基于双波长等基线差示融合图谱的中药黄芩“质-量”双标质量分析方法研究北大核心CSCD

建立了以对照药材为基准物质的定性和不依赖多种对照品定量的黄芩药材“质-量”双标控制方法。采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术,以对照药材为基准物质建立了黄芩特征图谱,通过鉴定特征峰的化学成分,共确定了11个共有特征峰,通过质谱鉴定出黄岑药材的8个成分,经对照品比对,指认出共有特征峰中的4个化学成分,分别为黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素以及汉黄芩素。通过对照药材和供试药材特征峰的相似度,可明确药材真伪,即“质”,结果显示各批次供试药材与黄芩对照药材的相似度均大于0.990;对内标成分“黄芩苷”进行准确定量,以内标成分计算不同批次供试品中各特征峰的相对含量,取“平均数-标准差”作为特征峰化学成分相对于内标物质化学成分的相对含量下限,依据特征峰相对含量下限明确黄芩药材优劣,即“量”。该方法不依赖多种对照品,能清晰、快速地判断药材的真伪优劣,可为黄芩的质量控制方法提供参考。     

高效液相色谱-质谱联用快速筛选并鉴定黄芩甲醇提取物中抗氧化活性成分

建立了高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术快速筛选和鉴定黄芩甲醇提取物中抗氧化活性成分的方法.在黄芩甲醇提物中加入适量的二苯基三硝基苯肼( DPPH)作为实验组,避光室温反应30 min后直接经液相色谱分析,并与不加入DPPH的空白组进行比较.有抗氧化活性的成分因会与DPPH反应而使峰面积减少,而不具有抗氧化活性的成分峰面积则不变.基于色谱数据可以获得有抗氧化活性组分的相对活性强度,基于质谱数据可获得活性组分的结构信息用于结构鉴定.本方法成功地从黄芩甲醇提取物中筛选并鉴定出了黄芩苷、千层纸素A-7-O-B-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷、汉黄芩苷和千层纸素A4种较强的抗氧化活性成分.本方法利用HPLC-MS技术对复杂体系(如中药提取物)中小分子的分离和鉴定优势,可以直接筛选出黄芩甲醇提取物中的抗氧化活性成分,而不需要繁琐的前期分离和纯化,并且不需要仪器改装工作,有利于实现复杂体系中抗氧化活性成分的高通量筛选.     

高速逆流色谱在分离纯化木蝴蝶活性成分中的线性放大

利用高速逆流色谱分离纯化中草药木蝴蝶乙酸乙酯粗提物中的黄酮类活性成分,并将分离规模从分析型线性放大到制备型,以获得大量的活性成分,为进一步的药物筛选提供物质基础。实验在分析型高速逆流色谱上对分离参数进行了系统优化,并将优化条件放大到制备型高速逆流色谱上对911.6 mg木蝴蝶乙酸乙酯粗提物进行分离,得到5种化合物,经高效液相色谱、电喷雾电离质谱和核磁共振氢谱、碳谱分析鉴定,分别为白杨素(160.9 mg,纯度为97.3%)、黄芩素(130.4 mg,纯度为97.6%)、黄芩素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(314.0 mg,纯度为98.3%)、黄芩素-7-O-双葡萄糖苷(179.1 mg,纯度为99.2%)和一种新的白杨素双葡萄糖苷(21.7 mg,纯度为98.8%)。该放大过程不仅将处理量提高了53倍,还保持了在分析型设备上的分离度和分离时间。该工作为天然产物的研究提供了一个高效的分离纯化方法。     

基于UHPLC-QTOFMS的黄芩汤化学成分和大鼠入血成分分析北大核心CSCD

建立了一种超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(UHPLC-QTOF MS)联用鉴定黄芩汤化学成分及大鼠灌胃给药后入血成分的方法。采用ACQUITY UPLC XBridge BEH C_(18)色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,2.5µm),以0.1%甲酸水和0.1%甲酸乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱;使用电喷雾离子源正负离子模式采集碎片信息。依据质谱裂解规律,结合对照品、文库比对分析,初步鉴定了黄芩汤中68种化学成分和35种入血成分,并讨论了黄芩素、黄芩苷、芍药苷、甘草苷等的治疗潜力。该方法高效、稳定、灵敏,可为黄芩汤的药效物质基础研究提供参考,也可用于其他复方的成分分析,有助于提升传统中药中小分子药物发现的效率。     

中药紫花地丁黄酮碳苷类化学成分的超高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子源-四极杆飞行时间串联质谱研究

采用超高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子源-四极杆飞行时间串联质谱(UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS)方法,以中药紫花地丁中分离得到的5个黄酮碳苷化合物为对照品,研究了黄酮二糖碳苷类化合物在ESI-QTOF-MS/MS质谱中的裂解规律。研究进一步证实了文献报道的黄酮二糖碳苷C-6位取代糖基较C-8位糖更易优先发生裂解;但同时发现结构中如果含有不稳定构象的糖基取代时,该规律不再适用。通过对照品的质谱裂解规律,并结合文献和高分辨质谱数据,成功表征和鉴定了紫花地丁中21个黄酮二糖碳苷类以及4个黄酮氧苷类成分。该方法能快速、灵敏、准确地对中药中微量黄酮碳苷类成分的结构进行表征和鉴定。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定黄芩提取物中4种黄酮类成分

黄芩提取物样品中加入水,经甲醇超声提取2次,离心后,合并上清液,用水定容至50.0mL,过0.22μm微孔滤膜,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定滤液中黄芩素、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、野黄芩苷等4种黄酮类成分的含量。以ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3色谱柱为固定相,以不同体积比的0.01%(质量分数)氨水和乙腈的混合液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,串联质谱分析中采用电喷雾离子源负离子模式(ESI-)和多反应监测模式。4种黄酮类成分的质量浓度在5.0～500.0μg·L~(-1)内与其对应的质谱响应值呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为0.3～1.5μg·kg~(-1),测定下限(10S/N)为1.0～5.0μg·kg~(-1)。以空白黄芩提取物样品为基体进行加标回收试验,所得回收率为91.1%～99.1%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.0%～4.1%。     

HPLC法测定黄芩中8个黄酮类成分的含量

建立了测定黄芩中野黄芩苷、黄芩苷、野黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素、白杨素、千层纸素A的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)。其色谱条件为色谱柱Agilent Zorbax Eclipse SB-AQ-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm),流动相为0.1%磷酸水(A)-乙腈(B),梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长280 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL。野黄芩苷、黄芩苷、野黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素、白杨素、千层纸素A的量分别在0.19～2.09μg、0.23～2.53μg、0.21～2.31μg、0.21～2.31μg、0.20～2.20μg、0.22～2.42μg、0.18～1.98μg、0.19～2.09μg范围内与色谱峰峰面积有良好的线性关系,相关系数r²为0.999～1.000,平均加样回收率为99.066%～100.433%,RSD为0.619%～1.763%。该实验方法简便,得到的结果准确性高、可靠性高,可用于黄芩中黄酮类成分的含量测定,同时也可为黄芩的质量评价和控制提供参考。     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆串联飞行时间质谱分析黄酮类化合物及小毛茛茎叶的成分

为了探索液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)技术在快速识别中药及天然产物成分中的应用,以黄酮对照品为研究前体,药用植物小毛茛为研究对象,采用超高效液相色谱/二极管阵列检测器-电喷雾四极杆串联飞行时间质谱(UPLC/DAD-ESI/Q-TOF MS)分析了黄酮类化合物同系物及同分异构体的色谱、质谱特性。结果显示:黄酮氧苷和黄酮碳苷的紫外吸收光谱及二级质谱具有显著性差异,糖苷化位置同保留时间、二级质谱碎片及相对丰度具有相关性。将该方法应用于小毛茛茎叶醇提液的分析,结合其酸水解液的分析,解析了22个黄酮醇糖苷和3个苷元。方法简便,具有可操作性。     

益肾排石方的指纹图谱及功效关联物质的作用机制北大核心CSCD

应用液质联用技术分析了益肾排石方中的化学成分,建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)指纹图谱,结合生物信息学技术对关键成分、关键靶点和通路进行了预测分析。应用超高效液相串联质谱技术(UHPLC-MS/MS)对益肾排石方中的化学成分进行了鉴定。10批益肾排石方样品,应用HPLC建立指纹图谱,标记共有峰,进行共有峰归属,并进行相似度评价。应用生物信息学技术,基于指认出的成分,建立了“中药-成分-靶点”网络图,通过GEO数据库获得了肾结石相关的差异基因。对方中功效关联物质的作用机制进行了进一步的分析,并进行了分子对接验证。通过数据库匹配、元素组成和碎片结构分析,共从益肾排石方中鉴定出32种成分;在对10批益肾排石方的指纹图谱的建立过程中,通过对照品指认确定了王不留行黄酮苷、松脂醇二葡萄糖苷、虎杖苷、黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、芦丁、木蝴蝶苷A、大黄酸、异橙黄酮、芦荟大黄素、白杨素、大黄酚、厚朴酚、大黄素甲醚、汉黄芩素和大黄素17个共有峰,10批益肾排石方相似度结果均在合理范围内,且17个共有峰均能归属到虎杖、黄芩、牛膝、柴胡、金钱草、枳实、大黄、厚朴、杜仲和王不留行10味中药。结合生物信息学筛选了ESR1和PTGS1为关键基因,与17种药效成分进行分子对接验证,预测大黄酸和王不留行黄酮苷为关键成分。     

固相萃取/液相色谱-质谱/质谱法测定山银花中5种主要黄酮苷元的含量

该文通过含有盐酸的乙醇溶液回流水解并提取,HLB固相萃取柱净化,液相色谱-质谱/质谱法检测,建立了山银花中槲皮素、木犀草素、山萘酚、芹菜素和黄芩素5种黄酮苷元含量的测定方法。实验以芦丁、木犀草苷、紫云英苷、野漆树苷和黄芩苷5种黄酮苷为代表开展研究,山银花样品经50%的乙醇溶液(含10%浓盐酸)回流2 h水解黄酮苷,同时对黄酮苷元进行提取,HLB固相萃取柱净化,采用Mightysil RP-18色谱柱分离,液相色谱-质谱/质谱法检测(电喷雾离子源、多反应监测模式、负离子扫描),外标法定量测定水解后的5种黄酮苷元含量。方法的定量下限(S/N=10)为0.005 g/kg(槲皮素),0.01 g/kg(木犀草素和芹菜素)和0.05 g/kg(山萘酚和黄芩素)。在0~1.0 g/kg范围内,5种黄酮苷元的线性相关系数均大于0.995;在山银花样品中对待测物进行3种加标水平的回收实验(加标水平相当于水解后槲皮素和木犀草素含量为:0.10、0.20、0.40 g/kg,山萘酚、芹菜素和黄芩素含量为:0.05、0.10、0.20 g/kg),方法的平均回收率70.4%~104%;相对标准偏差为4.0%~12%。该方法实现了山银花中多种主要黄酮苷元含量的同时测定,且对研究山银花药效及与黄酮类化合物的关系具有重要意义。     

Preparative separation of chromones in plant extract of Saposhnikovia divaricata by high-performance counter-current chromatography

Four chromones, prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, 4'-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol, cimifugin and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol, were isolated and purified from Saposhnikovia divaricata for the first time by high-performance counter-current chromatography (HPCCC) using a system consisting of ethyl acetate/n-butanol/ethanol/water (1:1:0.1:2, v/v/v/v). The separation parameters were first performed on the analytical HPCCC and the optimized conditions were then scaled up to preparative HPCCC. A total of 72.1 mg of prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, 27 mg of 4'-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol, 14.1 mg of cimifugin and 1.1 mg of sec-O-glucosylhamaudol were purified from 960 mg of the n-butanol extract of S. divaricata, each at over 90% purity as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The structures of four compounds were identified by their retention time, the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) in the positive ion mode, and confirmed by NMR. The characteristic LC-ESI-MS fragmentation patterns of the four compounds were discussed, and found to be a very specific and useful tool for the structural identification of chromones from S. divaricata.     

Antioxidant, xanthine oxidase and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities and phenolics of Bauhinia rufescens Lam. (Caesalpiniaceae)

An aqueous acetone extract of the stem with the leaves of Bauhinia rufescens and its fractions were analysed for their antioxidant and enzyme-inhibitory activities, as well as their phytochemical composition. For measurement of the antioxidant activities, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzoline-6-sulphonate) and the ferric-reducing methods were used. The results indicated that the aqueous acetone, its ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions possessed considerable antioxidant activity. Further, the xanthine oxidase and lipoxygenase inhibitory assays showed that the n-butanol fraction possessed compounds that can inhibit both these enzymes. In the phytochemical analysis, the ethyl acetate and the n-butanol fractions of the aqueous acetone extract were screened by HPLC-MS for their phenolic content. The results indicated the presence of hyperoside, isoquercitrin, rutin quercetin, quercitrin, p-coumaric and ferulic acids in the non-hydrolysed fractions. In the hydrolysed fractions, kaempferol, p-coumaric and ferulic acids were identified.     

Preparative isolation and purification of three flavonoid glycosides from Taraxacum mongolicum by high-speed counter-current chromatography

A preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was successively applied to purify three flavonoid glycosides from the aerial part of Taraxacum mongolicum, a traditional Chinese medicine. Subsequent UV, MS, and NMR analyses have led to the characterization of three flavonoid glycosides including two new compounds isoetin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2'-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside and isoetin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2'-O-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, and a known compound, isoetin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2'-O-alpha-D-xyloypyranoside, which were first isolated from T. mongolicum. The two-phase solvent system composed of ethyl acetate/n-butanol/water (2:1:3, v/v/v) was performed in HSCCC. Consequently, a total of 25.7 mg isoetin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2'-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside, 19.1 mg isoetin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2'-O-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, and 10.6 mg isoetin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2'-O-alpha-D-xyloypyranoside were obtained with purity of 98.7, 98.3, and 99.1%, respectively, as determined by HPLC from 500 mg enriched extract after cleaning-up by polyamide resin.     

Fast profiling of chemical constituents in Yiqing Capsule by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

An ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS(n)) has been developed for structural characterization and identification of multi-constituents in Yiqing Capsule, a well-known combined herbal remedy prepared from the extract mixtures of Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and Radix Scutellariae. The UPLC analysis was performed on an Agilent ZorBax SB-C(18) column (4.6 mm×50 mm, 1.8 μm) and gradient elution of 0.1% formic acid solution and acetonitrile in 16 min. Based on their retention times and mass spectra in comparison with the data from standards or references, a total of 29 compounds including 3 phenolic acids and 4 anthraquinones from Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, 8 alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptidis and 14 flavonoids from Radix Scutellariae were unambiguously identified or tentatively characterized in the complex system. The MS data and fragmentation information of two isomers of feruloylquinic acid were first reported in Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and in Yiqing Capsules. This study is expected to be accepted as an effective and reliable pattern for comprehensive and systematic characterization of this commonly used Chinese herbal preparation.     

Antioxidant activity of papaya seed extracts

The antioxidant activities of the ethanol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water extract fractions from the seeds of papaya were evaluated in this study. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest DPPH and hydroxyl free radical-scavenging activities, and its activities were stronger than those of ascorbic acid and sodium benzoate, respectively. The n-butanol fraction demonstrated the greatest ABTS? radicals scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate fraction and the n-butanol fraction not only showed higher antioxidant activities than the petroleum ether fraction, water fraction and ethanol fraction, but also showed higher superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide radicals scavenging activities than those of the other extract fractions. The high amount of total phenolics and total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions contributed to their antioxidant activities. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column chromatography, to yield two phenolic compounds, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid, which possessed significant antioxidant activities. Therefore, the seeds of papaya and these compounds might be used as natural antioxidants.     

Development of the Fingerprints for the Quality Evaluation of Scutellariae Radix by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS-MS

A high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²) method was firstly developed for a chemical fingerprint analysis of Scutellariae Radix and rapid identification of major compounds in the fingerprints. The experimental data for chromatography were used for hierarchical clustering analysis and similarity calculation, and those for UV and MS spectra were applied for identifying characteristic peaks. Twenty samples including S. baicalensis Georgi., S. viscidula Bge. and S. amoena C. H. Wright were classified into three groups. By comparing the UV and MS spectra data with those of the authentic standards and literature, 20 main peaks in the fingerprints were identified for the first time. The developed fingerprint assay was specific and could be readily utilized for comprehensive evaluation of Scutellariae Radix.     

A simple and efficient protocol for large‐scale preparation of three flavonoids from the flower of Daphne genkwa by combination of macroporous resin and counter‐current chromatography

In this paper, macroporous resin column chromatography and counter‐current chromatography (CCC) were applied for large‐scale preparative separation of three flavonoids from the flower of Daphne genkwa, a famous Chinese medicinal herb. Nine kinds of resins were investigated by adsorption and desorption tests and D101 macroporous resin was selected for the first cleaning‐up, in which 40% aqueous ethanol was used to remove the undesired constituents and 90% aqueous ethanol was used to elute the targets. The crude extract after the first step was directly subjected to the preparative CCC purification using the solvent system composed of n‐hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (4:5:4:5, v/v). The compounds apigemin (823 mg), 3‐hydroxyl‐genkwanin (842 mg) and genkwanin (998 mg) with the purities of 98.79, 97.71 and 93.53%, respectively, determined by HPLC were produced from 3‐g crude extract only in one CCC run. Their chemical structures were identified by MS, UV and the standards.     

Investigation of Euphrasia rostkoviana Hayne Using GC–MS and LC–MS

Gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was applied to solve difficulties and reinvestigate the serious matrix problems affecting analysis of the active compounds in Euphrasia rostkoviana Hayne. The main groups of compounds were obtained by extracting the herb stepwise with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. Polyamide column chromatography facilitated further separation. Phenolic/flavonoid- and terpenoid-type molecules were studied by GC–MS, HPLC and LC–MS–MS. The β-sitosterol content of the herb was determined by gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID). Caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid and flavonoid glycosides of apigenin, luteolin, rhamnetine (hexoside), kaempferol (both hexoside and rutinoside) and quercetin (rutinoside) were identified in the fractions of the methanolic extract.