Some recent studies of liquid crystals: A review

The following topics are reviewed briefly: (i) The first experimental determination of the decrease in the smectic A-nematic transition temperature brought about by a twist deformation, an effect which is the analog of the influence of a magnetic field on the superconductor-normal metal transition; (ii) the similarity between the hydrodynamics of cholesteric liquid crystals and superfluid hydrodynamics, and some of its consequences, e.g., the possibility of a temperature wave attending second sound in the cholesteric phase; and (iii) the nematicsmectic A-smectic C multicritical point.     

纳米粒子大小及其分布检测方法的研究现状与发展

介绍了几种具有代表性的纳米粒子检测方法,就其应用领域和测量范围比较各自的优缺点。重点讨论了激光衍射和光散射这两种测量纳米粒子大小及其分布的方法,总结其最新发展动态,指出这两种方法对纳米粒子测量和纳米粒子产业的重要作用。     

Combination of the Particle Size Distributions of Some Industrial Minerals Measured by Andreasen Pipette and Sieving Techniques

It is known that size of the individual particles is the predominant factor affecting the behavior of particulate materials, and that the size effects become increasingly important as the particles become finer. In this article, particle size distributions (PSDs) measured by different techniques, i.e. sieving and Andreasen pipette sedimentation, were combined for different mill (ball and rod) products of some industrial (talc and quartz) minerals. The corrected sedimentation data came closer to the sieving data. The apparent mean shape factors, r, determined from the corrected PSDs for the talc mineral ground by ball and rod mill were found to be 1.34, 0.62, whereas it was 1.00, 1.12 for the quartz mineral ground by ball and rod mill, respectively. The results show that the ball milled products of talc mineral have more regular (rounder in shape) particles than those of rod milled, but the rod milled products of quartz mineral studied were not more regular in shape than ball milled products of quartz mineral as confirmed by the SEM pictures and reviewed literature.     

Some aspects in accelerator structure studies at SLAC

Recent progress in the accelerator structure studies at SLAC is reported. This paper covers the room temperature accelerator structures for the ILC e+/e- sources; RF structures for some photon science projects including RF deffectors and the LCLS RF gun; the high gradient accelerator R&D in a global CLIC collaboration for the future multi-TeV linear colliders.     

Some aspects in accelerator structure studies at SLAC

Recent progress in the accelerator structure studies at SLAC is reported. This paper covers the room temperature accelerator structures for the ILC e⁺/e^－ sources; RF structures for some photon science projects including RF deflectors and the LCLS RF gun; the high gradient accelerator R &; D in a global CLIC collaboration for the future multi-TeV linear colliders.     

超高应变率拉伸破碎铝的粒子尺寸测量

材料在超高应变率下发生的动态拉伸破碎是冲击波物理领域的一个重要内容,受诊断技术限制,粒子尺寸直接测量的数据非常有限。基于脉冲激光同轴全息技术,建立了一套材料超高应变率破坏状态和破碎粒子诊断的高精度联合测量系统,利用该系统,成功开展了107～108/s超高应变率范围内铝的动态破碎粒子在位测量,获得了粒子尺寸分布数据。     

Digital Optics: Some Remarks on the Accuracy of Particle Image Analysis

The article has the aim to investigate some typical errors which arise in digital images of particles, and where it is possible, tries to assess the effective inaccuracies in the determination of distributions of size, length, perimeter and shape. In the second chapter, the errors typical for very low pixel numbers are discussed, in the third chapter, resolution independent errors in the determination of length and perimeter are investigated. In the last chapter, the consequences for shape determination are summarised.     

Reaction spectroscopy at fragmentation beam energies – recent advances in studies of two-nucleon removal

Final-state-exclusive two-nucleon removal reaction data from fast fragmentation beams can provide a demanding test of the microscopic two-nucleon transition densities calculated from large-basis shell model wave functions. The sensitivity of measured partial cross sections to pairing and other correlations is discussed. It is also suggested that the widths of the momentum distributions of these partial cross sections will exhibit a strong dependence on the final-state of the residue and the projectile structure.     

A Novel Device for Single Particle Light Scattering Size Analysis and Concentration Measurement at High Pressures and Temperatures

Based on the findings of previous work, a novel instrument was developed for the size analysis and concentration measurement of particles dispersed in gases at high temperatures (600 °C) and pressures (16 bar). The main motivation for the construction of this device was a measurement requirement at the conditions of a pressurized pulverized coal combustion (PPCC) test installation in Dorsten, Germany. The development of a high efficiency (> 50 %), coal based, combined cycle process, and specifically, the development of efficient gas cleaning technology for gas combustion under demanding conditions (1400 °C and 16 bar) was the main target. A suitable measurement technique was required for the determination of particle size and concentration downstream of the gas cleaning equipment, which is able to operate close to the given conditions. The performance of the novel device was tested in several measurement series with various monodisperse aerosols at ambient conditions as well as in high pressure, high temperature situations with very satisfactory results, i.e., the lower detection limit (50 % counting efficiency at ca. 0.3 μm) and resolution of the novel device are comparable to state of the art instruments (of the same principle) intended for room temperature operation.     

Freeze-fracture electron microscopy and light scattering studies on polyethylcyanoacrylate nanocapsule colloidal suspensions

Summary Nanocapsule preparative procedures are able to change the availability of drugs from delivery devices. In particular, the influence of the organic solvent, used in the interfacial polymerisation process, on the shape, mean particle size, size distribution and type of colloidal suspension was investigated. The organic solvents employed in the preparation of PECA nanocapsules were ethanol, acetone or acetonitrile. A non-ionic surfactant (Pluronic F68) was used during the preparation process. The amount of monomer represented another variable, capable of influencing the final carrier properties of PECA nanocapsules. The presence of ethanol achieved the formation of both nanoparticles and nanocapsules. However, the presence of acetone or acetonitrile achieved not only a highly homogeneous size colloidal system, but also the formation of only one type of PECA nanosphere (nanocapsule). The different amount of monomer led to the formation of nanocapsules with a wall thickness proportional to the initial concentration of the polymerising agent. Paper presented at the I International Conference on Scaling Concepts and Complex Fluids, Copanello, Italy, July 4–8, 1994.     

Low dose production studies of platinum at irradiation temperature of 140 K

An ansatz is developed to find out an analytical expression for energy levels of the anharmonic oscillators, of the typeV(X) =X²/2 + λX2m (m = 2, 3) which is valid for all values ofn and all regimes of parameter space. The procedure is extended to find out an analytical expression for the energy levels of the oscillatorV(X) =X²/2 + λ1X4 + λ₂X⁶. As a practical application, it has been applied to calculate characteristics of radiation emitted due to channeling of relativistic positrons channeled between (100) planes in silicon.     

Experimental studies of emission of highly charged Au-ions and of X-rays from the laser-produced plasma at high laser intensities

Au ions with maximum charge states 58+ and with the kinetic energy in a region of ∼100 MeV were recorded. The influence of various experimental conditions is presented and discussed.     

Sorption of Europium (III), Cobalt (II) and Cesium (I) by Fresh Water Sediment Fractions Part 2: Effect of Some Environmental Ligands

The sorption behaviour of the radiotracers Eu⁹⁺, Co²⁺ and Cs⁺ by the sediment fractions: sand, coars silt, fine silt and clay was investigated from aqueous solutions containing the complexing agents; humic acid, sodium phosphate or disodium EDTA. The effect of ligand concentration on the sorption of these elements by the sediment fractions was elucidated at varying pH values. The results obtained are interpreted in the light of the complex formation between the ligand and the metal cations beside the interaction between the ligand and the respective sediment fraction investigated.