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1.
Two kinds of amphiphilic dendronized conjugated polymers, polyfluorene (PF) and poly(binaphthyl‐alt‐fluorene) (PBF), were synthesized by Suzuki polycondensation of hydrophobic macromonomers with two nonpolar octyloxy chains and hydrophilic macromonomers with two polar oligo(ethylene oxide) chains. In these polymers, PF possesses a linear rod‐like backbone structure, and PBF adopts a folded rigid backbone structure. The different configurations in the conjugated main chains result in different supramolecular self‐assembly morphologies. The optical and thermal properties of PF and PBF were also studied. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 574–584, 2008  相似文献   

2.
We investigated new polyaniline copolymers with solvent‐mimic side chains for enhanced processability in various solvents. The solvent‐mimic side chains, benzyloxypropoxy (BOP), phenoxybutoxy (POB), and dihydroxypropoxy (DHP), were introduced into copolymers and used with nonpolar aromatic and polar alcoholic solvents, respectively. Compared to a polyaniline homopolymer, polyaniline copolymers with a small amount of side chains (<4 mol %) exhibit different physical properties, including film‐forming ability. This can be attributed to the solvent‐mimic side chains strongly interacting with the solvent and/or the polyaniline backbone. Especially, in nonpolar aromatic solvents, polyaniline copolymers with nonpolar aromatic BOP and POB side chains exhibit good film‐forming ability leading to high electrical conductivity, while the polyaniline homopolymer did not form a film. Therefore, introducing solvent‐mimic side chains in conducting polymers is a very attractive method of enhancing their processability and physical properties. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 1986–1995  相似文献   

3.
With the increasing application of template assisted syntheses in deep eutectic solvents and successful application of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents in extraction processes, where microheterogeneity plays a major role, suggestions for novel deep eutectic solvents which exhibit strong microheterogeneity are desirable. Therefore, classical molecular dynamics simulations were carried out on deep eutectic solvent systems constructed of choline chloride and some of its derivatives mixed with ethylene glycol in a molar composition of 1 : 2 since this is the optimal parent composition. The derivatives consisted of a series of elongated alkyl side chains and elongated alcohol side chains. Of these series only choline chloride ethylene glycol has been investigated experimentally, the other systems are suggested and theoretically investigated as possible target for synthesis. Our domain analysis supported by the clear distinction of polar and nonpolar parts from the electrostatic potentials reveals that strong microheterogeneity within these novel hypothetical deep eutectic solvents exists. Rather stretched than crumbled side chains maximize possible interaction sites for both polar and nonpolar parts which make the suggested compounds valuable objectives for experiments in order to exploit the microheterogeneity in deep eutectic solvents.  相似文献   

4.
We report a novel approach for fabrication of multifunctional conjugated polymers, namely poly(p‐phenylene)s (PPPs) possessing polypeptide (poly‐l ‐lysine, PLL) and hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) side chains. The approach is comprised of the combination of Suzuki coupling and in situ N‐carboxyanhydride (NCA) ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) processes. First, polypeptide macromonomer was prepared by ROP of the corresponding NCA precursor using (2,5‐dibromophenyl)methanamine as an initiator. Suzuki coupling reaction of the obtained polypeptide and PEG macromonomers both having dibromobenzene end functionality using 1,4‐benzenediboronic acid as the coupling partner in the presence of palladium catalyst gave the desired polymer. A different sequence of the same procedure was also employed to yield polymer with essentially identical structure. In the reverse sequence mode, low molar mass monomer (2,5‐dibromophenyl)methanamine, and PEG macromonomer were coupled with 1,4‐benzenediboronic acid in a similar way followed by ROP of the L‐Lysine NCA precursor through the primary amino groups of the resulting polyphenylene. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 1785–1793  相似文献   

5.
Eight‐arm poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) stars were prepared by the core‐first method with a newly designed octahydroxylated precursor. This compound was readily obtained in two steps from commercially available tert‐butylcalix[8]arene. The choice of the proper solvent of polymerization proved crucial to obtain PEO star materials with a narrow distribution of molar masses. For instance, the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) resulted in PEO samples of rather large polydispersities (PDI: 1.3–1.5). In this solvent, the calixarene‐based precursor was only sparingly soluble, and an attempt to metalate its eight hydroxyl groups produced insoluble alkoxides. In addition, the presence of a side population of low‐molar‐mass species attributable to linear chains was detected because of the chain transfer of propagating alkoxides to DMSO. Polymerization experiments carried out in tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvent afforded better control over the molar masses and PDIs. This was related to the better solubility of the octafunctional calixarene‐based precursor in THF and to the small tendency of the alkoxides formed to aggregate in that solvent. Under such conditions, all eight hydroxyl functions efficiently initiated the polymerization of ethylene oxide. In this way, well‐defined PEO stars (PDI < 1.2) of tunable molar masses incorporating a calixarene‐based core could be obtained, as it was supported by the characterization of the samples by size exclusion chromatography, NMR, and viscometry. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1669–1676, 2003  相似文献   

6.
Phase equilibrium studies for semiconcentrated solutions of rodlike poly(γ‐benzyl L ‐glutamate) having oligo(ethylene glycol) as side chains (PBLG‐g‐OEG) have been investigated. The phase‐boundary concentrations in isotropic and anisotropic phases for N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) solution of PBLG‐g‐OEG with short side chains (PBLG2‐g‐380) are higher than those for solution of PBLG‐g‐OEG with long side chains (PBLG2‐g‐770). The lattice theory and the scaled particle theory for nematic solution, which don't distinguish the molecular architecture of the rodlike polymer, cannot explain this experimental result. Repulsive interaction between rodlike polymers by means of the attached side chains is proposed for the molecular orientation of PBLG‐g‐OEG in anisotropic state in order to describe the experimental result. Ternary phase diagrams of PBLG‐g‐OEG/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)/DMF show that the miscibility of rodlike PBLG‐g‐OEG and coiled PEG is most enhanced in the system of PBLG2‐g‐770, which has longest and largest amount of side chains. This experimental observation is explained by using the calculation based on the lattice theory and the repulsive interaction of side chains proposed above. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 1331–1340, 2000  相似文献   

7.
Three methyl end‐capped oligo(ethylene glycol) (MOEG) ethers ( 1b‐d ) and a methoxyderivative ( 1a ) of benzofulvene monomer BF3k were synthesized and induced to polymerize spontaneously by solvent removal to obtain soluble π‐stacked polymers bearing densely grafted MOEG side chains (poly‐ 1b – d ) and model polymer poly‐ 1a. The physicochemical features (e.g., solubility, NMR, MALDI‐TOF, and absorption/emission spectra, as well as MWD, conformation plot, and thermal properties) of the synthesized polymers were compared in a structure‐property relationship study. This approach afforded the following evidence. The structure of poly‐ 1a – d is very similar to that of BF3k , suggesting that the polymerization mechanism is not affected by the presence of the electron‐rich methoxy group or bulkier MOEG side chains. However, the latter appear to be capable of affecting the conformational behavior of the polymer backbone. The solubility of poly‐ 1a – d depends on the number of the oligo(ethylene glycol) monomeric units. In particular, poly‐ 1d , featuring a long MOEG side chain (n = 9), shows an amphiphilic character and is soluble in a number of organic solvents, whereas it interacts with water to give isolated macromolecules in equilibrium with nanosized water‐soluble aggregates. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2446–2461, 2010  相似文献   

8.
Thermoresponsive polymeric colloids attract great attention in several biotechnological applications owing to their ability to manipulate drug release characteristics in a controlled manner. Majority of these applications utilized N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM)‐based particles for controlled drug release. Despite its advantages, such as easy chemical modification and well‐documented literature, a potentially important bottleneck for NIPAM in biological applications is its tendency for nonspecific protein adsorption. Herein, we report a simple way to prepare novel thermoresponsive colloids composed of oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains via precipitation polymerization technique. In addition to displaying highly reversible thermal response, these particles also have considerably low nonspecific protein adsorption when compared with NIPAM counterparts. These crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate particles were characterized using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of co‐monomer, crosslinker and initiator on particle characteristics were investigated. Finally, particle toxicity studies were carried out using 3T3 fibroblast cell lines in MTT cytotoxicity assay. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011  相似文献   

9.
This article explores the synthesis of a novel methacrylic macromonomer with an amphiphilic character derived from poly(ethylene glycol) tert‐octylphenyl ether (MT) and its respective homopolymer. To know their reactivity in radical copolymerization reactions with methyl methacrylate (MMA), a model monomer (MTm) was synthesized to determine the reactivity ratios and compare them with the low molar fractions of copolymers of MT with MMA because they were difficult to isolate. They were rMTm = 0.97 and rMMA = 0.95. The compositional diagrams when representing the weight fraction of MT and MTm in the feed and the copolymer suggested that a clear correlation exists between the experimental points of the model monomer MTm and the macromonomer MT ones, suggesting that the length of the side poly(ethylene oxide) chain does not affect the reactivity of the methacrylic double bond in the prepared monomers for this type of polymerization reaction. The reactivity ratios of the copolymers have a tendency for the formation of random or Bernoullian copolymers. The glass‐transition temperatures (Tg's) of the prepared copolymers were determined by differential scanning calorimetry, deviated from the Fox equation, and discussed on the basis of treatments that consider the influence of the monomeric units along the copolymer chains, determining the Tg of the corresponding alternating dyads. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1641–1649, 2003  相似文献   

10.
Two types of photoreactive water‐soluble oligo(ethylene glycol)s (OEGs; Mn = ca. 6500) were prepared by derivatization of OEG with photodimerizable groups such as cinnamates or coumarinates at both ends. Upon UV light irradiation of biscinnamated OEG in an aqueous solution, almost all trans‐cinnamate groups were isomerized to cis form in preference to dimerization even in an associated state at high concentrations of cinnamate groups, whereas dimerization via intermolecular photocycloaddition was the dominant process in methanol solution and in the film state. Coumarinate groups attached to OEG were photodimerized by UV irradiation, and this process was enhanced in an aqueous solution and in film cast from a polar solvent by hydrophobic association between coumarinate groups, resulting in the production of macromolecules. Kinetic analysis revealed that for low‐concentration aqueous solutions or a film cast from a nonpolar solvent, predominantly circular trimers to tetramers were produced on average, whereas from high‐concentration aqueous solutions or film cast from a polar solvent, mostly cyclic heptamers were produced. These results suggest that the molecular design of nanostructured, cyclic polymers of various sizes is possible by changing the concentration of aqueous solutions and cast solvents in this photoaddition system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3324–3336, 2005  相似文献   

11.
Novel amphiphilic network polymers consisting of nonpolar, short primary polymer chains and polar, long crosslink units were prepared, and the swelling behavior of resulting amphiphilic gels is discussed by focusing on the influence of characteristic dangling chains; that is, benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) was copolymerized with tricosaethylene glycol dimethacrylate [CH2?C(CH3)CO(OCH2CH2)23OCOC(CH3)?CH2, PEGDMA‐23] in the presence of lauryl mercaptan as a chain‐transfer agent because BzMA forms nonpolar, short primary polymer chains and PEGDMA‐23 as a crosslinker contains a polar, long poly(oxyethylene) unit. The enhanced incorporation of dangling chains into the network polymer was brought by shortening the primary polymer chain length, and copolymerization with methoxytricosaethylene glycol methacrylate, a mono‐ene counterpart of PEGDMA‐23, enforced the incorporation of flexible dangling poly(oxyethylene) chains into the network polymer, although the former dangling chains as terminal parts of primary poly(BzMA) chains were rather rigid. Then, the influence of characteristic dangling chains on the swelling behavior of amphiphilic gels was examined in mixed solvents consisting of nonpolar t‐butylbenzene and polar methanol. The profiles of the solvent‐component dependencies of the swelling ratios were characteristic of amphiphilic gels. The introduction of dangling poly(oxyethylene) chains led not only to an increased swelling ratio but also to sharpened swelling behavior of amphiphilic gels. The swelling response of amphiphilic gels was checked by changing the external solvent polarity. The dangling chains with freely mobile end segments influenced the swelling response of gels. The amphiphilic gels with less entangled, collapsed crosslink units exhibited faster swelling response than the ones with more entangled, collapsed primary polymer chains. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2192–2201, 2004  相似文献   

12.
A new, simplified method has been developed for the synthesis of S,S‐dialkyl‐S‐(dimethylhydroxyphenyl)sulfonium salt cationic photoinitiators. This novel method has successfully been used for the preparation of S,S‐dialkyl‐S‐(3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)sulfonium and S,S‐dialkyl‐S‐(3,5‐dimethyl‐2‐hydroxyphenyl)sulfonium salts showing a wide variation in the length and structure of the alkyl chains on the positively charged sulfur atom. These photoinitiators can also be prepared with a wide variety of different anions. The manipulation of the lengths of the alkyl chains permits the design of compatible photoinitiators for highly nonpolar monomers and oligomers such as epoxy‐functional silicones, epoxidized polybutadiene, and epoxidized vegetable oils. This article describes the synthesis and characterization of these photoinitiators. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 2556–2569, 2003  相似文献   

13.
A series of amphiphilic triblock copolymers, poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate]xblock‐poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate]x, POEGMACo(x), were synthesized. Formation of hydrophobic domains as cores of the micelles was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. The critical micelle concentrations in aqueous solution were found to be in the range of circa 10?6 M. A novel methodology by modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry was developed to determine critical micelle temperature. A significant concentration dependence of cmt was found. Dynamic light scattering measurements showed a bidispersed size distribution. The micelles showed reversible dispersion/aggregation in response to temperature cycles with lower critical solution temperature between 75 and 85 °C. The interplay of the two hydrophobic and one thermoresponsive macromolecular chains offers the chance to more complex morphologies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010  相似文献   

14.
When the bulk oligomerization of 1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐one (ethylene carbonate, EC) and 4‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐one (propylene carbonate, PC) with the 2,2‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)propane (bisphenol‐A, BPA)/base system (bases such as KHCO3, K2CO3, KOH, Li2CO3, and t‐BuOK) was investigated at elevated temperature, significant differences were observed. Oligomerization of EC initiated by BPA/base readily takes place, but the oligomerization of PC is inhibited. The very first propylene carbonate/propylene oxide unit readily forms a phenolic ether bond with the functional groups of BPA phenolate, but the addition of the second monomer unit is rather slow. The oligomerization of EC yields symmetrical oligo(ethylene oxide) side chains. According to IR studies the oligomeric chains formed from PC with BPA contain not only ether but also carbonate bonds. The in situ step oligomerization of the BPA dipropoxylate was also identified by SEC, and a possible reaction mechanism is proposed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 545–550, 1999  相似文献   

15.
Poly(ethylene imine)‐graft‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PEI‐g‐PEO) copolymers were synthesized via Michael addition reaction between acryl‐terminated poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether (PEO) and poly(ethylene imine) (PEI). The brush‐like copolymers were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It is found that the crystallinity of the PEO side chains in the copolymers remained unaffected by the PEI backbone whereas the crystal structure of PEO side chains was altered to some extent by the PEI backbone. The crystallization behavior of PEO blocks in the copolymers suggests that the bush‐shaped copolymers are microphase‐separated in the molten state. The PEO side chains of the copolymers were selectively complexed with α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) to afford hydrophobic side chains (i.e., PEO/α‐CD inclusion complexes). The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the inclusion complexes (ICs) of the PEO side chains displayed a channel‐type crystalline structure. It is identified that the stoichiometry of the inclusion complexation of the PEI‐g‐PEO with α‐CD is close to that of the control PEO with α‐CD. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2296–2306, 2008  相似文献   

16.
Poly(o‐aminobenzyl alcohol) (POABA) was grafted with poly(ethylene oxide)s (PEOs) through the reaction of tosylated PEO with both the hydroxide and amine moieties of reduced POABA. Reduced POABA was prepared through the acid‐mediated polymerization of o‐aminobenzyl alcohol, followed by neutralization with an aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution and reduction with hydrazine. The grafted copolymers were very soluble in common polar solvents, such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and dimethylformamide, and the copolymers with longer PEO side chains (number‐average molecular weight > 164) were even water‐soluble. The conductivities of the doped grafted copolymers decreased with increasing PEO side‐chain length because of the nonconducting PEO and its torsional effect on the POABA backbone. The conductivity of highly water‐soluble POABA‐g‐PEO‐350 was 0.689 × 10?3 S/cm, that is, in the semiconducting range. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 4756–4764, 2004  相似文献   

17.
The control of hydroxylated polyethylene (PE) structures was investigated in the copolymerization of ethylene with allyl alcohol or 10-undecen-1-ol with a specific metallocene, methylaluminoxane, and trialkyl aluminum catalyst system through changes in the copolymerization conditions. The incorporation of allyl alcohol into the PE backbones was controllable through changes in the trialkyl aluminum, leading to terminally hydroxylated PE or a copolymer possessing hydroxyalkyl side chains. The copolymerization of ethylene with 10-undecen-1-ol gave copolymers with hydroxyalkyl side chains of various contents with a variety of molecular weights through changes in the copolymerization conditions. The obtained copolymers were useful as macroinitiators that allowed polar polymer segments to grow on the PE backbones, leading to the creation of graft copolymers that possessed PE and polar polymer segments. In this way, polyethylene-g-poly(propylene glycol) (PE-g-PPG) and polyethylene-g-poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PE-g-PCL) were synthesized. The 13C NMR analysis of PE-g-PPG suggested that all the hydroxyl groups were consumed for propylene oxide polymerization, and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated nanoorder phase separation and indistinct phase boundaries. 13C NMR and gel permeation chromatography analyses indicated the formation of PE-g-PCL, in which 36–80 mol % of the hydroxyl groups worked as initiators for ϵ-caprolactone polymerization. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3657–3666, 2003  相似文献   

18.
Polyethers with propargyl side chains were synthesized by the acid‐catalyzed reaction of dialdehydes 1 , alkylene bis(trimethylsilyl) ethers 2 , and allenyltrimethylsilane 4 . When ethylene glycol bis(trimethylsilyl) ether was used as 2 , only oligomer was obtained. However, the use of 2 with longer carbon chains gave the desired polyethers consisting of 1 , 2 , and 4 in the molar ratio 1:1:2 in good yields in the presence of 10 mol % triphenylmethyl perchlorate (TrClO4) at ?20 °C. This polyether was treated with organometallic reagents such as Co complex or CuCl to give a cross‐linked polymer. This polymer synthesis is unusual in that it concurrently constructs both the polymer backbone and the functional side chains from three starting compounds. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5440–5448, 2005  相似文献   

19.
The grafting reaction of poly(1,3‐cyclohexadienyl)lithium onto fullerene‐C60 (C60) was strongly affected by the nucleophilicity of poly(1,3‐cyclohexadiene) (PCHD) carbanions and the polymer chain microstructure, and progressed via step‐by‐step reactions. A star‐shaped PCHD, having a maximum of four arms, was obtained from poly(1,3‐cyclohexadienyl)lithium composed of all 1,4‐cyclohexadiene (1,4‐CHD) units. The rate of the grafting reaction was accelerated by the addition of amine. The grafting density of PCHD arms onto C60 decreased with an increase in the molar ratio of 1,2‐cyclohexadiene (1,2‐CHD) units. The electron‐transfer reaction from PCHD carbanions to C60 did not occur in either a nonpolar solvent or a polar solvent. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 3282–3293, 2008.  相似文献   

20.
A series of water‐soluble thermoresponsive hyperbranched copoly(oligoethylene glycol)s were synthesized by copolymerization of di(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (DEG‐MA) and oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (OEG‐MA, Mw = 475 g/mol), with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGD‐MA) used as the crosslinker, via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. Polymers were characterized by size exclusion chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. According to the monomer composition, that is, the ratio of OEG‐MA: DEG‐MA: EGD‐MA, the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) could be tuned from 25 °C to 90 °C. The thermoresponsive properties of these hyperbranched copolymers were studied carefully and compared with their linear analogs. It was found that molecular architecture influences thermoresponsive behavior, with a decrease of around 5–10 °C in the LCST of the hyperbranched polymers compared with the LCST of linear chains. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2783–2792, 2010  相似文献   

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