含噻吩窄带隙共轭聚合物类太阳能电池材料的研究进展

含噻吩的窄带隙共轭聚合物类太阳能电池材料因其良好的稳定性和可加工性,已成为新型太阳能电池的研究热点。本论文主要介绍了用于太阳能电池的窄带隙共轭聚合物研究进展,按其结构特征分为烷基/烷氧基取代聚噻吩、含苯基聚噻吩、基于噻吩并吡嗪的共聚物、基于噻吩并噻唑的共聚物、基于噻吩并吩噻嗪的共聚物、基于烷基芴的共聚物以及其它种类的窄带隙的共轭聚合物,并对它们的结构特点、光学带隙、合成方法进行了归纳与总结。本文最后简要介绍了该研究领域目前所面临的一些问题,同时讨论了该类材料在此领域今后的发展趋势。     

聚合物太阳能电池材料的研究进展

随着能源短缺和环境污染两大问题日益加重,人们对太阳能开发与利用更加深入。在众多太阳能的利用方式中,太阳能电池被认为是最有前途的。然而无机太阳能电池因其本身缺陷而受到限制。聚合物太阳能电池由于其成本低、质量轻、合成与修饰容易等优点成为太阳能电池研究的热点。近年来,该类太阳能电池的光电转换效率已经超过8%。本文简要介绍了聚合物太阳能电池的基本原理,并从开路电压、短路电流和填充因子等方面着重分析了其材料的设计原则,最后对其未来发展前景作出了展望。     

1,4-二酮吡咯并吡咯在聚合物太阳能电池的应用

1,4-二酮吡咯并吡咯(DPP)由于具有优异的共平面性和强烈的拉电子能力,从而被引入D-A型窄带隙共轭聚合物中调控聚合物材料的能隙和能级结构,拓宽在可见光区域的响应范围。近年来,DPP类聚合物太阳能电池材料的研究受到广泛关注,目前基于DPP的聚合物太阳能电池效率高已达9.64%。本文探讨了以DPP作为受体单元而噻吩衍生物、芴、咔唑和苯并二噻吩等作为给体单元制成的D-A型窄带隙共轭聚合物太阳能电池的研究进展,并探讨了聚合物材料结构与太阳能电池性能之间的内在构效关系。     

二噻吩并吡咯-苯并噻二唑D-A型共轭齐聚物的合成、表征及其在体相异质结太阳能电池中的应用

以二噻吩[3,2-b:2',3'-d]并吡咯为电子给体单元、2,1,3-苯并噻二唑为电子受体单元.通过Stille偶联反应合成了4个含不同烷基取代基的给体-受体(D-A)型共轭齐聚物,即O-D3,O-D2P1,O-D1P2和O-P3,它们分别含有3～0个正十二烷基(D=dodecyl)和0～3个支化烷基链戊基己基(P=...     

含萘并二噻吩小分子受体材料的带隙调控及其在非富勒烯太阳能电池中的应用

By using photovoltaic technology, ambient solar light can be directly converted to electricity. The photovoltaic technology has been regarded as one of the most important and promising strategies to resolve the worldwide energy and pollution problems. As one type of photovoltaic technology, polymer solar cells have attracted increasing interest due to their advantages of solution processing capability, low-cost, feasibility to be fabricated on flexible substrates etc. Not until a few years ago, the fullerene derivatives had been dominated the organic photovoltaic field as the most promising acceptor materials for polymer solar cells. However, fullerene-based polymer solar cells have a power conversion efficiency bottleneck due to the relatively fixed energy levels as well as the fixed bandgaps of fullerene derivatives. Therefore, researchers started to develop nonfullerene acceptors which can be used as alternatives to replace the traditional fullerene derivatives. Compared to the fullerene derivatives, nonfullerene acceptors offer several advantages such as stronger light absorption, tunable bandgaps and frontier molecular orbital energy levels. For nonfullerene acceptors, a ladder-type fused ring is usually used as the central core which is an essential building block to tailor the bandgaps and energy levels. Although many fused ring systems have been explored for efficient nonfullerene acceptors, ladder-type angular-shape dithienonaphthalene is seldom reported as the donor unit for nonfullerene acceptors. Furthermore, the impact of thiophene bridge on the optical and photovoltaic properties of the dithienonaphthalene-based nonfullerene acceptors has never been reported. In this context, we report on the design and synthesis of a dithienonaphthalene-based small-molecule acceptor which contains thiophene bridges in between the acceptor terminals and the fused-ring donor core. Compared to the dithienonaphthalene-based small-molecule without the thiophene bridges, the resulting acceptor (DTNIT) exhibits a reduced bandgap of 1.52 eV which makes it more suitable to be blended with the benchmark large bandgap copolymer, poly[(2, 6-(4, 8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1, 2-b: 4, 5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5, 5-(1', 3'-di-2-thienyl-5', 7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1', 2'-c:4', 5'-c']dithiophene-4, 8-dione)] (PBDB-T). The reduced band-gap of the resulting nonfullerene acceptor can be attributed to its extended π-conjugation in comparison with the dithienonaphthalene-based acceptor without the thiophene bridges. Inverted polymer solar cells with a device configuration of indium tin oxide/ZnO/PBDB-T:DTNIT/MoO₃/Ag were fabricated and characterized. Polymer solar cells based on PBDB-T:DTNIT showed an open circuit voltage of 0.91 V, an enhanced short circuit current of 14.42 mA∙cm⁻², and a moderate PCE of 7.05% which is comparable to the PCE of 7.12% for the inverted device based on PBDB-T:PC₇₁BM. Our results not only provide a method to synthesize efficient nonfullerene acceptors with reduced bandgaps, but also offer a bandgap modulation strategy for nonfullerene acceptors.     

含有呋喃衍生物的窄带隙共轭聚合物的合成及光伏性能研究

通过Stille法将呋喃衍生物苯并二呋喃(BDF)引入共轭主链,合成了苯并二呋喃-呋喃-苯并恶二唑共聚物(Polymer 1,简称P1).以紫外吸收光谱分析了聚合物溶液及其膜的基本光谱特征,通过理论计算进行了分子模拟,并用电化学循环伏安法测定了其基本的电化学性质.采用此材料为给体,PC71BM为受体制备了本体异质结型的有机太阳能电池器件,同时研究了不同给/受体重量比的情况下以及1,8-二碘辛烷作为添加剂的情况下的光伏器件性能.结果表明,P1聚合物在可见光区具有较大吸收.由P1所制得的光伏器件,在AM1.5的模拟太阳光照射条件下最高的转化效率为2.96%,表明BDF基团的引入可实现窄带隙的光电聚合物.     

基于二噻吩并吡咯π桥的窄带隙非富勒烯受体材料在有机太阳能电池中的应用

以不同烷基取代的二噻吩并吡咯(DTP)为π桥,连接吲哒省并二噻吩(IDT)中间单元和氰基茚酮(IC)或二氟代氰基茚酮(2F-IC)末端基团,设计并合成了6个窄带隙的非富勒烯受体材料。 其中,IDTDTP-C₂C₂-H和IDTDTP-C₂C₂-F中的DTP单元以1-乙基丙基为侧链,IDTDTP-C₆C₆-H和IDTDTP-C₆C₆-F中的DTP单元以1-己基庚基为侧链,IDTDTP-C₁₂-H和IDTDTP-C₁₂-F中的DTP单元以十二烷基为侧链。 6个分子均具有较窄的光学带隙(1.37~1.44 eV)。 相比于以IC为末端基团的分子(IDTDTP-C₂C₂-H、IDTDTP-C₆C₆-H和IDTDTP-C₁₂-H),由于氟原子的拉电子效应,以2F-IC为末端基团的分子(IDTDTP-C₂C₂-F、IDTDTP-C₆C₆-F和IDTDTP-C₁₂-F)具有红移的吸收光谱,以及更低的最高分子占有轨道能级(HOMO)和最低分子空轨道(LUMO)能级。 以宽带隙聚合物聚[2,6-(4,8-双(5-(2-乙基己基))噻吩-2-基)-苯并[1,2-b:4,5-b']二噻吩-alt-5,5-(1',3'-二-2-噻吩)-5',7'-双(2-乙基己基)-苯并[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']二噻吩-4,8-二酮](PBDB-T)为给体材料,制备了有机太阳能电池器件。 PBDB-T:IDTDTP-C₆C₆-F共混薄膜具有较高且更平衡的空穴/电子迁移率,以及良好的形貌,基于PBDB-T:IDTDTP-C₆C₆-F的有机太阳能电池获得了6.94%的能量转换效率,开路电压为0.86 V,短路电流密度为13.56 mA/cm²,填充因子为59.5%。     

苯并三噻吩共轭聚合物的合成及其在有机光伏中的应用

以三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(Pd_2(dba)_3)为催化剂,三甲苯基磷(P(o-tol)_3)为配体,4,3'-十二烷基-2,2'-联二噻吩(M1)和2,8-二溴-5-(2-己基癸基)苯并三噻吩(M2)为单体,采用Stille交叉偶联反应,合成了基于苯并三噻吩和联二噻吩单元的共轭聚合物(PBTT)。采用热重分析、紫外-可见分光光度计及电化学分析分别研究了聚合物PBTT的热性能、光学性能和电化学性能。结果表明:聚合物PBTT具有优异的热稳定性和低的最高占有轨道能级(HOMO);聚合物薄膜最大吸收峰位于469 nm,光学能带隙为2.10 eV;将聚合物与[6,6]-苯基-C_(61)-丁酸甲酯(PC_(61)1BM)共混材料作为活性层制作了本体异质结构太阳能电池器件,在模拟太阳光源AM 1.5 G 100 mW/cm~2照射条件下,该器件获得了高达1.00 V的开路电压,初步的能量转化效率为0.43%。     

含五氟苯的噻吩并吡咯二酮苯并二噻吩共轭聚合物的合成及其性能

以3,4-噻吩二甲酸和五氟苯胺为起始原料,经酰化、缩合和NBS溴代反应制得2,5-二溴-5-五氟苯基噻吩［3,4-c］吡咯-4,6-二酮(2); 2经两步反应制得2-溴-2,5-二噻吩-5-五氟苯基噻吩［3,4-c］吡咯-4,6-二酮(4);以苯并二噻吩衍生物（BDT-1和BDT-2）为给体单元,2或4为受体单元,分别经Stille偶联缩聚反应合成了3个含五氟苯的噻吩并吡咯二酮-苯并二噻吩共轭共聚物(5a~5c),其结构和性能经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, UV-Vis, TGA和循环伏安法表征。结果表明：5a, 5b和5c的最大吸收峰分别位于559 nm, 559 nm和547 nm,光学带隙分别为1.70 eV, 1.73 eV, 1.68 eV(薄膜)和1.84 eV, 1.83 eV, 1.81 eV(甲苯);失重5%的温度为307～325 ℃; 5a~5c的起始氧化电位和起始还原电位分别为1.14 V, 1.18 V, 1.03 V和-0.67 V, -0.67 V, -0.70 V; HOMO和LUMO能级分别为-5.54 eV, -5.58 eV, -5.43 eV和-3.73 eV, -3.73 eV, -3.70 eV。     

基于苯并二噻吩和吡咯并吡咯二酮共聚物的有机太阳能电池给体材料光伏性质理论研究

设计和合成结构新颖的聚合物太阳能电池给体材料是有机电子学的热点研究领域. 首先利用二噻吩取代的苯并二噻吩(DBDT)作为富电子结构单元, 吡咯并吡咯二酮(DPP)作为缺电子单元构筑了一种新的聚合物太阳能电池电子给体材料(PDBDTDPP), 然后以[6,6]-苯基-C₆₁-丁酸甲酯(PC₆₁BM)作为电子受体, 借助密度泛函理论(DFT)方法结合不相干的Marcus-Hush电荷传输模型, 系统研究了PC₆₁BM-DBDTDPP_n=1,2,3,∞体系的分子结构、电子性质、光吸收性质、电荷转移的内重组能和外重组能、激子结合能、电荷传输积分、给体-受体界面上激子分离和电荷复合速率等性质, 并利用线性回归方法分析了聚合物重复单元与其光伏性质的关系. 结果表明, 该聚合物具有较好的平面结构, 低的最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)能级, 在紫外-可见区具有宽且强的光学吸收、较大的激子束缚能(1.365 eV), 小的激子分离内重组能(0.152 eV)和电荷复合内重组能(0.314 eV). 在给体-受体界面上, 激子分离速率高达1.073×10¹⁴ s^-1, 而电荷复合速率仅为1.797×10⁸ s^-1. 相比较而言, 激子分离速率比电荷复合速率高约6个数量级, 表明在给体-受体界面上, 光生激子具有很高的分离效率. 总之, 研究证明PDBDTDPP是一个非常有前途的聚合物太阳能电池给体材料, 值得实验上进一步合成及器件化研究. 理论研究不仅有助于更深入理解有机化合物结构与其光学、电子性质之间的关系, 还可以为合理设计聚合物太阳能电池给体材料提供有价值的参考.     

A Near-infrared Non-fullerene Acceptor with Thienopyrrole-expanded Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene Core for Polymer Solar Cells

A near-infrared non-fullerene acceptor(NFA) BDTIC, based on thienopyrrole-expanded benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene unit(heptacyclic S,N-heteroacene) as core, is designed and synthesized. The aromatic pyrrole ring with strong electron-donating ability in the core enhances the intramolecular charge transfer effect, finely tunes the optical bandgap and absorption profile of BDTIC, and thus results in a narrowed optical bandgap(E_g~(opt)) of 1.38 eV and a near-infrared absorption to 900 nm. When BDTIC is paired with donor polymer PBDB-T to fabricate organic solar cells, the optimized device achieves a best power conversion efficiency of 12.1% with a short-circuit current density of 20.0 mA·cm~(-2) and an open-circuit voltage of 0.88 V. The photovoltaic performance benefits from the broad absorption, weak bimolecular recombination, efficient charge separation and collection, and favorable blend morphology. This work demonstrates that thienopyrroleexpanded benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene unit(heptacyclic S,N-heteroacene) is a promising building unit to construct high-performance NFAs by enhancing the intramolecular charge transfer effect, broadening absorption as well as maintaining good intermolecular stacking property.     

Organic dyes incorporating the benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene moiety for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells

A new class of organic sensitizers incorporating a benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) unit as conjugated spacer has been synthesized and successfully used for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The length of the π-conjugated spacers has a strong impact on electro-optical properties of these dyes, leading to the conversion efficiencies ranging from 4.17 to 5.68% under AM 1.5 G irradiation. This result indicates that the BDT unit is a promising candidate in organic sensitizers.     

Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']bis[b]benzothiophene as solution processible organic semiconductor for field-effect transistors

Coplanar benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']bis[b]benzothiophenes (, ) for the application in organic field-effect transistors were synthesized by a simple two-step procedure involving triflic acid induced ring-closure reaction; such solution processed devices show a hole mobility of up to 0.01 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1).     

Synthesis, properties, and structures of benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']bis[b]benzothiophene and benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']bis[b]benzoselenophene

Employing two consecutive cyclization reactions, benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']bis[b]benzochalcogenophenes, which are pi-extended heteroarenes, were efficiently synthesized. Their electronic and crystal structures were elucidated on the basis of UV-vis spectra, electrochemical measurements, and X-ray structural analyses.     

A low band-gap polymer based on unsubstituted benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene for high performance organic photovoltaics

A low band-gap conjugated polymer, PBDTDPP, composed of unsubstituted benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene and diketopyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole was synthesized. The deep HOMO level of PBDTDPP enhances the V(OC) of a PSC up to 0.82 V and exhibits a PCE of 5.16%, while alkoxy substituted PBDTDPP-OR yields a PCE of 2.24% with a V(OC) of 0.61 V.     

A novel dialkylthio benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene derivative for high open-circuit voltage in polymer solar cells

A new dialkylthio benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (S-BDT) was designed and synthesized and the polymer S-PBDT was prepared by a Stille coupling reaction. A high open-circuit voltage (V(oc)) of up to 0.99 V was achieved in polymer solar cells with PCBM.     

Investigations of substituted benzofuran-3-carboxylates,benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']difurans and benzo[1,2-b:4,3-b']difurans

The Michael addition of ethyl acetoacetate to benzoquinone, toluquinone, and chlorobenzo-quinone leads to formation of substituted 5-hydroxybenzofuran-3-earboxylates and linear benzo-[1,2-b:4,5-b']difurans. The previously reported structural proof for the benzodifurans obtained from chlorobenzoquinone and toluquinone, although correct in the conclusion, is shown to be invalid. Proof of the linear benzodifuran structures was obtained by comparison of the uv spectra with authentic angular benzo[1,2-b:4,3-b']difurans.     

6,12-二(三乙基硅乙炔基)二苯并苯并二噻吩的合成、表征及性能研究

合成了6,12-二(三乙基硅乙炔基)二苯并[d,d’]苯并[1,2-b;4,5-b’]二噻吩,并通过熔点测定、元素分析、核磁共振谱、质谱及X-单晶衍射分析对其进行了表征,同时对其作为有机场效应管(OFET)材料的性能进行了测试.结果表明,该材料在器件中载流子迁移率高达0.53 cm2/Vs,开关比为105.     

2,3,9,10-Tetrachlorobenzo[1,2-b: 4,5-b']bis[1,4]benzodioxin,a homologue of TCDD

Catechol and 4,5-dichlorocatechol have been condensed with 1,5-dichloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene to provide benzo[1,2-b: 4,5-b ]bis[1,4]benzodioxin and its 2,3,9,10-tetrachloro derivative, respectively. The latter compound is a novel homologue of the extremely toxic 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).     

Synthesis and properties of a series of well-defined and polydisperse benzo[1,2-b:4,3-b']dithiophene oligomers

Monodisperse and polydisperse oligomers of benzo[1,2-b:4,3-b']dithiophene (BDT) (1-14), including three types of oligomers with different spacers combining BDT units (direct linkage, vinylene spacers, and ethynylene spacers), were synthesized, and their thermal, optical, and electrochemical properties were investigated. The oligomers were synthesized using Suzuki, Stille, Wittig, and Sonogashira coupling reactions. All of the monodisperse oligomers showed high melting points and 5% weight loss temperatures (T(d) > 400 degrees C). The fluorescence maxima of all oligomers were red-shifted, and the emission colors varied from blue to yellow as the chain lengths-and thus the conjugation lengths-increased. The vinylene-bridged oligomers emitted at longer wavelengths than the direct-linked and ethynylene-bridged oligomers. UV-vis absorption spectra in toluene solution indicated an effective conjugation length of about six BDT units for polydisperse oligomer 5. Cyclic voltammetry measurement indicated that tetramer 3 had high electrochemical stability. Although tetramer 3 and vinylene-bridged tetramer 8 exhibited reversible oxidation waves, ethynylene-bridged tetramer 13 showed an irreversible oxidation process. Each type of monodisperse oligomer exhibited higher HOMO levels with increasing chain length.