A four-electron O(2)-electroreduction biocatalyst superior to platinum and a biofuel cell operating at 0.88 V

O2 was electroreduced to water, at a true-surface-area-based current density of 0.5 mA cm-2, at 37 degrees C and at pH 5 on a "wired" laccase bioelectrocatalyst-coated carbon fiber cathode. The polarization (potential vs the reversible potential of the O2 /H2O half-cell in the same electrolyte) of the cathode was only -0.07 V, approximately one-fifth of the -0.37 V polarization of a smooth platinum fiber cathode, operating in its optimal electrolyte, 0.5 M H2SO4. The bioelectrocatalyst was formed by "wiring" laccase to carbon through an electron conducting redox hydrogel, its redox functions tethered through long and flexible spacers to its cross-linked and hydrated polymer. Incorporation of the tethers increased the apparent electron diffusion coefficient 100-fold to (7.6 +/- 0.3) x 10-7 cm 2 s-1. A miniature single-compartment glucose-O2 biofuel cell made with the novel cathode operated optimally at 0.88 V, the highest operating voltage for a compartmentless miniature fuel cell.     

自支撑NiFe LDH-MoSx集成电极在工业电解水条件下实现高效电解水

化石燃料的枯竭和不断增长的能源需求给人类带来巨大的挑战,加之能源消耗过程带来的环境问题使得开发清洁可再生绿色能源迫在眉睫.氢能具有零排放、可再生、能量高和来源广等特点,且可通过化石能源和电解水制取,是未来人类最理想的替代能源之一.相较于化石能源制氢,电解水制氢被认为是一种最有前途的清洁制氢技术,能够将可再生能源(例如太阳能和风能)产生的剩余电能以化学能的形式存储起来.电解水反应由发生在阴极的析氢反应与发生在阳极的析氧反应组成.其中,析氧反应涉及多个质子和电子转移,反应动力学缓慢严重限制了其水分解的整体效率.为满足实际应用,亟待开发低成本、高催化活性和在工业电解条件(60～80℃,20％～30％ KOH,400 mA·cm-2)下长期稳定性强等特性的析氧催化剂.本文报道了一种用于析氧反应的自支撑泡沫镍铁自支撑的镍铁层状双金属氢氧化物-二硫化钼(NiFe LDH-MoSx/INF)集成电极,在正常碱性测试条件(25℃,1 M KOH)和模拟工业电解条件(65 ° C,5 M KOH)下均表现出优异的催化性能.优化后的电极在一般碱性测试条件下,过电势仅需195和290 mV即可达到100和400 mA·cm-2的电流密度.在模拟工业电解条件下达到相同的电流密度,过电势只需156和201 mV.在两种条件下进行长期稳定性测试,催化剂均未观察到明显的失活现象.在两电极体系(NiFe LDH-MoSx/INF ‖ 20％Pt/C)全解水测试中,达到100 mA·cm2的电流密度仅需1.72 V的电压.还使用NiFe LDH-MoSx/INF作为阳极催化剂构建膜电极并评价其阴离子交换膜电解水的性能:在400 mA·cm-2的电流密度下能量转换效率(60℃,1 M KOH)为71.8％.综上,原位生长策略保证了此类电极的长期稳定性.硫化基底的存在可以控制NiFe LDH的生长厚度,从而提高集成电极的整体导电性.另外,MoSx的引入进一步调节了NiFe LDH的电子结构,进而优化了反应中间体的吸附能及状态.在模拟工业操作条件下进行的电化学测试进一步证实了多孔三维自支撑NiFe LDH-MoSx/INF集成电极具有在工业电解水中大规模应用的前景.本文为合理设计用于工业阴离子交换膜水电解的非贵金属析氧催化剂提供新的策略.     

"三明治夹心"型Ni-P@Ni-B/Ni电极的制备及高效全pH下的催化制氢性能

通过化学镀法制备了具有“三明治夹心”结构的Ni-P@Ni-B/Ni催化电极. 该催化材料为直径1 μm左右的微球. 电化学性能测试结果表明, 在电流密度为10 mA/cm ²时, 其在0.5 mol/L PBS缓冲液(pH=7)中的过电位仅为287 mV, 在此电位下连续工作24 h后, 电流密度仅衰减了7.6%. 同时Ni-P@Ni-B/Ni在酸性(0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄)和碱性(1 mol/L KOH)条件下也具有优异的析氢反应催化活性, 达到相同电流密度时过电位分别为199和79 mV. 该工作为全pH环境下高效电解水制氢提供了新思路.     

Atomically Dispersed Copper–Platinum Dual Sites Alloyed with Palladium Nanorings Catalyze the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Designing highly active catalysts at an atomic scale is required to drive the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Copper–platinum (Cu‐Pt) dual sites were alloyed with palladium nanorings (Pd NRs) containing 1.5 atom % Pt, using atomically dispersed Cu on ultrathin Pd NRs as seeds. The ultrafine structure of atomically dispersed Cu‐Pt dual sites was confirmed with X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements. The Pd/Cu‐Pt NRs exhibit excellent HER properties in acidic solution with an overpotential of only 22.8 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² and a high mass current density of 3002 A g⁻¹_(Pd+Pt) at a −0.05 V potential.     

Deactivation of bilirubin oxidase by a product of the reaction of urate and O2

The "wired" bilirubin oxidase (BOD) bioelectrocatalyst is superior to pure platinum as an electrocatalyst of the four-electron electroreduction of O(2) to water. Not only is its overpotential for O(2) reduction lower, but unlike platinum, it is not affected by organic compounds like glucose. The "wired" BOD-coated carbon cathode operates for >1 week at 37 degrees C in a glucose-containing physiological buffer solution. One of its key applications would be in a glucose-O(2) biofuel cell, which would operate in living tissues. The cathode is, however, short-lived in serum, losing its electrocatalytic activity in a few hours. Here we show that the damaging serum component is a product of the reaction of urate and dissolved oxygen. Exclusion of urate, by application of Nafion film on the cathode, improves the stability in serum.     

Electrodeposition of copper on a Pt(111) electrode in sulfuric acid containing poly(ethylene glycol) and chloride ions as probed by in situ STM

This study employed real-time in situ STM imaging to examine the adsorption of PEG molecules on Pt(111) modified by a monolayer of copper adatoms and the subsequent bulk Cu deposition in 1 M H(2)SO(4) + 1 mM CuSO(4)+ 1 mM KCl + 88 μM PEG. At the end of Cu underpotential deposition (~0.35 V vs Ag/AgCl), a highly ordered Pt(111)-(√3 × √7)-Cu + HSO(4)(-) structure was observed in 1 M H(2)SO(4) + 1 mM CuSO(4). This adlattice restructured upon the introduction of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, molecular weight 200) and chloride anions. At the onset potential for bulk Cu deposition (~0 V), a Pt(111)-(√3 × √3)R30°-Cu + Cl(-) structure was imaged with a tunneling current of 0.5 nA and a bias voltage of 100 mV. Lowering the tunneling current to 0.2 nA yielded a (4 × 4) structure, presumably because of adsorbed PEG200 molecules. The subsequent nucleation and deposition processes of Cu in solution containing PEG and Cl(-) were examined, revealing the nucleation of 2- to 3-nm-wide CuCl clusters on an atomically smooth Pt(111) surface at overpotentials of less than 50 mV. With larger overpotential (η > 150 mV), Cu deposition seemed to bypass the production of CuCl species, leading to layered Cu deposition, starting preferentially at step defects, followed by lateral growth to cover the entire Pt electrode surface. These processes were observed with both PEG200 and 4000, although the former tended to produce more CuCl nanoclusters. Raising [H(2)SO(4)] to 1 M substantiates the suppressing effect of PEG on Cu deposition. This STM study provided atomic- or molecular-level insight into the effect of PEG additives on the deposition of Cu.     

Ce改性碳纳米管负载过渡金属磷化物用于电化学水分解

氢能是未来替代化石燃料的理想选择,可以通过电解水的半反应之一析氢反应制得,但其缓慢的反应动力学将会耗费大量的电池电压。因此,通过开发催化剂来降低电解槽的电压是解决这一问题的关键途径。本文经过简便的静电纺丝及碳化工艺得到Ce改性的碳纤维作为载体(Ce-CNFs),接着通过水热法及高温磷化法负载活性组分得到Co_x-Mo_y-P@Ce-CNFs,分别对催化材料的析氢反应(HER)和析氧反应(OER)电催化活性进行了研究。结果表明,在1mol/L KOH电解液中,仅需要160mV和323mV的过电位就能达到10mA/cm²的电流密度。将Co_x-Mo_y-P@Ce-CNFs作为阴极和阳极材料组装为整体水电解槽,在电流密度为10mA/cm²时,电解槽的电池电压为1.65V,在电化学耐久性测试中能够稳定保持8h。     

Pt掺杂对Mo-Ru-Se簇合物电催化氧还原性能的影响

直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)是理想的移动电源,但因金属Pt阴极催化剂的选择性较差,甲醇在阴极产生“混合电位”,导致电池效率降低。抗甲醇氧电还原催化剂可降低“混合电位”,是解决该问题的有效的方法。     

单室固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3的电化学性能研究

采用高温固相法制备了La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3(LSCM)并利用XRD,SEM以及电化学阻抗谱(EIS)分别对粉体及电极进行研究。结果发现LSCM在C3H8-O2-N2混合气氛下能够保持很好的高温化学稳定性,且与电解质材料YSZ在1400℃空气气氛下不发生化学反应。电化学测试结果表明,阳极支撑型单室固体氧化物燃料电池Ni-YSZ|YSZ|LSCM在700℃、C3H8-O2-N2混合气氛下的短路电流密度达317 mA·cm-2,最大功率密度73 mW·cm-2。将LSCM与CGO形成梯度阴极,相同测试条件下,单室电池的短路电流密度为560 mA·cm-2,功率密度达到110 mW·cm-2,电池输出性能提高约50%。     

Catalysts of ethanol anodic oxidation for ethanol-air fuel cell with a proton-conducting polymer electrolyte

Synthesis techniques for binary PtSn, PdM (M = Sn, V, Mo) and ternary PtSnNi, PtRuSn catalysts of ethanol electrooxidation on highly dispersed carbon materials are suggested. The highest activity in the 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution containing 1 M C₂H₅OH corresponds to the system of PtSn (3: 1, 40 wt % Pt) with the particle size of 2–4 nm and tin content in the alloy with platinum of about 6%. It was shown that the catalyst efficiency as regards ethanol oxidation depth decreases in the series of Pt > PtRu ≈ PtSn, and the catalyst activity by current forms the series of PtSn > PtRu > Pt. The membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) with the anodes on the basis of the PtSn (3: 1, 40 wt % Pt) catalyst had stable characteristics for 220 h at the current density of ∼50 mA/cm².     

钨酸盐/过钨酸盐体系阴极间接电氧化合成红曲黄色素

以自制SBS-g-(AA/StSO3Na)/SBS-g-DMAEMA双极膜作电解槽阴阳两极室的隔膜,借助正交试验确定阴极电还原氧气产生过氧化氢的最优条件,进而利用钨酸钠/过钨酸钠体系由阴极间接电氧化红曲红制备红曲黄色素.实验表明:以石墨作电极,阳极液为10%硫酸溶液,阴极液为0.5g·L-1红曲红丙酮水溶液,添加钨酸钠(浓度15mmol/L),调节pH至3,在通氧速率65cm3/min,电流密度5.78mA.cm-2下电解2h,阴极平均电流效率可达72.39%.电解产物经红外表征和紫外跟踪分析,证实了红曲红烯键环氧化反应的发生.     

三维百合花状的CoNi2S4作为先进的双功能电催化剂用于氢析出和氧析出反应

为简化电解水催化剂的合成过程和优化电解水操作系统, 双功能电解水催化剂的研究, 特别是在碱性条件下同时具有优异催化氢析出和氧析出反应性能的双功能电催化剂的研究尤为重要. 其中, 过渡金属硫化物, 特别是 CoNi 硫化物, 被报道有与氢化酶类似的催化活性中心, 从而具有优异的催化氢析出和催化氧析出反应性能. 虽然有关对过渡金属硫化物的研究很多, 但主要集中在具有一维纳米线和二维纳米片形貌结构的过渡金属硫化物. 不幸的是, 这些形貌结构的过渡金属硫化物在电催化过程中容易聚集和受限于电荷传输能力. 三维纳米结构的材料具有较大的比表面积以分布更多的活性位点和拥有良好的电子传输能力, 所以, 开发三维纳米结构的过渡金属硫化物材料可能是改进其催化电解水性能的一个好途径. 本文采用简单的两步水热法, 通过硫化合成的 CoNi 前体得到了长于泡沫镍上的三维百合花状的 CoNi2S4(Co-Ni2S4/Ni). 它只需要 54 mV 的过电位即可获得 10 mA cm-2的催化氢析出反应电流, 是最好的碱性催化氢析出反应电极材料之一. 它在驱动 100 mA cm-2的催化氧析出反应电流时也只需要 328 mV 的过电位. 另外, 把 CoNi2S4/Ni 分别作为阴极和阳极组装成双电极碱性水电解槽时, 它只需要 1.56 V 的电压即可获取 10 mA cm-2的催化全电解水电流并具有良好的催化全电解水稳定性.扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和 N2吸脱附曲线测试结果表明, 该三维百合花状的 CoNi2S4/Ni 的表面粗糙度高和拥有多孔特性. 多孔结构的 CoNi2S4/Ni 可提供更多可接触的催化活性位点, 也有利于催化过程中的电解质和生成的气体的扩散与传递. 交流阻抗图谱测试结果表明, CoNi2S4/Ni 具有良好的电子传输能力. 另外, 不同于前期对尖晶石结构的硫化物 AB2S4的研究结果, XPS 结果表明, CoNi2S4/Ni 中含有 Niб+和 Sб-活性物种, 表明 CoNi2S4具有与活性氢化酶类似的活 性中心. Niδ+和 Sδ-可分别作为氢氧根和质子的接收体, 协助促进吸附的水分子的分离, 从而提高材料的催化性能. 所以, Niδ+和 Sδ-活性物种的出现, 大比表面积的三维百合花状多孔结构和良好的电荷传输能力等特性集合于 CoNi2S4/Ni 上使得CoNi2S4/Ni 具有优异的催化氢析出和催化氧析出反应性能.     

脲醛树脂衍生的含氮碳层包覆的磷掺杂碳化钨(P-W2C@NC)全pH析氢催化剂

碳化钨由于其具有独特的类Pt电子结构和催化性能,使得其在电催化析氢领域吸引广泛关注。杂原子掺杂以及构筑高比表面积的碳化钨纳米材料是进一步提升其性能的重要策略。本研究以表面含有丰富极性官能团的脲醛树脂作为基底,在其支链骨架上均匀固载多酸阴离子簇,通过可控碳化获得了具有高比表面积的杂原子掺杂的碳化钨(P-W2C@NC)全pH析氢催化剂。该材料的BET比表面积高达136 m2 g-1。XRD、XPS、SEM和TEM表征证明催化剂是由含有磷掺杂的碳化钨纳米颗粒和包覆在碳化钨颗粒表面的薄层氮掺杂碳层共同构成。P-W2C@NC在全pH值电解液都具有高效的析氢性能,在0.5 M硫酸、1 M氢氧化钾和0.1 M磷酸缓冲液中,分别仅仅需要过电位83 mV、63 mV和179 mV就可以达到电流密度10 mA cm-2,并且具有超过20 h的长期催化稳定性。     

General synthesis of Pt and Ni co-doped porous carbon nanofibers to boost HER performance in both acidic and alkaline solutions

It is essential to develop efficient electrocatalysts to generate hydrogen from water electrolysis for hydrogen economy. In this work, platinum(Pt) and nickel(Ni) co-doped porous carbon nanofibers(Pt/NiPCNFs) with low Pt content were prepared via an electrospinning, carbonization and galvanic replacement reaction. Because of the high electrical conductivity, abundant electrochemical active sites and synergistic effect between Pt and Ni nanoparticles, the optimized Pt/Ni-PCNFs catalyst shows an e...     

Improvement in performance of a direct ethanol fuel cell: Effect of sulfuric acid and Ni-mesh

A direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) is developed with low catalyst loading at anode and cathode compared to that reported in the literature. Pt/Ru (40%:20% by wt.)/C and Pt-black were used as anode and cathode catalyst with loadings in the range of 0.5–1.2 mg/cm². The temperatures of anode and cathode were varied from 34 °C to 110 °C, and the pressure was maintained at 1 bar. Although low catalyst loading was used, the cell performance is enhanced by 40–50% with the use of low concentration of sulfuric acid in ethanol and Ni-mesh as current collector at the anode. The power density 15 mW/cm² at 32 mA/cm² of current density is obtained from the single cell with 0.5 mg/cm² loading of Pt–Ru/C at anode (90 °C) and Pt-black at cathode (110 °C). The performance of DEFC increases with the increase in ethanol and sulfuric acid concentrations, electrocatalyst loadings up to 1 mg cm⁻² at anode and cathode. However, the performance of DEFC decreases with further increase in electrocatalyst loading.     

Pt/纳米碳管空气电极氧还原反应的电催化性能

以不同质量比的铂、纳米碳管、活性炭为催化层制备空气电极并测定其稳态极化曲线和交流阻抗.研究发现,纳米碳管经硝酸处理后其氧还原反应性能得到提高,特别是将表面氧化后再沉积Pt,对氧的电还原反应影响更显著.以质量比4∶1的活性炭/纳米碳管载Pt制备的空气电极,在过电位ηc为500～600mV下,氧还原电流可达600～700mA·cm-2.EIS测试表明,纳米碳管载Pt后的欧姆极化阻抗和电化学阻抗均非常小.     

Coulometric generation of molybdenum(v)

Molybdenum (V) was generated at a platinum cathode from 0.7 M molybdenum(VI) in 4 M sulfuric acid. A current efficiency of 99.9% was attained. A limiting current density of 0.05 mA/cm²/mM was found. The formal potential of the Mo(VI)–Mo(V) couple in 4 M sulfuric acid was determined to be ca. 0.55 V vs. N.H.E. Chromium(VI) solutions were titrated over a wide range of sample size and generating current. Amperometric titration curves were interpreted from current-voltage curves. Titrations could be performed in the presence of oxygen at the 1μeq. level. The effect of nitrate, perchlorate, orthophosphate, and chloride ions on the titration was determined.     

Synthesis of ultrathin FePtPd nanowires and their use as catalysts for methanol oxidation reaction

We report a facile synthesis of ultrathin (2.5 nm) trimetallic FePtPd alloy nanowires (NWs) with tunable compositions and controlled length (<100 nm). The NWs were made by thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)(5) and sequential reduction of Pt(acac)(2) (acac = acetylacetonate) and Pd(acac)(2) at temperatures from 160 to 240 °C. These FePtPd NWs showed composition-dependent catalytic activity and stability for methanol oxidation reaction. Among FePtPd and FePt NWs as well as Pd, Pt, and PtPd nanoparticles (NPs) studied in 0.2 M methanol and 0.1 M HClO(4) solution, the Fe(28)Pt(38)Pd(34) NWs showed the highest activity, with their mass current density reaching 488.7 mA/mg Pt and peak potential for methanol oxidation decreasing to 0.614 V from 0.665 V (Pt NP catalyst). The NW catalysts were also more stable than the NP catalysts, with the Fe(28)Pt(38)Pd(34) NWs retaining the highest mass current density (98.1 mA/mg Pt) after a 2 h current-time test at 0.4 V. These trimetallic NWs are a promising new class of catalyst for methanol oxidation reaction and for direct methanol fuel cell applications.     

Preparation of Surfactant-Free Pt and PtRu Nanoparticles with High Activity for Methanol Oxidation

A simple and green approach to synthesize highly active electro-catalysts for methanol oxi- dation reaction （MOR） without using any organic agents is described. Pt nanoparticles are directly deposited on the pre-cleaned and pre-oxidized multiwall carbon nanotubes （MWC- NTs） from Pt salt by using CO as the reductant. MOR activity has been characterized by both cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry, the current density and mass specific current at the peak potential （ca. 0.9 V vs. RHE） reaches 11.6 mA/cm^2 and 860 mA/mgpt, respectively. After electro-deposition of Ru onto the Pt/MWCNTs surface, the catalysts show steady state mass specific current of 20 and 80 mA/mgpt at 0.5 and 0.6 V, respectively.     

聚合电流对锂/聚吡咯电池正极电化学行为的影响

在Pt微盘电极上用恒电流技术在电流密度为0.05-10 mA·cm-2范围合成了1 滋m厚度的聚吡咯(PPy)膜. 采用循环伏安(CV)、计时电势、交流阻抗(EIS)技术考察了不同聚合电流下得到的聚吡咯的电化学行为. 结果表明, 最佳聚合电流区间为1-5 mA·cm-2, 对应的电势一般在3.9-4.1V (vs Li/Li+)之间, PPy的掺杂度为30%左右. 在这一聚合电流密度范围得到的PPy具有较大的电化学容量, 较佳的电化学反应可逆性能、较高的氧化还原电势数值和稳定性能. 处于氧化态的聚吡咯具有优良的导电性. 上述条件下得到的PPy适合于作为锂离子二次电池的正极材料. 适当选择电流, 可以得到有相对完整的共轭仔键的长链结构的PPy 膜.