic acid by density functional study

Quantum chemical calculations of energies, geometrical structure and vibrational wavenumbers of ferulic acid (FA) (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid) were carried out by using density functional (DFT/B3LYP/BLYP) method with 6-31G(d,p) as basis set. The optimized geometrical parameters obtained by DFT calculations are in good agreement with single crystal XRD data. The vibrational spectral data obtained from solid phase FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra are assigned based on the results of the theoretical calculations. The observed spectra are found to be in good agreement with calculated values. The electric dipole moment (μ) and the first hyperpolarizability (β) values of the investigated molecule have been computed using ab initio quantum mechanical calculations. The calculation results also show that the FA molecule might have microscopic nonlinear optical (NLO) behavior with non-zero values. A detailed interpretation of the infrared and Raman spectra of FA was also reported. The energy and oscillator strength calculated by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) results complements with the experimental findings. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies shows that charge transfer occur within the molecule. The theoretical FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra for the title molecule have been constructed.     

FTIR, FT-Raman spectra and ab initio DFT vibrational analysis of 2-bromo-4-methyl-phenylamine

The FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of 2-bromo-4-methyl-phenylamine (BMP) have been recorded. From the standard geometrical parameters the geometry of BMP was optimized at ab initio and DFT levels of theory with complete relaxation in the potential energy surface using 6-311+g(d,p) and 6-311+g(2df,2p) basis sets. Several thermodynamic parameters were also calculated for the minimum energy conformer at ab initio and DFT level of theories. The harmonic vibrational frequencies were calculated and the scaled values have been compared with experimental FTIR and FT-Raman spectra. Majority of the computed wavenumbers were found to be in good agreement with the experimental observations. The experimental spectra also coincide satisfactorily with those of theoretically constructed bar type spectrograms.     

FT-IR and FT-Raman, vibrational assignments, molecular geometry, ab initio (HF) and DFT (B3LYP) calculations for 1,3-dichlorobenzene

The FT-IR and FT-Raman vibrational spectra of 1,3-dichlorobenzene (1,3-DCB) have been recorded using Bruker IFS 66 V Spectrometer in the range 4000-100 cm(-1). A detailed vibrational spectral analysis has been carried out and assignments of the observed fundamental bands have been proposed on the basis of peak positions and relative intensities. The optimized molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies, atomic charges, dipole moment, rotational constants and several thermodynamic parameters in the ground state were calculated using ab initio Hartree-Fock (HF) and DFT (B3LYP) methods with 6-31++G (d, p) and 6-311++G (d, p) basis sets. With the help of different scaling factors, the observed vibrational wave numbers in FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra were analyzed and assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. Most of the modes have wave numbers in the expected range. The inductive effect of Chlorine atoms in the benzene molecule has also been investigated.     

Vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR and FTRaman) investigation using ab initio (HF) and DFT (B3LYP) calculations on the structure of 3-Bromo phenol

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 3-Bromo phenol (3-BP) molecule have been recorded using Bruker IFS 66V spectrometer in the range of 4000-100 cm(-1). The molecular geometry and vibrational frequencies in the ground state are calculated by using the ab initio Hartree-fock (HF) and DFT (B3LYP) methods with 6-31G (d, p) and 6-311G (d, p) basis sets. The computed values of frequencies are scaled using a suitable scale factor to yield good coherence with the observed values. Making use of the recorded data, the complete vibrational assignments are made and analysis of the observed fundamental bands of molecule is carried out. The geometries and normal modes of vibrations obtained from ab initio HF and B3LYP calculations are in good agreement with the experimentally observed data. The differences between the observed and scaled wave number values of most of the fundamentals are very small in DFT than HF. The inductive effect of halogen atom in the molecule has also been investigated.     

Vibrational spectral investigation of four second order nonlinear optical azobenzene-containing materials: a combination of experimental and density functional theoretical (DFT) study

In this work, four-second order nonlinear optical (NLO) azobenzene-containing materials are studied in-depth by using vibrational spectra and density functional theory (DFT). The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra and FT-Raman spectra are recorded in the range of 50-4000 and 100-3600cm(-1), respectively. Meanwhile, the DFT computations are performed at B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) level to derive equilibrium geometry, vibrational wavenumbers and intensities, and first hyperpolarizability, and the scaled theoretical wavenumbers are also shown to be in good agreement with experimental data. The calculated results show that these four azobenzene-containing compounds are good materials and the compound with nitro substituent groups possesses a larger first molecular hyperpolarizability (β) value. Moreover, the simultaneous infrared and Raman activation of R1 group and CC stretching suggest that the charge transfer interaction might occur between the R1 group and phenyl ring, and the HOMO-LUMO gap analysis also supports this viewpoint.     

Vibrational and electronic investigations, thermodynamic parameters, HOMO and LUMO analysis on crotonaldehyde by ab initio and DFT methods

The energy, geometrical parameters and vibrational wavenumbers of crotonaldehyde were calculated by using ab initio and B3LYP with 6-31G(d,p) and 6-311G(d,p) basis sets. The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra for liquid state crotonaldehyde have been recorded in the region 3400-400 cm(-1) and 3400-100 cm(-1), respectively and compared with the theoretical spectrographs constructed from the scaled harmonic vibrational frequencies calculated at HF and DFT levels. The difference between the observed and scaled wavenumber values of most of the fundamentals is very small. Detailed interpretations on vibrational modes have been made on the observed and theoretical spectra and PED for each mode was also reported more precisely. HOMO and LUMO energy levels are constructed and the corresponding theoretical frontier energy gaps are calculated to realise the charge transfer occurring in the molecule. The thermodynamic properties of the title compound have been calculated at different temperatures and the results reveals the standard heat capacities (C(0)(p)), standard entropies (S(0)) and standard enthalpy changes (ΔH(0)) increases with rise in temperature.     

Structural, vibrational and quantum chemical investigations on 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide and 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and FT-Raman spectra of 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide (5CBA) and 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid (5C2HBA) have been recorded in the range 4000-400 and 4000-100 cm(-1), respectively. The complete vibrational fundamental modes of the compounds were assigned and analysed using the observed FTIR and FT-Raman data. The vibrational frequencies determined experimentally were compared with the theoretical wavenumbers calculated from ab initio HF and DFT-B3LYP gradient methods employing 6-31G** and 6-311++G** basis sets. The effect of halogen, hydroxyl groups and hydrogen bonding on the characteristic frequencies of the -COOH and -CONH2 group frequencies have been investigated. In 5CBA and 5C2HBA intramolecular hydrogen bond between a hydroxyl group and CO group makes a six membered ring, which causes the O?H interaction onto the resonance of the benzene ring. Comparison of the positions of the ν(OH) bands shows the ν(OH) band of 5CBA is located at considerably higher frequency which confirms a weaker hydrogen bond than in 5C2HBA.     

FTIR and FT Raman, molecular geometry, vibrational assignments, ab initio and density functional theory calculations for 1,5-methylnaphthalene

The FTIR and FT Raman vibrational spectra of 1,5-methylnaphthalene (1,5-MN) have been recorded using Brunker IFS 66 V Spectrometer in the range 3600-10 cm(-1) in the solid phase. A detailed vibrational spectral analysis has been carried out and assignments of the observed fundamental bands have been proposed on the basis of peak positions and relative intensities. The Optimized molecular geometry, harmonic frequencies, electronic polarizability, atomic charges, dipole moment, rotational constants and several thermodynamic parameters in the ground state were calculated using ab initio Hartree Fock (HF) and density functional B3LYP methods (DFT) with 6-311++ G(d) basis set. With the help of different scaling factors, the observed vibrational wavenumbers in FTIR and FT Raman spectra were analyzed and assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. Most of the modes have wavenumbers in the expected range. The results of the calculations were applied to simulated infrared and Raman spectra of the title compound which showed excellent agreement with the observed spectra.     

FT-IR and Raman spectra vibrational assignments and density functional calculations of 1-naphthyl acetic acid

This work deals with the vibrational spectroscopy of 1-naphthyl acetic acid. The molecular vibrations of 1-naphthyl acetic acid (NAA) is investigated in polycrystalline sample, at room temperature, by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and FT-Raman spectroscopy. In parallel, ab initio and various density functional (DFT) methods were used to determine the geometrical, energetic and vibrational characteristics of NAA. On the basis of B3LYP/6-311+G** method and basis set combinations, a normal mode analysis was performed to assign the various fundamental frequencies according to the total energy distribution (TED). Simulation of infrared and Raman spectra, utilizing the results of these calculations led to excellent overall agreement with observed spectral patterns by refinement of scale factors.     

Molecular and vibrational structure of 2-mercapto pyrimidine and 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxy-5-nitroso pyrimidine: FT-IR, FT-Raman and quantum chemical calculations

The molecular vibrations of 2-mercapto pyrimidine (MP) and 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxy-5-nitroso pyrimidine (DAHNP) were investigated in polycrystalline sample, at room temperature, by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and FT-Raman spectroscopics. In parallel, ab initio and various density functional (DFT) methods were used to determine the geometrical, energetic and vibrational characteristics of MP and DAHNP. On the basis of B3LYP/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-311+G** methods and basis set combinations, a normal mode analysis was performed to assign the various fundamental frequencies according to the total energy distribution (TED). Simulation of infrared and Raman spectra, utilizing the results of these calculations led to excellent overall agreement with observed spectral patterns. The scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) approach applying selective scaling of the DFT force fields was shown to be superior to the scaling method in its ability to ensure correct band assignments and successful simulation of IR and Raman spectra including band polarisations and intensity patterns.     

Molecular geometry and vibrational studies of 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole using quantum chemical calculations and FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopies

The 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (guanazole) was investigated by vibrational spectroscopy and quantum methods. The solid phase FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra were recorded in the region 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3600-50 cm(-1) respectively, and the band assignments were supported by deuteration effects. The results of energy calculations have shown that the most stable form is 1H-3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole under C1 symmetry. For this form, the molecular structure, harmonic vibrational wave numbers, infrared intensities and Raman activities were calculated by the ab initio/HF and DFT/B3LYP methods using 6-31G* basis set. The calculated geometrical parameters of the guanazole molecule using B3LYP methodology are in good agreement with the previously reported X-ray data, and the scaled vibrational wave number values are in good agreement with the experimental data. The normal vibrations were characterized in terms of potential energy distribution (PEDs) using VEDA 4 program.