Optical characterization of metallic aerosols

Airborne metallic particulates from industry and urban sources are highly conducting aerosols. The characterization of these pollutant particles is important for environment monitoring and protection. Because these metallic particulates are highly reflective, their effect on local weather or regional radiation budget may also need to be studied. In this work, light scattering characteristics of these metallic aerosols are studied using exact solutions on perfectly conducting spherical and cylindrical particles. It is found that for perfectly conducting spheres and cylinders, when scattering angle is larger than 90° the linear polarization degree of the scattered light is very close to zero. This light scattering characteristics of perfectly conducting particles is significantly different from that of other aerosols. When these perfectly conducting particles are immersed in an absorbing medium, this light scattering characteristics does not show significant change. Therefore, measuring the linear polarization of scattered lights at backward scattering angles can detect and distinguish metallic particulates from other aerosols. This result provides a great potential of metallic aerosol detection and monitoring for environmental protection.     

Discrimination of surface and bulk scattering of arbitrary level based on angle-resolved ellipsometry: Theoretical analysis

An experimental procedure, which was found to be valid for both low-level and high-level scattering of random media, was recently shown to directly discriminate between surface and bulk scattering origin [O. Gilbert, C. Deumie, C. Amra, Angle-resolved ellipsometry of scattering patterns from arbitrary surfaces and bulk materials, Opt. Express 13 (2005) 2403]. The method is based on the ellipsometric measurement of the scattered field over the scattering angle and the analysis of the obtained relative phase shift between s and p polarizations. In the case of low-level scattering, the results were already known and have been explained by first order electromagnetic theories. However, information detailing high-level scattering is scarce. Using rigorous electromagnetic theory, we examined high-level scattering. The differential method enabled us to validate the experimental observations of Gilbert et al. (2005) and explore the limits of validity of the discrimination technique.     

光学表面光散射特性分析

通过对光学表面光散射特性的研究,结果表明:光散射强度随入射光波长的增加而减小,随表面粗糙度增加而增加.     

利用光散射特性研究光学表面中瑞利缺陷粒子的方位诊断

基于偏振双向反射分布函数,从理论上推导了瑞利缺陷粒子分别位于光学表面上方和基底内部的散射场,研究了光学表面瑞利缺陷粒子的方位诊断问题.通过对不同波长下冗余缺陷粒子位于不同方位时双向反射分布函数pp项的分析与讨论实现对缺陷位置的初步判断.结果表明,SiO2瑞利缺陷粒子位于裸基底上方时,双向反射分布函数pp项受波长影响的敏感程度远大于位于SiO2涂覆上方时,可以通过测量缺陷粒子对波长变化的敏感程度判断缺陷粒子的大致方位;当缺陷粒子在Si基底下方时,方位角的凹痕出现在85°到90°之间,当缺陷粒子在SiO2涂层下方时,方位角的凹痕出现在70°左右,因此,可以根据方位角凹痕位置的不同实现对缺陷粒子方位的进一步诊断.     

Optical theorem and Aharonov-Bohm scattering

A rigorous derivation of the optical theorem (OT) from the conservation of probability flux (CPF) is presented for scattering on an arbitrary spherically symmetric potential inN-spatial dimensions (ND). The constructed expression for the OT is found to yield the corresponding well-known results for two- and three-dimensional cases in a rather natural way. The Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect is considered as a scattering event of an electron by a magnetic field confined in an infinitely long shielded solenoid and a similar derivation is attempted for an appropriate optical theorem. Our current understanding of the scattering theory is found to be inadequate for the purpose. The reason for this is discussed in some detail.     

利用LED的投影系统光源设计

设计了利用多颗LED(Light Emitting Diode,发光二极管)阵列组成的扩展面光源.经过合理的聚光设计使之符合某些投影设备对亮度要求不是很高,但结构紧凑、性能稳定、使用寿命长的要求.结合数学建模和软件模拟的方式设计了一种小巧的反光杯,利用反光杯把LED近180°的发散光束汇聚到60°左右;然后再用一一对应的透镜阵列汇聚为平行光;最后采用柯勒照明方式把较大的面光源阵列汇集到LCD投影屏幕上,从而达到了较高亮度且具有很高均匀性的目的.     

Blendensysteme für Streulichtphotometer

The geometrical arrangement of slits in the secondary beam of light scattering photometers has been investigated. The hitherto applied configuration of slits, vertically fixed on the secondary beam, requires a volume correction-sinϑ-for the determination of the angle-dependent scattered intensity. Arrangements of slits with varying width which depends on the angle of observation ϑ are proposed. They avoide the volume correction, or render the scattering volume independent of ϑ, and at the same time increase the measuring accuracy. For this purpose two types of mechanically guided slits are considered, utilizing parallelogram- and scissor-type mountings. The conventional and new slit arrangements are used to determine the angular dependence of the total light flux intercepted by the receiver, the angle subtended by the aperture, and the scattering volume, as well as the geometrical error. Measurements employing a light scattering photometer with a fixed and a parallel-guided slit in the secondary beam are reported.

     

Light scattering on nanowire antennas: A semi-analytical approach

Two semi-analytical approaches to solve the problem of light scattering on nanowire antennas are developed and compared. The derivation is based on the exact solution of the plane wave scattering problem in case of an infinite cylinder. The original three-dimensional problem is reduced in two alternative ways to a simple one-dimensional integral equation, which can be solved numerically by a method of moments approach. Scattering cross sections of gold nanowire antennas with different lengths and aspect ratios are analyzed for the optical and near-infrared spectral range. Comparison of the proposed semi-analytical methods with the numerically rigorous discrete dipole approximation method demonstrates good agreement as well as superior numerical performance.     

Calculation and optical measurement of laser trapping forces on non-spherical particles

Optical trapping, where microscopic particles are trapped and manipulated by light is a powerful and widespread technique, with the single-beam gradient trap (also known as optical tweezers) in use for a large number of biological and other applications. The forces and torques acting on a trapped particle result from the transfer of momentum and angular momentum from the trapping beam to the particle. Despite the apparent simplicity of a laser trap, with a single particle in a single beam, exact calculation of the optical forces and torques acting on particles is difficult. Calculations can be performed using approximate methods, but are only applicable within their ranges of validity, such as for particles much larger than, or much smaller than, the trapping wavelength, and for spherical isotropic particles. This leaves unfortunate gaps, since wavelength-scale particles are of great practical interest because they are readily and strongly trapped and are used to probe interesting microscopic and macroscopic phenomena, and non-spherical or anisotropic particles, biological, crystalline, or other, due to their frequent occurance in nature, and the possibility of rotating such objects or controlling or sensing their orientation. The systematic application of electromagnetic scattering theory can provide a general theory of laser trapping, and render results missing from existing theory. We present here calculations of force and torque on a trapped particle obtained from this theory and discuss the possible applications, including the optical measurement of the force and torque.     

Calculation of axial optical forces exerted on medium-sized particles by optical trap

Optical trapping has become an efficient technique of trapping and manipulating micrometer and sub-micrometer dimension particles. Particles in the range between the applicable regime of ray optics theory (ROT) and the Rayleigh regime (so-called medium-sized particles) are focused on. By using ROT and the generalized Lorenz–Mie theory (GLMT), axial optical forces and their dependences on particle sizes and beam waists are presented. Furthermore, by comparing the numerical results of these two theories, the applicability of the GLMT to particles of arbitrary size and the limit of ROT in the region of small particles are analyzed. A new criterion of the applicable region of ROT is obtained, i.e. the relative particle size β=2πa/λ20, where a is the particle radius and λ is the wavelength of light. The theoretical results will be of great help to the design and optimization of the most efficient optical trap.     

The optimization design for improving film optical transmissivity via the sphere metallic nanoparticles

We design a method to enhance film optical transimissivity by sphere metallic nanoparticles. The light scatter effect of the nanoparticles is analyzed. We show the optimization design to improve the optical transimissivity of a film with silver nanoparticles, considering the factors of the sphere nanoparticles size and the surface density. The calculated results show that the silver nanoparticles can enhance the film optical transmissivity greatly.     

Optical characterization and determination of carrier density of ultrasonically sprayed CdS:Cu films

In this work, CdS and Cu doped CdS films (at the Cu percentages of 1, 3 and 5) have been deposited onto glass substrates at 350 ± 5 °C by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique and their application potential for photovoltaic solar cells have been investigated. Optical properties and thicknesses of the films have been investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). Ellipsometric angle ψ was used as the source point for optical characterizations. The optical constants (n and k) and the thicknesses of the films have been fitted according to Cauchy model. Also, optical properties of the produced films have been analyzed by transmittance and reflectance spectra. Refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k) and reflectance (R) spectra have been taken by spectroscopic ellipsometer, while transmittance spectra have been taken by UV/vis spectrophotometer. The optical method has been used to determine the band gap type and value of the films. Mott-Schottky (M-S) measurements have been made to determine the conductivity type and carrier concentration of the films. Samples showed n-type conductivity and carrier concentration of undoped CdS sample was found to be 1.19 × 10¹⁹ cm⁻³. Also, it was concluded that Cu doping has an acceptor effect in CdS samples. From the results of these investigations, the application potential of CdS:Cu films for photovoltaic solar cells as window layer was searched.     

侧边抛磨光纤中传输光功率变化的实验研究

针对轮式光纤侧边抛磨法制备的侧边抛磨光纤,研究了在侧边抛磨区覆盖不同折射率的材料时,侧边抛磨光纤传输光功率随覆盖材料折射率变化的特性.研究表明,侧边抛磨光纤中传输光功率会随抛磨区覆盖材料折射率的变化而改变.当覆盖材料的折射率小于1.437 8时,光功率损耗近似为零；而当覆盖材料的折射率逐渐增大接近1.452 1时,光功率损耗迅速增大至最大值.当覆盖材料的折射率由1.453 2逐渐增大时,光功率损耗由最大值逐渐减小,最终维持在某个确定的值.侧边抛磨光纤并不是抛磨深度越深,损耗就越大.侧边抛磨光纤中传输的光功率存在波长相关损耗(WDL）.实验结果与理论结论符合较好.     

半色调彩色图像的反射率模型

光在纸张与油墨内散射或油墨在纸基内渗透都将影响半色调印刷图像的阶调特性．考虑到油墨在纸面上扩展所形成的墨点非矩形特性、光在纸基内传播的多次散射性和油墨在纸基内的渗透作用，采用纸张与油墨反射率与透射率的迭代修整方法建立了印刷图像的反射率新模型．理论模型中用纸张与油墨的反射率是油墨网点面积率的函数和实验参量砌描述纸张和油墨对反射模型的影响．     

Optical absorption by quasiparticles in superconducting multilayers

The absorption of photons by quasiparticles in the Bloch bands of multilayers, formed by alternating normal (N) and superconducting (S) regions, is computed for the vector of the oscillating electric field being perpendicular to the N-S interfaces. The absorption spectrum extends down to frequencies below the gap of the S-layers, and its structure results from the combined effects of Andreev scattering and conventional scattering at the N-S interfaces. For not too different Fermi energies ?_FS and ?_FN in the S and N layers there is one prominent resonance peak. With increasing temperature low frequency absorption goes up. For ?_FS ? ?_FN, on the other hand, a sharp multipeak structure at low frequencies is found.     

Optimal design of gold nanoshells for optical imaging and photothermal therapy

Gold nanoshells are of great interest in optical imaging based on their light scattering properties and photothermal therapy due to their light absorption properties. Strong light scattering is essential for optical imaging, while effective photothermal therapy requires high light absorption. In this article, the optimal core radii and shell thicknesses of silica–gold and hollow gold nanoshells, possessing maximal light scattering and absorption at wavelengths between 700 and 1100 nm, are obtained using the Mie theory of a coated sphere. The results show that large-sized gold nanoshells of high aspect ratios (the aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of core radius to shell thickness) are the efficient contrast agents for optical imaging, while smaller gold nanoshells of high aspect ratios are the ideal therapeutic agents for photothermal therapy. From the comparison of the numerical results for silica–gold and hollow gold nanoshells, the latter are seen to offer a little superior light scattering and absorption at smaller particle size. Fitting expressions for the optimal core radii and shell thicknesses are also obtained, which can provide design guidelines for experimentalists to optimize the synthetic process of gold nanoshells.     

Optical measurement of the plastic zone size in a notched metal specimen subjected to low-cycle fatigue

This paper describes an optical method used for the determination of the plastic zone size generated on the surface of a notched metal specimen under conditions of low-cycle fatigue. The proposed optical method uses white-light scattering generated by plastically induced surface roughness on the specimen polished surface. By digital processing two images of the specimen surface, one recorded before and the other after the generation of the fatigue deformation, it is possible to evaluate the accumulated plastic damage. The plastic zone measured in the crack initiation stage is compared with the results obtained by a recrystallization technique.     

功率型白光LED光学特性退化分析

将GaN基蓝光芯片涂敷YAG荧光粉和透明硅胶制成额定功率为1 W的白光发光二极管(LED),对其施加900mA的电流应力,在老化过程中测量白光LED的主要光学参数,考察其光学特性的退化情况。经过4 200 h的老化,样品光通量退化为初始值的15%~18% 。样品的漏电流明显增大,表明芯片有源区缺陷密度提高,但光谱分布图中蓝光部分的辐射量未减少,仅观察到黄光部分辐射量的减少,推断出YAG荧光粉的转换效率降低。同时,从原理上分析了样品色温逐渐增大,显色指数基本不变的原因,对大功率白光LED在照明领域的应用有一定的借鉴意义。     

Optical characterization of high speed microscanners based on static slit profiling method

Optical characterization of high-speed microscanners is a challenging task that usually requires special high speed, extremely expensive camera systems. This paper presents a novel simple method to characterize the scanned beam spot profile and size in high-speed optical scanners under operation. It allows measuring the beam profile and the spot sizes at different scanning angles. The method is analyzed theoretically and applied experimentally on the characterization of a Micro Electro Mechanical MEMS scanner operating at 2.6 kHz. The variation of the spot size versus the scanning angle, up to ±15°, is extracted and the dynamic bending curvature effect of the micromirror is predicted.     

Miniaturized structures based on color centers in lithium fluoride: Optical properties and applications

Research activities concerned with color centers in alkali halide films started recently. The use of versatile, well-assessed, and low-cost fabrication techniques consisting of physical vapor deposition of Lithium Fluoride (LiF) films combined with direct writing lithographic processes allows the realization of miniaturized structures, like broad-band emitters, channel waveguides, optical microcavities and point-light sources emitting in the visible spectral range. Promising results have been obtained in the generation, amplification and waveguiding of visible light in LiF treated by low energy electron beams, where the efficient formation of stable primary and aggregate color centers also induces a local modification of the refractive index. A brief overview of the investigated optical properties is presented together with a short discussion about their perspectives of applications in optoelectronics.