水中酚类化合物的液-液-液微萃取/ 高效液相色谱联用分析研究

建立了液-液-液微萃取/高效液相色谱联用(LLLME/HPLC)测定环境水中痕量酚类化合物2-甲基苯酚、2-硝基苯酚、2,4-二氯苯酚的分析方法,研究了有机相溶剂种类及其体积、料液相pH值与离子强度、接受相的体积、组成及浓度和搅拌速率、萃取时间等因素对分析物萃取效率的影响。实验结果表明,该方法对酚类化合物的富集倍数可达到404~747倍,方法的线性范围为0.2~300μg/L,RSD(n=6)为6.8%~11.4%。测定加标自来水、江水以及生活污水样品的回收率为83%~110%。     

离子液体液-液萃取高效液相色谱测定水中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质

采用1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐[C8mim][PF6]离子液体液-液萃取高效液相色谱法测定水中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质。实验选择邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二环己酯(DCHP)和邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(DNOP)作为研究对象,对萃取时间、萃取体积比和盐的加入量进行了优化。实验表明最佳萃取条件为:萃取时间为20min、萃取体积比为1:150,而盐加入对萃取效率无显著影响。在最佳条件下离子液体对3种邻苯二甲酸酯的富集倍率在17～84之间,方法对DBP、DCHP和DNOP的检出限分别为0.98、0.91和6.6μg/L。将该方法用于河水、塑料瓶装矿泉水和一次性塑料袋浸出液中邻苯二甲酸酯类的检测,加标回收率为85.2%～110%。同时与正已烷在最佳萃取条件下的富集方法进行了对比,结果表明:离子液体液-液萃取法方法简便,试剂用量少,富集倍率高。     

液-液萃取-GC/MS测定循环水中的有机污染物

以四氯化碳为萃取剂,通过液-液萃取方法分离出水中的有机污染物质,经浓缩处理后的样品注入到GC/MS联用仪,利用色谱柱的分离作用及质谱的定性功能,对萃取液中的有机物定性分析。方法用于鉴定工业循环水中环丁砜。     

等温模型在“液-液萃取”中的适用性探讨*

液-液萃取的核心问题是溶质在不互溶两相间的平衡浓度分布。对于绝大多数化学化工类理论和实验教学而言,呈线性分布特征的萃取体系往往被选为教学实例。而对于呈非线性分布特征的体系,因其受制于现有模型的复杂性,鲜少出现在教学中。笔者在教学研究中发现,诸多体系的非线性分布特征满足常规的等温模型,且分配系数可由确定的函数关系所表达。此外,萃取体系的模型适用性与该体系中溶质、溶剂和萃取剂3者间的相互作用机制密切相关。综上所述,本文将等温模型用于液-液萃取,解决了现有模型的复杂性问题,拓展了教学内容,可使学生深入理解萃取机理,并培养其科研思维能力。     

不能用蒸馏的方法分离碘和四氯化碳

在一些试题(1997年上海高考第32题)和文章中看到用四氯化碳萃取碘水中的碘后,通过蒸馏的方法分离碘和四氯化碳,笔者心存疑虑,特进行实验探究.     

悬液电极萃取碘伏安法的研究

分别以硝基苯(NB)、苯乙酮(ACP)、4-甲基-2-戊酮(MIBK)三种不同的有机溶剂作为悬液电极, 利用三电极体系伏安法比较其在液/液界面上对碘的不同的电化学特性. 在上述研究的基础上, 选用MIBK作为有机溶剂对碘进行萃取分析, 利用伏安法测定了水溶液中Cu(II)的含量, 同时研究了温度和萃取时间对该体系的影响.     

基于冷冻熔炼的液-液萃取样品富集技术研究

本文通过对区域熔炼原理及液-液萃取技术的探讨,发展了一种简单高效的基于冷冻熔炼的液-液萃取样品富集新技术.通过理论分析,探讨了冷冻熔炼、常温液-液萃取以及冷冻熔炼液-液萃取中溶质浓度的分布特征,通过富集效率的探讨证明冷冻熔炼液-液萃取技术是液-液萃取与区域熔炼技术的结合.通过葡萄汁样品的分析,对该技术进行了评价.理论计算求得冷冻熔炼液-液萃取中相应组分的富集效率为4.5,而试验测得富集效率为4.8,两者结果一致,说明冷冻熔炼液-液萃取是一种简单高效的样品富集技术.     

分散液液微萃取-气相色谱/质谱法测定水中多环芳烃

用分散液液微萃取-气相色谱/质谱法测定水样中的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)。通过实验确定最佳萃取条件为:20μL四氯化碳作萃取剂,1.0 mL乙腈作分散剂,超声萃取1 min。在优化条件下,多环芳烃的富集倍数达到216～511,方法在0.05～50μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(R2)在0.9873～0.9983之间,检出限为0.0020～0.14μg/L。相对标准偏差(RSD)在3.82%～12.45%(n=6)之间。该方法成功用于实际水样中痕量多环芳烃的测定。     

离子液体液-液萃取-高效液相色谱测定水中酚类化合物

建立了离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([C4mim][PF6])液-液萃取-高效液相色谱测定水中酚类化合物的方法.研究了水相pH值、萃取时间、水相体积及盐的浓度对萃取的影响.最佳萃取条件分别为:水相pH值为5,萃取时间为40 min,水相体积为60 mL.对比了离子液体对1-辛醇对苯酚、4-硝基苯酚、2-硝基苯酚、2,4-二甲基苯酚和双酚A的富集效率.在最佳条件下,离子液体对5种酚的富集倍率在9～151之间,方法对苯酚、4-硝基苯酚、2-硝基苯酚、2,4-二甲基苯酚和双酚A的检出限分别为:2.0、0.9、0.3、1.8和1.1 μg/L.将该方法应用于自来水、河水、湖水和污水的检测,回收率为87.9%～109.9%.     

分散液液微萃取富集土壤中的二嗪磷和甲拌磷残留

建立了基于离子液体1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐的分散液液微萃取富集土壤中二嗪磷和甲拌磷的方法。实验确定了萃取优化条件:萃取剂为400μL 1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐离子液体,分散剂为4mL甲醇,液固比(溶液体积与样品质量之比)为4∶1,微波温度为50℃,微波时间为8min。将建立的萃取方法与高效液相色谱法结合,应用于实际土壤样品的测定,结果表明该方法能对土壤中的二嗪磷和甲拌磷进行高效萃取与富集,方法快速简便。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。