La-Ce-Cu系列催化剂SO2中毒机理研究

采用NH_4NO_3共熔法合成La－Ce－Cu系列样品，并通过XRD分析了样品的相组成。XRF证明了系列样品组成均为氧缺陷型化合物．用TEM研究了样品的表面结构，发现随着SO_2中毒的加深，Cu向表面偏析与S结合生成新的化合物，导致了原晶体结构的变形，同时证明纯CeO_2不发生S中毒．XPS研究表明：样品La_(.029)Ce_(0.57)Cu_(0.14)O_x中毒后Cu从La_2CuO_4中分解出来并与S结合生成CuSO_4；相应的CeO_2参与了中毒反应，生成Ce_2O_3,整个中毒反应如下：La_2CuO_4＋2CeO_2＋SO_2＝CuSO_4＋La_2O_3＋Ce_2O_3     

LaCoO3模型催化剂SO2中毒机理的研究

运用AES,XPS,XRD和TEM等手段研究了LaCoO₃模型催化剂SO₂中毒过程表面化学状态、晶相结构及表面形貌的变化状况,初步推断了LaCoO₃钙钛矿型复合金属氧化物催化剂的SO₂中毒机理.在SO₂强化中毒过程中,SO₂与催化剂的活性组分LaCoO₃反应生成硫酸镧和氧化亚钴,而在催化剂膜层内部则生成硫酸镧、亚硫酸镧及氧化亚钴.SO₂对活性组分层的侵入及硫与LaCoO₃活性组分的反应破坏了催化剂的钙钛矿结构,使得催化剂彻底中毒.当中毒温度较低及中毒时间较短时,硫在膜层中呈峰形分布,其浓度随中毒温度及时间的增加而增加.随中毒温度的升高及中毒时间的增长,由于亚硫酸盐的分解作用,S在活性层中的浓度反而降低,中毒深度则继续增加.     

V2CO2 MXene负载过渡金属单原子催化剂氧还原和氢氧化活性的DFT研究

开发廉价且高性能的电催化剂对推动燃料电池的商业应用具有重要意义.二维(2D) MXenes和单原子(SAs)催化剂是催化研究中的两个前沿领域.2D MXenes材料具有独特的几何和电子结构,能够有效调节负载SAs的催化性能.而负载的SAs又会反过来影响2D MXenes材料的本征活性,使2D MXenes形成更加丰富的活性位,进而提升其催化性能.为了拓展2D负载SAs催化剂在燃料电池中的应用,本文采用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,系统地研究了V2CO2 MXenes负载过渡金属(TM,包括一系列3d、部分4d和5d金属)SAs催化剂的稳定结构、电子结构及其催化氧还原(ORR)和氢氧化(HOR)的催化活性,并筛选出潜在的可替代贵金属铂的ORR/HOR的双功能催化剂.稳定结构计算结果表明,3d TM SAs倾向于以锚定的形式负载于V2CO2表面与O原子作用,而4d,5d TM原子倾向于以掺杂的形式负载于含氧空穴的V2CO2表面与V原子作用;同时,Sc,Ti,V,Rh,Pd,Pt,Ag和Au SAs在V2CO2表面因具有较高扩散能垒,不易团聚,具有较高的热力学稳定性.电子结构计算结果表明,锚定型的TM SAs与O形成共价键,伴随发生明显的电荷转移,带较多正电荷;掺杂型的TM SAs与V形成金属键,因TM-V和V-O键间电荷转移的协同影响,导致TM SAs仅带有少量的电荷.TM-V2CO2电子结构与ORR/HOR中间物种的吸附关系为,TM位点为ORR中间物种(O,OH和OOH)的吸附位点,且d电子数为1、5、10的TM比其他TM对ORR物种的吸附更弱;而TM-V2CO2表面的O原子为HOR中间物种(H)的有效吸附位点,且H的吸附强弱与O位点的电荷有关,即O位点负电荷越多,对H的吸附越弱.TM-V2CO2催化剂各活性位对ORR和HOR反应物种的选择性吸附结果表明,催化剂有利于形成丰富多样的活性位,并具备作为双功能催化剂的内在优势.TM-V2CO2催化剂ORR和HOR理论活性筛选发现:与Pt(111)相比,Sc-、Mn-、Rh-和Pt-V2CO2具有较高的ORR活性,而Sc-、Ti-、V-、Cr-和Mn-V2CO2表现出较高的HOR活性.其中,Sc-V2CO2和Mn-V2CO2因同时具有较高的ORR和HOR活性和稳定性,有望成为高效和低成本的燃料电池双功能催化剂.本文从研究TM-V2CO2性质和活性出发,深入研究了SAs与2D MXenes间相互作用及其对ORR与HOR催化活性的影响机制,筛选出了高效、低成本的ORR/HOR双功能催化剂,为合理设计燃料电池双功能催化剂提供了理论指导.     

A Theoretical Study on the Equilibrium Structures and Relative Stabilities of H_2SO

1INTRODUCTIONTheconformationandvariousphysicalprope-rtiesofdichalcogencompoundsR-X-Y-R?(X,Y=O,S,Se,andTe)havebeenatopicofseveralexperi-mentalandtheoreticalinvestigations[1].CompoundscontainingS=SandS=Obondshavelongbeenpro-posedasintermediatesinorganicsynthesisand,onoccasion,asstableentities[2～18].Despitethecom-monlyusedrepresentationofS–Obondinsulfoxi-desandothersulfinylderivativesasS=O,sulfoxidesareinmanywaysbestdescribedasylideswithhighlypolarizedS–Oσ-bondbecauseofelectro-sta…     

碳载Ｐt—TiO2复合催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能

报道了通过化学还原和溶胶－凝胶法制备不同组成的Pt-TiO2/C催化剂及其对甲醇的氧化反应，结果表明，该催化剂具有很好的电催化活性和稳定性，催化剂中的Ti和Pt的原子比为1／2时，催化剂的性能最好，在500℃下热处理后，催化剂的性能得以进一步的改善，这种催化剂有望能在DMFC中获得实际使用。     

制备方法对PtMo/C催化剂上CO电催化氧化性能的影响

用化学还原法、胶体法和Adams法制备了PtMo/C电催化剂, 对其物理化学性质及其在CO电氧化反应中的催化性能进行了对比研究. TEM和XRD测试结果表明, 胶体法制备的催化剂颗粒在载体炭上均匀分布, 颗粒粒径约5 nm；由化学还原法制备的颗粒尺寸较大, 而Adams法制备的颗粒尺寸达数十纳米, 并有严重的团聚现象. CO消除伏安法测试结果表明, 三种制备方法中胶体法制备的PtMo/C催化剂具有最高的电化学表面积和电催化活性. 与常用的Pt/C催化剂相比, PtMo/C催化剂中Pt上弱吸附态CO的电氧化均得到了促进, 而强吸附态CO则不受影响. 这些结果表明PtMo颗粒的尺寸分布和在载体上的分散状况是影响PtMo/C催化剂电催化性能的主要因素. 胶体法制备的PtMo/C与常用的PtRu/C相比, 电化学表面积虽然较低, 但在低电势下CO的起始氧化电势只有0.15 V, 而且在0.15～0.5０ V之间发生电氧化的CO达到其总量的1/3.     

CO在Pt及其合金表面电化学氧化和吸附的理论研究

文本综述了CO在Pt及其它过渡金属上电化学氧化机理的量子化学研究现状。系统论述了密度泛函理论计算在催化剂对CO电氧化的作用机制和CO与金属间吸附、成键及振动频率方面所给出的详细信息, 并指出了量子化学计算结果对于电极催化剂设计的指导意义。最后, 指出了目前量子化学计算的局限性并展望来其未来发展趋势。     

硫化态PtMo/γ-Al2O3催化剂活性位的低温CO-FTIR方法表征及噻吩HDS活性的研究

目前, 负载型钼(钨)基双组元过渡金属硫化物[Co(Ni)Mo(W)/γ-Al2O3]被广泛应用于石油馏分油的加氢脱硫(HDS)和加氢脱氮(HDN)反应过程[1～3]. 许多研究结果表明, 硫化态Co(Ni)Mo(W)/γ-Al2O3催化剂的活性相组元钴(镍)、钼(钨)及硫形成具有二维六方点阵结构的Co(Ni)-Mo(W)-S相(slab). 其中钴(镍)和钼(钨)的主要催化功能依次是活化H2和锚定杂原子有机底物[3～5].     

铈改性增强OMS-2汞氧化催化剂抗硫性能的机理研究

针对氧化锰八面体分子筛(OMS-2)在催化氧化单质汞过程中抗硫性能差的问题,采用铈(Ce)对OMS-2催化剂进行改性提高其抗硫性。通过热力学分析、固定床实验、氮吸附、XRD、ICP和XPS等表征手段,研究了铈增强OMS-2抗硫能力的原因。结果表明,Ce改性得到的催化剂比表面积大、空隙结构丰富,可以在催化剂表面通过化学吸附吸附更多的Hg⁰;Ce改性得到的催化剂会造成Mn缺陷生成,提高电子迁移率,使得吸附氧(O_β)占比高,可提供更多的活性位点;OMS-2催化剂表面氧化的HgO可经不同浓度的SO₂还原为Hg⁰或者HgSO₄,但Ce改性得到的催化剂可使该部分还原产物迅速重新氧化成HgO,提高了表观Hg⁰氧化效率。该研究结果可为开发高性能抗硫汞氧化催化剂提供理论依据。     

A DFT study on PtMo resistance to SO2 poisoning

Pt is a catalyst in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and its activity will be degraded in the air due to the existence of SOx impurities. On strategy is introducing of Mo into the Pt catalyst because it can improve the SOx -tolerance capacity. Based on the aforementioned phenomenon, a density function theory (DFT) study on SO x adsorbed on Pt(111) and PtMo(111) was performed to enhance Pt catalytic activity. The adsorption energy of adsorbed species, the net change, partial density of state (PDOS), and d-band center were calculated and analyzed comparatively. The results show that the presence of Mo-atom weakens the S-Pt bond strength and reduces the adsorption energies for SO2 , S and SO3 on PtMo(111). Moreover, the Mo atom weakens the effects of SO2 on the PtMo(111) electronic structure and makes the catalyst maintains its original electronic structure after SO2 adsorption as compared with Pt(111).     

Theoretical investigation of metal oxides for SO2 capture through first-principles calculations

Atmospheric pollution is an accelerating environmental issue. Thus, methods to mitigate this problem are highly important. In this study, metal oxide-based materials for capturing SO₂ were theoretically identified using first-principles calculations. In specific, the thermodynamic properties of MnO, Na₂O, K₂O, and Ag₂O for capturing SO₂ were assessed by computing their vibrational density of states. The rank of the maximum temperature for capturing SO₂ as sulfites in decreasing order was K₂O > Na₂O > MnO > Ag₂O at a wide range of SO₂ pressure. For Na₂O and K₂O that showed a higher range of SO₂ capture temperatures than MnO and Ag₂O as sulfites, the maximum temperature of these two compounds for capturing SO₂ as sulfates was further explored. The maximum temperature of the metal oxides for capturing SO₂ changed upon pressurization of metal oxides. The maximum temperature of each metal oxide increased with increasing positive pressure (i.e., compression) and decreased with increasing negative pressure (i.e., expansion).     

H_2O对SO_2在CaO表面上吸附的影响理论研究

采用密度泛函理论研究了H_2O对SO_2在CaO(001)表面上吸附的影响。结果表明,以四种形式(-H_2O、-H、-OH和-H-OH)存在的H_2O使SO_2在CaO表面上的吸附构型发生改变。SO_2在不同形式H_2O基团邻位吸附时,-H使S原子的p轨道态密度峰明显左移且吸附能比洁净表面大90 kJ/mol,其余基团表面吸附能无明显变化;SO_2吸附于-OH和-H-OH生成HSO_3基团,吸附能相比于洁净表面较小,可能作为暂态结构;SO_2吸附于-H_2O生成SO_3基团,H_2O断键生成的H基团起主要吸附作用,CaO表面上生成类似Ca(OH)_2的局部结构且吸附能比洁净表面大45 kJ/mol。     

Cycloaddition mechanism for the resin-OsO_4-catalyzed of styrene: A DFT study

The postulated intermediates in the base-free and base-assisted addition of OsO4 to styrene have been investigated at the B3LYP/6-311G** level of the theory. N(CH3)2(Ph) was chosen as the base of the resin-OsO4. According to our model calculations the [2 3] addition was found to be favorable with an activation of <45.00 kJ/mol. In contract, the reaction barriers for the [2 2] cycloaddition remain high (>155.00 kJ/mol). In addition, the electronic structure analysis of the molecules was carried out by na- ture bond orbital (NBO). The computational results were in reasonable agreement with experimental results.     

Single-Atom Alloys for the Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Single-atom alloys (SAAs) consisting of isolated transition-metal atoms doped in the surface of coinage metal hosts exhibit unique catalytic properties, harnessing the high activity of the dopant metals with the selectivity of the coinage metal hosts. Here we use density functional theory (DFT) to study SAAs comprised of Ni, Pd, Pt, Co and Rh doped into Ag and Au hosts, as candidate electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel-cells. Our calculations reveal that the PdAu SAA exhibits a slightly lower theoretical overpotential, enhanced selectivity for 4-e⁻ ORR, and tolerance to CO-poisoning compared to Pt(111). While the number of active sites of PdAu SAA is lower than that of Pt(111), the aforementioned desirable properties could bring the overall catalytic performance thereof close to that of Pt/C, indicating that the PdAu SAA could be a viable material for electrocatalytic ORR in PEM fuel-cells.     

负载型钙钛矿催化氧化NO及抗SO_2性能研究

采用柠檬酸络合浸渍法制备了负载型钙钛矿氧化物La1-xCexCoO3/CeO2(x=0~0.3)催化剂,考察了不同Ce掺杂量对其催化氧化NO和抗硫性能的影响,并运用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、氮气物理吸附、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、氧气程序升温脱附(O2-TPD)等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂的活性与其比表面积大小和氧化还原性质密切相关;其中,负载型钙钛矿La0.8Ce0.2CoO3/CeO2催化剂在300℃时催化氧化NO的转化率达78%。在添加CeO2作载体后,不仅改善了非负载性钙钛矿的低温活性,而且抗硫性能也显著提高。     

Performance of density functionals for modeling vapor liquid equilibria of CO2 and SO2

Vapor liquid equilibria (VLE) and condensed phase properties of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide are calculated using first principles Monte Carlo (FPMC) simulations to assess the performance of several density functionals, notably PBE‐D3, BLYP‐D3, PBE0‐D3, M062X‐D3, and rVV10. GGA functionals were used to compute complete vapor liquid coexistence curves (VLCCs) to estimate critical properties, while the hybrid and nonlocal van der Waals functionals were used only for computing density at a single state point due to the high computational cost. Our results show that the BLYP‐D3 functional performs well in predicting VLE properties for both molecules when compared with other functionals. In the liquid phase, pair correlation functions reveal that there is not a significant difference in the location of the peak for the first solvation shell while the peak heights are different for different functionals. Overall, the BLYP‐D3 functional is a good choice for modeling VLE of acidic gases with significant environmental implications such as CO₂ and SO₂. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

DFT study into the reaction mechanism of CO methanation over pure MoS2

Mo‐based catalysts are commonly used in the direct methanation of CO; however, no integrated mechanism has been proposed due to limits in characterizing the nano‐sized active structures of MoS₂. Thus, we report our investigation into the mechanism of CO methanation over pure MoS₂ through density functional theory simulations, considering that only MoS₂ edge sites exhibit catalytic activity. Simulations revealed the presence of (010) and (110) surfaces on the MoS₂ edges. Both surfaces are reconstructed by the redistribution of surface sulfur atoms upon exposure to H₂/H₂S, and after sulfur coverage redistribution, S vacancies are generated for CO hydrogenation. The reaction mechanisms on both surfaces are discussed, with the S‐edge being better suited to CO methanation than Mo‐edge on the (010) surface. The rate‐controlling step differs between surfaces, and corresponds to the initial activation reaction, which was achieved more easily on the (110) surface.