具有体膨胀和剪切效应的结构陶瓷相变塑性细观本构模型:Ⅰ.非比例加载历史

本文在对结构陶瓷的四方至单斜(t→m)马氏体相变进行细观力学、热力学和微观机制分析的基础上,导出了在非比例加载条件下考虑材料的体膨胀和剪切效应的相变塑性细观本构模型。作者首次采用 Mori-Tanaka 方法以自洽的方式导出了材料构元的 Helmho-ltz 自由能及余能函数的解析表达式,它是外加宏观应力(或应变)、温度、相变夹杂体积分数以及夹杂内平均相变应变的函数,其中夹杂体积分数和平均相变应变为描述材料构元微结构变化的内变量。最后按 Hill-Rice 本构理论框架导出相变塑性屈服面方程及增量本构关系。     

具有体膨胀和剪切效应的结构陶瓷相变塑性细观本构模型:Ⅰ.非比例加载历史

本文在对结构陶瓷的四方至单斜(t→m)马氏体相变进行细观力学、热力学和微观机制分析的基础上,导出了在非比例加载条件下考虑材料的体膨胀和剪切效应的相变塑性细观本构模型。作者首次采用 Mori-Tanaka 方法以自洽的方式导出了材料构元的 Helmho-ltz 自由能及余能函数的解析表达式,它是外加宏观应力(或应变)、温度、相变夹杂体积分数以及夹杂内平均相变应变的函数,其中夹杂体积分数和平均相变应变为描述材料构元微结构变化的内变量。最后按 Hill-Rice 本构理论框架导出相变塑性屈服面方程及增量本构关系。     

Z-pin复合材料细观模型固化残余应力研究

针对植入Z-pin后碳纤维增强复合材料的微观结构，通过施加Z-pin周期性边界约束条件，建立了Z-pin复合材料单层板单胞细观模型．考虑固化过程中树脂体积收缩、弹性模量随固化度变化和纤维因Z-pin进入偏转因素，运用有限单元法计算了单胞结构在固化成型工艺过程中树脂和纤维应力发展和分布，并研究了Z-pin直径和分布密度对单层板面内残余应力的影响．结果表明：凝胶点之前，树脂模量和残余应力很小，凝胶点之后，树脂模量和残余应力增加较快；残余应力分布与纤维偏转有关；Z-pin直径和分布密度增加会使固化残余应力增大．     

复合材料中的渐近均匀化方法

本文将非均质弹性体的渐近均匀化方法应用于复合材料的宏观与细观分析之中。该方法基于平均化的思想，将复合材料视作由周期性的细观结构所构成，其场变量依赖于宏观和细观两个尺度的坐标变量而变化。通过建立位移和应力的渐近表达式，推导出关于周期性基元的细观平衡方程和细观本构关系，并与有限元数值方法相结合，得到材料的宏观等效性能和细观应力分布。对典型算例的分析，反映出该方法的有效性及准确性。     

冷质部件支撑结构中压杆的热过屈曲分析

以圆杆式冷质量支撑结构中的压杆为研究对象,考虑了材料线膨胀系数α随温度非线性变化的特性及材料本构关系的非线性,基于轴线可伸长原理建立了压杆的热过屈曲数学模型;利用打靶法分别分析了材料本构关系取线性模型和非线性模型时的压杆热屈曲过程,并对二者进行了对比。研究结果表明:无论材料本构关系采用线性模型还是非线性模型,当α取常数时临界屈曲温度与柔度无关;而当α随温度非线性变化时,柔度则对临界屈曲温度产生影响;在同一柔度下,考察α对屈曲特性参数的影响规律时材料本构关系的非线性特性不可忽略;在非线性本构关系下线膨胀系数随温度非线性变化时可得到最大轴向载荷、最小横向支座反力、最小轴线总伸长量;较小的横向支座反力可以有效减小支撑结构中心收缩位移,较小的轴线总伸长量可以有效减小压杆周向固定端连接处应力。     

金属橡胶材料基于微弹簧组合变形的细观本构模型

研究了金属橡胶材料细观本构模型。依据金属橡胶材料变形的主要特征,分析了微弹簧沿轴向和径向变形的规律,分别推导了应力应变关系的解析表达式,由两种微弹簧的组和变形构造了代表性体积单元-微元体。为了反映因铺层引起的工艺各向异性,本构方程中引入了一个新的材料参数铺层比例系数iβ,该参数可以较好地表征细观结构中微弹簧取向的分布状况。在大量试验的基础上,提出了确定铺层系数的实验方法,进而建立了包含金属橡胶材料细观结构信息的本构方程。理论与实验结果比较表明,本文建立的本构模型能较好的反映材料的力学行为。     

铁电材料的本构关系及相关问题研究进展

铁电材料以其力电耦合性能而在传感器、智能材料与结构等诸多领域获得广泛地应用．铁电材料的本构关系也因此成为研究热点．本文对铁电材料的本构关系以及与之相关的细观力学研究方法、宏观唯象研究方法、宏细观相结合的研究方法等问题的国内外研究进展作了一简要的评述．      

形状记忆合金相变塑性的统一本构理论

本文根据单品相变时其宏观(长程)切应变(等效应变)与外加切应力(等效应力)问的幂函数关系假定,建立了形状记忆合金多晶体相变塑性的统一细观本构理论,它推广了现有细观本构理论的结果,消除了现有理论中存在的当外加偏应力趋于零时自由能函数的不连续性和宏观塑性变形的不连续性。这一本构理论将能统一地描述在不同温度和载荷下记忆合金所呈现的各种行为。     

含孔隙变厚度FG圆板的湿热力学响应

功能梯度材料(functionally graded materials, FGM)是组份含量按特定方向连续变化的非均匀复合材料,可有效解决传统复合材料组份之间结合能力弱和不同组份性能难以协调等问题,达到诸如缓和应力集中和优化应力分布等效果,使整体材料在保持细观结构完整性的同时充分发挥各组份材料的性能优势.由于制备技术等原因或出于特殊功能的需要,微孔或孔隙是各类型FGM中的常见缺陷.从细观结构上看,多孔FGM中的孔隙包含了单一组份内的材料孔隙和组份微粒间的结构间隙,这些孔隙将对FGM的力学性能,尤其是在湿热环境下的力学行为产生影响.本文考虑FGM中的两类细观孔隙(材料孔隙和结构孔隙),提出了令各类孔隙依赖于各自组份变化,再线性叠加得到的整体孔隙计算式.考虑组份材料和孔隙填充物(液相水和水蒸气)性质的温度相关性,建立了湿热相关FGM材料模型.针对厚度沿径向变化的旋转圆板结构,应用该FGM材料模型,推导了圆板的非线性稳态湿热控制方程及考虑湿热弹性本构的位移控制方程,采用微分求积法(differential quadrature method,DQM),获得了圆板的湿热场、位移场和应力分布.在数值算例中,利用退化模型的解析解对本文的数值计算方法进行了验证,继而通过改变各关键参数,讨论了两类孔隙率、梯度指数和圆板厚度变化对含孔隙FGM变厚度旋转圆板湿热力学响应的影响规律.      

聚合物注塑残余应力的研究进展

综述了聚合物注塑残余应力的研究进展,详细介绍计算残余应力所用的理论模型及其基本概念．注塑制品残余应力由两部分组成,并且有不同的测试方法,这些应力是造成制品翘曲变形的原因．对于残余流动应力,重点分析本构模型的发展和注塑控制方程的建立;对于残余热应力,则讨论了冷却过程中的相交问题,以及热粘弹性模型在应力分析中的应用;最后介绍测量残余应力的几种实验方法．      

聚合物注射成型流动残余应力的数值分析

建立了可压缩黏弹性聚合物熔体在薄壁型腔中充模/保压过程中非等温、非稳态流动 的数学模型,用数值方法实现了注射成型过程中流动应力和取向建立及松弛过程的模拟,研 究了熔体温度、模具温度和注射速率等工艺条件对分子冻结取向的影响,取得了与实验相符 的结果.     

Non-isothermal transient flow and molecular orientation during injection mold filling

The properties of injection molded products are directly related to the microstructure which in turn strongly depends on the flow kinematics and thermal history of the polymer melt during the filling process. In this study the mold filling process has been analyzed by using an FEM-code (FIDAP) to solve the equation of continuity, momentum, and energy under transient and non-isothermal conditions. As constitutive relation for a purely viscous fluid, the Bird-Carreau and Arrhenius model was chosen. The phenomenon at the flow front, its flow kinematics, and its significant implication on the microstructure of the part have been investigated in detail. Computed particle tracking showed good agreement with experiments under real processing conditions. Furthermore, a rather simple but effective and useful method for predicting the orientation distribution in an injection molded part was proposed. It was found that the local deformation near the solid wall may be considered as the main source for a typical layer of high orientation on the surface of the part. Received: 1 December 1999 Accepted: 9 August 2000     

Effects of molding temperatures on aqueous fatigue behavior of polycarbonate

Fatigue behavior of polycarbonate was investigated to evaluate its potenitial as a material for prosthetic heart valves. Smooth and notched small cantilever specimens were injection molded using various combinations of cylinder and mold temperates. Fatigue testing was conducted in a machine specifically designed to accommodate multipe specimens inliquid environments. Results presented herein are for water immersion. The fatigue lives fell on Weibull distributions with nonzero minimum-life parameters. S-N equations were fitted at constant probabilities of failure; most of these had nonzero fatigue-limit parameters. Polycarbonate fatigue strengths, of notched spcimens particularly, were greatly influenced by cylinder and mold temperatures. Notch sensitivities varied from very low to quite high. These effects were attributed to molecular orientation and residual stresses.     

Residual stress measurement for injection molded components

Residual stress induced during manufacturing of injection molded components such as polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) affects the mechanical and optical properties of these components. These residual stresses can be visualized and quantified by measuring their birefringence. In this paper, a low birefringence polariscope(LBP) is used to measure the whole-field residual stress distribution of these injection molded specimens. Detailed analytical and experimental study is conducted to quantify the residual stress measurement in these materials. A commercial birefringence measurement system was used to validate the results obtained to our measurement system. This study can help in material diagnosis for quality and manufacturing purpose and be useful for understanding of residual stress in imaging or other applications.     

A 3D study on the effect of gate location on the cooling of polymer by injection molding

Injection molding is one of the most widely used plastic part processing. The quality of the injection molded part is a function of plastic material, part geometry, mold structure and process conditions. Gate location is among the most critical factors in achieving dimensionally accurate parts and high productivity of the molding process. To investigate the effect of the gate location on the cooling of polymer by injection molding, a full three dimensional time-dependent analysis is carried out for a mold with cuboids-shape cavity having two different thicknesses. The cooling of the polymer material is carried out by cooling water flowing inside six horizontal circular channels. Three gate locations are assumed, normal to the cavity surface, normal to the small thickness of the cavity, and normal to the large thickness of the cavity. A numerical model by finite volume is used for the solution of the physical model. A validation of the numerical model is presented. The results show that the gate location normal to the small thickness of the cavity achieves the minimum time required to completely solidify the product and minimum solidification of the product during the filling stage. They also indicate that the temperature distribution through the output product is greatly affected by the position of the injection gate location.     

An analytic solution for the temperature distribution in flow through porous media in narrow gap II. Radial injection

 The paper examines the temperature distribution during radial non-isothermal saturated flow through the porous media, with orientation towards the composite materials processing. The problem is simplified and scaled suitably for the proposed application. Closed form series solution of the simplified equation is obtained. The need to model the heat dispersion as a flow-velocity dependent phenomenon is demonstrated. Temperature profiles in the thin mold are shown to be well approximated by the first series term except near the inlet. Received on 8 June 2000 / Published online: 29 November 2001     

注塑模具浇口位置的演化设计方法

首先简要介绍了国内外浇口位置优化设计的研究现状,然后详细阐述了一种基于信息熵的离散变量演化算法的原理和程序实现步骤,将该算法与注塑模流动数值模拟程序相结合进行浇口位置优化设计,并将优化结果与Moldflow推荐的浇口位置进行了分析比较.算例表明,所提出的方法适用于注塑模具浇口位置优化,并且有较好的计算效率和精度.     

ABS注塑制品的模内蠕变试验研究

不同于传统的热残余应力分析,本文着眼于注塑制品的模内蠕变研究。通过测试ABS注塑薄板在不同工艺条件下的收缩变形,比较基于弹性理论的热收缩,进而得到了模内蠕变量。分析结果表明,模内蠕变对于降低制品最终的收缩变形起着重要的作用。在研究了各种工艺条件对制件模内蠕变的影响后,发现较低的模腔表面温度或较长的成型周期会导致蠕变增大,而制件在模内的蠕变(或应力松弛)主要发生在固化后的高温区。本文同时探讨了保压压力对蠕变的影响。高注塑保压压力通常会减小注塑件的收缩,但同时会减小制件模内蠕变。     

Poromechanics of freezing materials

When subjected to a uniform cooling below the freezing point a water-infiltrated porous material undergoes a cryo-deformation resulting from various combined actions: (i) the difference of density between the liquid water and the ice crystal, which results in the initial build-up of an in-pore pressure at the onset of crystallization; (ii) the interfacial effects arising between the different constituents, which eventually govern the crystallization process in connection with the pore access radius distribution; (iii) the drainage of the liquid water expelled from the freezing sites towards the air voids; (iv) the cryo-suction process, which drives liquid water towards the already frozen pores as the temperature further decreases; (v) the thermomechanical coupling between the solid matrix, the liquid water and the ice crystal. We work out a comprehensive theory able to encompass this whole set of actions. A macroscopic approach first provides the constitutive equations of freezing poroelastic materials, including the interfacial energy effects. This approach reveals the existence of a thermodynamic state function—namely the liquid saturation degree as a function of the temperature only. The macroscopic ice-dependent poroelastic properties are then upscaled from the knowledge of the elastic properties of the solid matrix, of the pore access radius distribution, and of the capillary curve. The theory is finally illustrated by analysing quantitatively the effects of the cooling rate and of the pore radius distribution upon the cryo-deformation of water-infiltrated porous materials. The theory succeeds in accounting for the experimentally observed shrinkage of embedded air voids, while predicting the partial melting of the ice already formed when the cooling suddenly stops.     

注塑模冷却系统灵敏度分析方法及应用

本文提出了利用灵敏度数值计算方法进行设计参数选择和修改的注塑模冷却系统设计方法和理论分析数学模型,并开发出了一个处于CAD环境中的冷却系统分析软件,为设计人员优化冷却管道布置、保证模具型腔表面温度分布均匀、减少塑件翘曲变形提供了科学依据和分析手段。